Replication and translation of co-innovation: The influence of institutional context in large international participatory research projects

Stakeholder involvement in research processes is widely seen as essential to enhance the applicability of research. A common conclusion in the extensive body of literature on participatory and transdisciplinary research is the importance of the institutional context for understanding the dynamics and effectiveness of participatory projects. The role of institutional context has become increasingly important in view of large international research projects implementing shared participatory methodologies across countries (for example within Horizon 2020 and within CGIAR programmes), which each have different institutional contexts. Despite the generally accepted importance of the institutional context for understanding the unfolding of participatory and transdisciplinary research projects, surprisingly little research has actually looked into its role in greater detail. This paper aims to fill this gap in the literature by studying how a set of participatory principles and methods in a European project on integrated pest management (denoted as co-innovation in the project under study) was applied by researchers and advisers operating in a single international research project under the institutional conditions of four countries. The principal finding of this study is that, although constraints and enablers of participatory research at the personal level (e.g. researcher identity) were similar across the studied countries, research organisation- and community-based constraints and enablers differed, as well as those at the level of the overall innovation system. The institutions at different levels interact and create country-specific histories and path-dependencies, which lead to different degrees of propensity and preparedness, and hence different starting positions for participatory approaches. Consequently, when participatory research methods and approaches are applied in different contexts following a one-size-fits-all approach they may be less effective if not translated to institutional conditions at different levels. The study suggests that large international participatory research projects make provision in their design for careful selection of project team individuals, the composition of teams, and pay attention to the room for manoeuvre that the project, institute and national contexts provide for participatory research. To support the adjustment of participatory approaches to local institutional conditions, large international projects would benefit from fostering learning spaces that enable reflection on translation to local contexts and are capable of connecting to a wider network of decision makers and influencers that can facilitate institutional change in organisations and innovation systems.     

Unpacking systemic innovation capacity as strategic ambidexterity: How projects dynamically configure capabilities for agricultural innovation

Problems in agriculture and land use are increasingly recognised as complex, uncertain, operating at multiple levels (field to global value chains) and involving social, economic, institutional, and technological change. This has implications for how projects navigate complexity to achieve impact. However, few studies have systematically evaluated how project actors engage with other actors to configure capabilities and resources across multiple levels in agricultural innovation systems (AIS), from the individual to the network, to mobilise and build systemic innovation capacity. An analytical framework conceptualising the nested configuration of capabilities at multiple levels in the AIS is applied to two projects that successfully tackled agricultural and land management problems of differing complexity: (i) improving lamb survival; and (ii) sustainable land management in New Zealand. Findings indicate that innovation capacity constitutes project actors interacting with other AIS actors to configure capabilities and resources at different levels of the AIS in order to leverage positive project path dependencies and break path dependencies that are created by existing and historical capability configurations. Project actors also balance exploiting existing innovation capabilities, as well as using adaptive capability for exploring and creating new capability configurations to respond to emerging circumstances. This implies that projects should have strategic ambidexterity in terms of how they combine exploiting existing and exploring new networks to access, combine, create, or disconnect certain capabilities to address ‘capability voids’ in AIS. This requires support to projects to constantly scrutinise, through reflexive monitoring by dedicated facilitators, specific agriculture and land use policies connected to major sustainable development models (e.g. climate smart agriculture, urban farming, smart farming). The can help assess whether the AIS provides the right mix of capabilities and whether this is adequately supported by innovation policy, to realize transformative policy objectives.     

