论我国农业用地土壤污染防治的法律保障

随着我国快速的工业化、城市化进程以及化肥农药在农业生产中的普遍大量施用,农业用地的土壤污染问题日益突出,加剧了脆弱农业生态系统的迅速恶化,使农业经济的持续发展和农业生态环境的保护更具不确定性。虽然我国现行《环境保护法》、《土地管理法》、《基本农田保护条例》、《农业法》等均对农业生态环境的保护规定了相应的制度保障,但有限的粗略规定并没有对防治土壤污染,以保护土地肥力的持续供给能力这一现实的客观需要作出有效的法律回应。因此,应在现行立法的基础上,对农业用地土壤污染的防治作出专门的、系统的法律规定。     

寒地黑土区域生态农业品牌打造与知识产权保护

该研究以主要处于东北平原地带的寒地黑土区域为对象,文章表述了寒地黑土区域生态农业发展具有的地理、气候、土壤等自然条件和发达的交通网络、丰富的动植物资源、充沛的水系和蓬勃发展的系列产业基础优势。文章分析了当前区域生态农业发展的重点之一是充分合理开发利用生态农业资源,打造寒地黑土生态农业品牌;寒地黑土品牌以黑土文化为品牌价值核心,代表着黑土地域资源特征和天然健康的生态产品品质,是区域内绿色有机物产的公用商标品牌。该文的主要的结论和建议是：在寒地黑土品牌打造过程中应主要从品牌注册、品牌宣传推广、品牌产品认证、品牌统一标准体系、品牌整合保护等方面来不断升级品牌建设;从寒地黑土品牌知识产权保护的策略上要依托商标战略整合品牌,利用农产品地理标志培育品牌,运用涉农专利保护品牌。     

基于资源视角的农业供给侧结构性改革的路径研究

[目的]农业供给侧结构性改革是一个长期过程,保护水土资源,确保农产品质量安全是农业供给侧结构性改革的核心与关键。通过分析水土资源的环境形势,提出实现水土资源可持续利用,推动农业供给侧结构性改革的政策性建议。[方法]在系统梳理农业供给侧结构性改革文献的基础上,采取水土资源数量、质量两个方面的数据,全面分析了我国农业供给侧结构性改革所面临的水土资源形势。[结果]我国水资源短缺的同时,还存在着严重的污染问题,并且呈现出立体化的态势;在快速工业化、城镇化进程中,农业生产对优质水资源的需求面临严峻挑战;耕地资源占用呈现刚性递增,优质耕地短缺,同时,耕地土壤污染状况不容乐观。[结论]基于水土资源视角,提出了6条推动农业供给侧结构性改革的政策建议:以绿色发展理念为指导,推动农业供给侧结构性改革;强化环保制度建设,减少对水土资源的污染;坚持质量提升为重点,严守耕地红线;以提高利用效率为重点,加强水资源的保护;构建循环型农业产业体系,提高农业废弃物的综合利用水平;建立生态补偿机制,促进水土资源保护。     

The transition to conservation agriculture: an insularization process towards sustainability

Part of the Sustainability Transition Studies, this work addresses the question of the relationship between niches and regimes by examining the transition to conservation agriculture. It seeks to understand how farmers’ transition to conservation agriculture can contribute to a better understanding of the transition of agro-food systems towards sustainability. Based on an analysis of farmers’ trajectories in the Walloon region in Belgium, the paper develops the notion of insularization in order to characterize the emergence of conservation agriculture as a niche that is a dynamic process, growing from within and progressively detaching itself from the conventional agricultural regime. The analysis of farmers’ transition shows how, after an initial phase of destabilization of the conventional ploughing regime, learning and experiencing processes can lead to a transformation in soil and soil quality management perceptions. Our hypothesis is that this cognitive transformation constitutes a tipping point in the insularization process because of its effects on agricultural practices, which increase the detachment of conservation agriculture from the regime and thus embed the irreversibility and sustainability of the transition. Insularization describes an ecologizational pathway of agricultural practices endogenous to the regime that can not only lead to adaptive changes on the periphery of the system, but might also induce a deep and systemic transformation of conventional agricultural practices.     

江西省不同农业土地利用方式对土壤有机碳的影响

研究目的:研究江西省不同农业土地利用方式下的土壤有机碳含量。研究方法:实地土壤样品采集分析与第二次土壤普查资料相结合、GIS空间插值与比较分析相结合的综合研究方法。研究结果:江西省农业土地利用方式和土壤类型不同,土壤有机碳含量存在较大差异;在农业土地利用方式下表层土壤有机碳含量一般为:菜地稻田有林地旱地土壤荒草地;从第一次土壤普查到2008年稻田土壤有机碳含量逐步提高,而且所有农业土地利用方式下土壤有机碳含量均随土壤深度增加而减少。研究结论:通过农业土地利用管理和土壤管理措施的调整,可以增加土壤有机碳的贮量,提高农田有机碳稳定性,减缓大气中CO2浓度增加。     

黑土地保护性耕作发展的制约瓶颈和突破路径

保护性耕作是东北黑土地保护利用的有效途径,是落实"藏粮于地、藏粮于技"战略的重要抓手。新世纪以来,黑土地保护性耕作经历了从农机主导向农机农艺融合发展的历程,呈现出技术结构集成化、推广主体多元化、应用主体规模化的发展趋势。同时,在黑土地保护性耕作发展过程中,面临着来自于农户认知、技术结构、土地规模、推广体系、补偿机制等方面的现实障碍。因此,需要从提升农户认知水平、加强先进适用的技术研发与集成、推进农业生产经营方式创新、构建新型农技推广体系、加强政策引导与法制建设等方面营造黑土地保护性耕作的发展之路。     

农地权益保障与农业转移人口市民化

研究目的：明晰农地权益对农业转移人口市民化的影响,进而揭示当前全国各地对农业转移人口农地权益保护状况。研究方法：基于Probit模型的实证分析。研究结果：（1）从全国范围来看,农业转移人口的农地权益只得到部分保障;（2）农地权益保障状况存在较大的地区差异,区域经济越发达,农地权益保障越完善;（3）农地权益只得到部分保障对推动农业转移人口向城市迁移起着促进作用,但却对农业转移人口市民化有着显著负面影响。研究结论：农地权益保障是农业转移人口市民化的重要影响因素,农地权益的不充分保障对农业转移人口市民化具有负面影响,而经济越不发达的地区这种影响越显著。     

城镇化进程中农地保护与农产品安全问题研究--以湖南省娄底市为例

改革开放以来,我国的经济得到了迅速发展,工业化和城镇化水平也不断提高,与此同时,大量农地尤其是耕地被占用,从而在一定程度上影响到农产品安全问题.通过对湖南省娄底市城镇化发展特征分析,研究和探讨了娄底市城镇化进程中农地保护问题及对农产品安全的影响.同时提出加强土地立法与执法、加强城市扩展用地的行政管理;提高现有征地费标准;保障粮食综合生产能力,形成解决农产品安全问题的强大合力等一系列基本对策.     

增产加剧污染？——基于粮食主产区政策的经验研究

本文以粮食主产区政策为切入点,将2004年全国设立13个粮食主产区视为一次准自然实验,利用双重差分法,考察了粮食主产区政策对化肥面源污染的影响及其作用机制。研究主要发现:①基础回归分析表明,粮食主产区政策对化肥面源污染具有显著的削减效应,尤其针对氮污染排放量;②影响机制分析表明,上述削减效应主要得益于粮食种植规模的扩大,即通过发挥粮食作物生产的规模效应以降低化肥污染排放量;③异质性分析表明,促进劳动力转移与扩大土地经营规模有助于粮食主产区发展适度规模经营以获取规模效应,进而实现对化肥面源污染的削减效应。据此,本文研究为粮食主产区内不存在增产加剧污染的可能性提供了经验性证据,也为在粮食安全的目标下兼顾农业发展与生态环境保护提供了有益的政策启示。     