神渭输煤管道建设项目土地复垦方案编制研究

研究目的：通过研究神渭输煤管道建设项目土地复垦方案编制研究,提出管道建设类项目土地复垦方案的编制方法和内容。研究方法：文献资料法,案例研究法。研究结果：跨多地形地貌区管道建设项目损毁土地具有点多、线长的特点,其对土地损毁程度主要为中度和重度损毁。此类项目土地复垦适宜性评价宜采用参比法。土地复垦工程设计主要为土壤重构工程、植被重建工程和监测与管护工程。研究结论：管道建设类项目具有与生产类项目不同的特点,其复垦方案有其特殊之处,论文的研究成果可为编制跨多地形地貌区输煤管道项目复垦方案提供参考。     

Land owners’ perception of land consolidation and their satisfaction with the results – Slovenian experiences

Land consolidation has been an important instrument of rural development for over a century throughout Europe. Nowadays, land consolidation can be an integral part of both rural and urban development projects, but the focus of our study is on land consolidation in rural areas. In addition to the efforts aimed at making agriculture and forestry more competitive through a comprehensive reallocation process, improvement of road and drainage networks, landscaping, environmental management, conservation projects, and other functions may be implemented in land consolidation. There are differences in the objectives and procedures of land consolidation among the countries. Beside the formal institutional framework of land consolidation, informal institutions can have a substantial influence on the implementation of land consolidation. In the article, the past experiences in the field of land consolidation in Slovenia are presented, which are still reflected in the limited acceptability of this instrument among land owners. Furthermore, the current institutional (legal) framework is analyzed in detail. The main objective of the research was to investigate the opinion of land consolidation participants about land consolidation. Based on the field survey conducted on a sample of private land owners involved in selected land consolidation projects we tried to define the advantages and disadvantages of the current practice. The main finding is that the active participation of land owners contributes to their comprehension of the aims and to their satisfaction with the results of the land consolidation. It has been shown that the active participation of land owners in the land consolidation is the basis for developing good practices; moreover, it affects the land owners’ perception of land consolidation. The transfer of knowledge and representation of good practices among actors are still needed, in particular because of bad experiences in the past (i.e. enforced and environmentally unfriendly projects) and the traditional emotional attachment to land among land owners. In parallel, there is a great need to provide an optimization of the land consolidation process in Slovenia.     

土地整治项目绩效评价研究——以江西省为例

本文在分析土地整治项目绩效评价内涵及评价内容的基础上,用模糊层次分析法和多因素分值加和法,构建了江西省土地整治项目绩效评价指标体系,并对评价指标体系设定评分标准,更具有操作性。作者以江西省2010和2011年度土地整治示范建设147个子项目绩效评价为例,从项目绩效目标、项目资金情况、项目管理情况、项目产出情况和项目效益情况5个维度进行评价,并另附一票否决项作为附加指标,为土地整治项目绩效评价提供新的思路与方法,以期为完善土地整治项目效益评价体系,提高项目决策和管理工作水平提供科学依据。结果表明,江西省2010和2011年度土地整治示范建设项目绩效等级良好26个,占18%,其余为合格,无优差等级。     

Collaborative research on Conservation Agriculture in Bajío,Mexico: continuities and discontinuities of partnerships

Agricultural technologies are debated and contested. Studying the socio-political life of agricultural research can help us to understand why some particular technologies or pathways are favoured (and others not) and eventually why expectations are maintained or not. We studied the 30-year trajectory of practices of Conservation Agriculture in the central region of Mexico. The results of our interviews and literature review show how, over the course of time, Conservation Agriculture (CA) technology has successively changed from being referred to as Conservation Tillage, Direct Seeding, Conservation Agriculture and has now, finally become integrated within Sustainable Intensification. These changes are connected with revamped narratives and the applications of the latest research and development (R&D) paradigms. They were the result of new spaces for CA projects opening up after other spaces had closed, spaces that allowed the researchers, politicians, technicians and farmers to continue to engage in CA in a reconfigured way that fit the various agendas. The opening and closure of spaces for CA projects were the result of researchers being subject to, and taking advantage of, political changes and of politicians seeking new initiatives to support their agendas. This shows how research and politics are mutually dependent and how they generate a discontinuity of project interventions which, paradoxically, represent a continuity of agendas and research processes. As CA is both a complex and flexible technology, it has been possible to make it fit to accommodate the changing agendas of different actors.     

基于多时相高分辨率遥感影像的土地整治项目进展评价模型研究

研究目的：为进一步拓展土地整治遥感监测手段,本文以多时相高分辨率遥感数据为数据源,在土地整治工程地物信息提取基础上,构建形象进度评价模型以综合掌握项目实施进展。研究方法：挣值分析法,实证研究法,文献研究法。研究结果：从遥感影像提取的工程矢量信息分析评价结果符合项目实际进展。研究结论：在遥感监测信息提取的基础上,本文提出的工程形象进度评价模型可用于计算项目整体工程进展,评价项目进度情况,并找出导致项目进展缓慢的工程建设内容。     

建设项目土地节约集约利用评价研究——以甘肃省106个光伏项目为例

[目的]目前,针对具体建设项目土地节约集约利用评价的相关研究相对较少,土地节约集约利用评价的内涵单一,评价结果不能全面反映建设项目土地节约集约利用水平的高低。文章通过选取甘肃省光伏项目,从用地规模、用地结构、用地强度、用地效益4个方面构建评价体系,对建设项目土地节约集约利用水平进行综合评价。[方法]以多因素综合分析法为基础,选取甘肃省2013~2015年已建设的106个光伏项目为实证研究对象,利用具体建设项目土地利用、投入产出等数据资料,通过从用地规模、用地强度、用地结构、用地效益4个评价方面选取11个具体评价指标,构建建设项目土地节约集约利用评价的指标体系,采用特尔斐法和层次分析法测算各指标权重,依据3δ法则及文献规范资料确定各指标标准值,最后对典型光伏建设项目土地节约集约利用情况进行测算评价,并对评价结果进行分析,提出相关建议。[结果]通过实证分析,甘肃省106个光伏建设项目土地节约集约利用水平整体较高,按照节约集约度等级划分,处于低度利用的项目为4个、适度利用66个、中度利用34个、高度利用2个;在具体4个评价方面,光伏建设项目整体在用地规模、用地强度、用地效益评价层分值相对较高,但各具体评价单元之间存在较大的差异,个别建设项目土地节约集约利用程度还有较大的提升空间;项目用地结构评价层得分整体相对较低,通过建设项目内部功能区布局优化、土地利用结构调整,光伏建设项目土地节约集约利用程度有较大的提升空间。[结论]从单位用地规模、用地结构、用地强度、用地效益四个维度构建的评价体系能够全面反映建设项目节约集约利用情况。     

DEM纹理的制作与实现在土地开发整理项目中的应用——以湖南省嘉禾县为例

在土地开发整理项目的规划设计中,利用PhotoShop软件将Google-Earth软件提取的项目区遥感影像图和土地开发整理项目中项目区土地利用现状图进行叠加处理,制作出D)EM纹理,并将其应用到湖南省嘉禾县土地开发整理项目(金塘片)中。结果表明叠加D)EM纹理后的项目区可显示更多更细的地物特征,使其更为直观。     

土地整治项目土方工程量计算方法研究

土方量的计算是土地整治项目规划设计的重要内容之一,准确快速地计算土方量对开展规划设计、控制总投资及分配资金具有重要意义,直接关系到土地整治项目的科学性和投资预算的合理性。本文以新建县流湖乡新塘村屈家垄里土地开发项目为例,分别应用ArcGIS和南方CASS技术进行土方量的计算,并对这两种方法进行了分析比较。通过分析得出,虽然ArcGIS计算土方量的精度比CASS计算的结果高,但是对基础数据的要求也高,CASS软件尽管精度略低,但是运行简单、快速。     