黄河流域农业高质量发展推进路径

目的 文章在黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展重大战略背景下,探讨推进黄河流域农业高质量的路径。方法 在梳理黄河流域农业高质量发展内涵基础上,剖析流域内农业高质量发展的基础条件、挑战、机遇,探讨促进黄河流域农业高质量发展思路和推进路径。结果 近年来,黄河流域农业经济总量持续增加,农林牧渔结构稳定,主要农产品产量稳中有增,农业产业特色突出,农村发展动能持续增强,农村居民人均收入不断增加,但仍存在生态环境脆弱,水土流失严重,农业水土资源压力较大,部分区域农业基础设施薄弱,农业面源污染形势严峻,农业标准化生产水平较低,农产品附加值低等问题,制约了农业高质量发展。结论 面对国内外发展新机遇,加快黄河流域农业高质量发展应加强生态保护,将水资源作为最大的刚性约束,探索不同生态类型区农业发展重点;推行农业生产“三品一标”,实施全产业链农业绿色生产技术,实现投入品减量化、生产清洁化、废弃物资源化、产业模式生态化,构建乡村绿色发展体系;拓展农业多功能性,围绕黄河流域农业产业技术高级化和产业链现代化,推动产业向高端化、绿色化、智能化、融合化方向发展,促进农业一二三产业融合;推进绿色农田试点示范建设,以提高水土资源利用率和抵御自然灾害能力为主,探索黄河流域不同区域高标准农田建设模式,探寻农业高质量发展的路径支撑。     

The impact of marketing systems on soil sustainability of agriculture in developing countries: a method and an application

This article is concerned with soil‐sustainability problems of agriculture in developing countries, in particular with soil erosion. The aim of our study is to develop a comprehensive model that explains the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices with respect to soil conservation. Our approach includes the following special features: (a) the model is comprehensive in that it includes a large number of institutional, personal–social, economic, and physical explanatory variables; (b) particular attention is paid to the influence of marketing systems on the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices, which to our knowledge has been neglected in past research; (c) the concept of adopting sustainable agricultural practices (ASAP) is differentiated into a limited number of basic components of soil conservation; and (d) the model is estimated by Principal Component Regression, which enhances efficient estimation of the impact of many explanatory variables on ASAP. Our model is applied to Cabuyal hillside farming in Colombia. The application demonstrates the usefulness of the proposed model. ASAP is differentiated into three basic components: soil‐disturbance control, soil‐protection practices, and run‐off control. It appears that soil‐disturbance control is particularly influenced by farmers' characteristics, such as education and managerial variables. The second component, soil‐protection practices, appears to be strongly influenced not only by farmers' managerial variables but also by their relationship with their environment, in particular marketing institutions. The third soil‐conservation component, run‐off control, is influenced by the physical characteristics of the plot and by the available farm labor. Our empirical results demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed model in designing agricultural policies, because it can determine which variables are more likely to influence the adoption of a specific type of soil conservation.     

合作社参与对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳影响研究——基于标准化生产视角

本文基于收入最大化理论框架,以测土配方施肥技术为例,结合覆盖所有粮食主产区的微观调查数据,采用PSM模型实证分析了合作社参与对农户测土配方施肥技术的影响.研究结果表明:(1)合作社参与有助于提升农户测土配方施肥技术采纳水平;(2)合作社不仅能够通过技术培训促使农户主动采纳测土配方施肥技术,更主要通过标准化生产让农户被动...     

聊城市土地沙化现状及防治对策

半湿润地区的水土流失和土地沙化的形成在很大程度上与人类不合理的开发利用有关;分析了聊城市风沙区水土流失和土地沙化现状及原因;针对聊城市土地沙化区的自然环境特征以及开发利用现状,应采取以生物措施为主、工程措施为辅,并与农业现代技术相结合的综合治理措施;提高全民素质,彻底改善沙区的生态环境。     

县域农用地生态安全评价体系研究

通过评价农用地生态安全,为农用地的生态管护提供参考,为实现农用地的微观评价奠定基础。采用理论分析与资料论证相结合的方法,从农用地生态安全评价理论入手,以河南省为例,构建了基于县域尺度的19个评价因子层、6个评价因素层、3个评价目标层的农用地生态安全评价指标体系。研究表明:(1)农用地的生态安全评价属基础性、前瞻性研究课题,目前只处于宏观研究阶段;(2)用分层多因素指数和法对农用地生态安全进行评价,其因子层、因素层、目标层都具有空间性,每个层次均可应用。     

汾河灌区农田土壤墒情变化及用水对策分析

利用山西省汾河灌区1993—2002年有代表性测站的土壤墒情实际观测资料，对该灌区主要作物生育期农田土壤墒情的时空变化规律进行分析；简述汾河灌区在农业供水方面存在的主要问题，通过对汾河灌区水资源供需平衡分析及供水市场的分析预测，提出灌区今后的用水对策。     