基于SNA的特大型工程投资项目关键利益主体识别与博弈分析

特大型工程投资项目在建设过程中涉及众多利益主体,解决不同行为主体之间的利益冲突、关键利益主体的利益博弈问题对于项目的成功实施至关重要。首先构建特大型工程投资项目利益相关者矩阵,通过社会网络分析测算出项目的关键利益主体:施工方、项目法人、地方政府及移民;然后基于博弈理论,对关键利益主体利益冲突进行博弈分析,以找出影响博弈均衡的关键因素,并讨论复制动态演化点;提出了完善监督管理制度、加大投机行为处罚力度、建立合理的移民管理制度的对策。     

重点工程项目建设用地跨部门协调机制探析

为建立重点工程项目跨部门协调机制做出新的尝试,为以后进一步的土地审批制度改革和《土地管理法》修订工作提供参考和借鉴,采用文献研究法、实地调研等方法,从现行"条块分割"行政体制、协调手段缺失、缺乏行政协助制度三方面剖析了重点工程项目跨部门协调机制不顺畅的深层次原因,借鉴其他国家和领域行政协助制度、部门间协调机制等先进管理经验,探索建立合理、科学的重点工程项目建设用地新型跨部门协调机制。     

Learning through practice? Learning from the REDD+ demonstration project,Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) in Indonesia

Despite a growing recognition of the importance of social learning in governing and managing land use, the understanding and practice of learning has received limited attention from researchers. In global environmental programs and projects aimed at supporting sustainable land use in developing countries, learning is often promoted but without explicit learning goals. The focus may be on capacity building and community participation, and on testing policy tools, rather than on collaborative social learning. In this study, we looked behind the rhetoric of learning in the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP), a large demonstration project for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Indonesia. The novelty of such mechanisms, linked to international forest carbon outcomes, means that learning lessons provides a rationale for REDD+ pilot activities. We used a qualitative approach to examine the nature and type of learning that occurred in the KFCP. While the stated project aims were to support policy experimentation and apply learning, the project design was highly technical, and project decision-making did not explicitly encourage joint problem solving. Despite the project’s shortcomings, we identified that learning did occur by the end of the project in ways that were different to the initial goals. Our findings suggest that flexibility and openness in project design and implementation can enable different local actors to define shared learning agendas in ways that are meaningful for them. Designing and implementing environmental projects, and learning goals within them, should attend to the needs and aspirations of those who will have to live with their long-term consequences. Learning should be integrated into international environmental programs and projects at all levels, including for policy and funding bodies, rather than focusing on local capacity building and similar project ‘benefits’. Interviewees’ eagerness to learn suggests that building approaches to social learning into program design has the potential to yield opportunities for learning beyond REDD+ to other forms of policy experimentation and governance innovations.     

土地整理规划设计中的土地权属问题

通过分析国内外土地整理权属调整研究的现状,得出我国现阶段将权属调整和规划设计相结合方面的研究还很少。基于土地整理规划设计方面的实践,运用理论分析与实践相结合的方法,针对土地整理规划设计中四大工程,分别分析了各个工程中涉及的权属问题,并有针对性地提出建议及对策。     

Biodiversity conservation discourses. A case study on scientists and government authorities in Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve,Mexico

Aiming to explore the relationship between natural protected areas operation and how conservation is logically described, this paper analyzes the discourses that government authorities and scientists developed on conservation and social participation in Sierra de Huautla Biosphere Reserve. Our results indicate that conservation is understood as the intent to keep nature with the lowest possible level of human interference, as its main strategies are: to eliminate inhabitant's unawareness about nature and to reinforce environmental legislation and inspection. Social participation was acknowledged as essential in reserve management, but local inhabitants, even when recognized as important actors, were excluded from the reserve co-administration scheme and mainly regarded as the beneficiaries of already designed projects. In order to achieve SHBR environmental and social goals, it is necessary to modify authorities’ comprehension of social participation toward a process that supports social change by empowering NPA inhabitants and transforming them into political actors.     

The Optimal Management of Research Portfolios

Risky research projects are, other things being equal, intrinsically harder to monitor than projects that are less risky. It is shown using agency theory that a standard cost benefit analysis, which ignores the agency problem, will introduce a bias towards excessively risky projects, and it will under-estimate the benefits from complementary investments in libraries, scientific equipment and other expenditures that increase the productivity of scientists. Research managers should be risk-averse in their choice of projects, and they should aim to hold a balanced portfolio of projects. The nature of this portfolio problem is, however, quite different from the portfolio management problem in financial markets.     

以船为家渔民上岸安居情况调查分析

调研组走访了安徽、广东两省以船为家渔民3个渔船停泊点和3个定居点,了解两省以船为家渔民基本情况。以船为家渔民作为一个特殊的弱势群体,居住环境恶劣,上岸安居意愿强烈,但由于经济收入低下、社会保障不全,难以依靠自身力量脱离"水上漂泊"的生活窘况。安徽、广东两省在推动以船为家渔民上岸安居工程方面有很多有益的尝试并取得了一些成绩,通过多方面筹集资金、统筹项目建设以及安置就业等工作妥善处理了部分以船为家渔民的上岸安居就业问题,但限于土地、资金、管理等问题,尚不能全面推动这一民生工程。基于此,调研组建议尽快出台政策意见,强化政府主导,多方筹措建设资金,集中解决用地指标,统筹兼顾安居乐业,全面推动上岸安居工程顺利开展。     

湖北省土地整治项目投资的时空分异及地域分区研究

研究目的:分析土地整治项目投资的演化阶段及空间格局,探寻投资时空分异内在规律和影响因素,并对土地整治项目投资进行地域分区,可以为土地整治相关政策的制定和投资方向的引导提供科学决策依据。研究方法:聚类分析法、变异系数法和重心模型法。研究结果:湖北省土地整治项目投资演进总体上可以划分为3个阶段,投资县际之间的差距呈逐步缩小趋势但差异仍较为明显;投资空间分布呈现出以江汉平原腹地为中心,向西北方向呈沿汉江流域与丹江口水库的"M"形增长带,向东南方向呈沿长江流域的"C"形增长带的发展格局;投资重心呈现明显的东南方位偏向;以投资规模为主要标准,湖北省可划分为7个投资类型区。研究结论:自然条件、地区功能定位以及国家政策设计是影响土地整治投资的重要因素,未来湖北省土地整治项目投资需做好区域统筹,同时各区域应结合各自整治的重点方向用好土地整治资金,优化土地整治项目投资效益。     

Networks of knowledge: how farmers and scientists understand soils and their fertility. a case study from Ethiopia

This paper explores knowledge about soils and their fertility from the perspective of different players, including both scientists and farmers. Different understandings of soils and their management are seen to be bound up with the contexts within which knowledges about soils are created—the networks of players engaged in building knowledge, the settings within which ideas about soils are tested and examined, and the wider assumptions and beliefs that different people carry with them. The contrasting, and sometimes overlapping, understanding of soils by farmers, scientists and development practitioners in Ethiopia is focused on. Drawing on a range of documentary material and detailed fieldwork carried out in Wolayta, southern Ethiopia, over a number of years, the paper argues that a focus on the contexts for the generation of different knowledges helps avoid the unhelpful distinctions often made between indigenous and scientific knowledges, and moves analytical attention towards an assessment of who is involved in knowledge creation and the power relations implied. The paper concludes with a discussion of how multiple knowledges about soils and their fertility might interact in the context of meeting agricultural development challenges and the potential for a productive engagement between different actors and networks.     

浅析土地整理项目预算质量的影响因素

土地开发整理项目预算是编制项目计划和确定项目资金的依据,是对项目设计进行技术经济分析的重要工具,预算编制的质量高低直接影响土地开发整理项目的整体质量和项目的实施,因此,讨论土地整理项目中预算质量的影响因素有利于提高预算的准确性.通过论述影响土地整理项目预算质量的因素,对预算各环节中,可能影响预算质量的情况作了比较细致的分析,以便提高预算质量.