The spread of Conservation Agriculture: justification,sustainability and uptake

Conservation Agriculture (CA) has been practised for three decades and has spread widely. We estimate that there are now some 106 million ha of arable and permanent crops grown without tillage in CA systems, corresponding to an annual rate of increase globally since 1990 of 5.3 million ha. Wherever CA has been adopted it appears to have had both agricultural and environmental benefits. Yet CA represents a fundamental change in production system thinking. It has counterintuitive and often unrecognized elements that promote soil health, productive capacity and ecosystem services. The practice of CA thus requires a deeper understanding of its ecological underpinnings in order to manage its various elements for sustainable intensification, where the aim is to optimize resource use and protect or enhance ecosystem processes in space and time over the long term. For these reasons CA is knowledge-intensive. CA constitutes principles and practices that can make a major contribution to sustainable production intensification. This, the first of two papers, presents the justification for CA as a system capable of building sustainability into agricultural production systems. It discusses some of CA's major achievable benefits, and presents an overview of the uptake of CA worldwide to 2009. The related paper elaborates the necessary conditions for the spread of CA.     

How would global trade liberalization affect rural and regional incomes in Australia?

Agricultural protection in rich countries, which had depressed Australian farm incomes via its impact on Australia’s terms of trade, has diminished over the past two decades. So too has agricultural export taxation in poor countries, which has had the opposite impact on those terms of trade. Meanwhile, however, import protection for developing country farmers has been steadily growing. To what extent are Australian farmers and rural regions still adversely affected by farm and non‐farm price‐ and trade‐distortive policies abroad? This paper draws on new estimates of the current extent of those domestic and foreign distortions: first, to model their net impact on Australia’s terms of trade (using the World Bank’s Linkage model of the global economy); and second, to model the effects of that terms of trade impact on output and real incomes in rural versus urban and other regions and households within Australia as of 2004 (using Monash’s multi‐regional TERM model of the Australian economy).     

The political economy of public research investment and commodity policies in agriculture: an empirical study

The paper tests a political economy theory of simultaneous government decision‐making on income redistribution through commodity policies and on public research investment in agriculture. We use data from 37 countries on agricultural protection and public agricultural research expenditures (PARI). The empirical results are consistent with the political economy hypotheses. The analysis suggest that structural changes in the economy have important effects on the political incentives for governments not only to subsidize or tax farmers, but also to invest in public agricultural research. Furthermore, the analysis supports the hypotheses that the impact of such structural changes on government decision‐making on PARI is non‐linear and conditional on other factors. Regarding the impact of political institutions, the results suggest that more democracy neither leads to more distortionary transfers (agricultural protection), nor to lower investment in public goods (PARI). ©2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.     

粮食生产、生态保护与宏观调控政策

[目的]长期以来,粮食生产与生态保护一直是一对矛盾综合体,为了实现粮食安全目标,人们往往忽略对于生态的保护,通过对二者之间的相互影响机理的分析,提出更好的宏观调控政策。[方法]采用因果分析法对粮食安全框架下的粮食生产和生态保护的演进关系、影响形式和内容进行了研究,最终给出了二者协调发展的粮食宏观调控政策设计对策。[结果]首先,不合理粮食生产活动对生态环境造成的严重破坏,主要体现在水土流失、水资源浪费、化学物质的残留和生态环境的污染;其次,被破坏的生态环境反过来影响了粮食生产的数量和质量,进而对粮食安全产生了威胁。[结论]为了保证粮食安全的目标,长期牺牲生态环境的做法已经带来了严重的后果,这种后果不仅仅表现为当前的生态失衡,更严重威胁了未来的粮食安全。因此,要充分发挥粮食宏观调控政策的作用,加强生态功能设计,具体可从建立农业自然资源保护和有效利用的制度机制、加强政府生态农业的主导型地位及投入水平、以技术进步支撑保护农业生态和粮食安全和以法律手段规范保证相应措施的顺利实施4个方面进行设计和完善。     

陕西省农业灌溉水资源保障程度及空间差异分析

[目的]文章选取2016年陕西省各市区农业灌溉水资源相关数据,分析其对粮食生产的影响,进而计算出陕西省及其各市区农业灌溉水资源对粮食生产保障程度,最终总结其存在的空间差异,并提出差异化的解决措施,以保障陕西省粮食安全。[方法]选用农业灌溉水资源保障度分析模型,针对陕西省各市区的水资源供需情况、粮食种植结构及产量和农作物灌溉情况,对陕西省及其各市区的农业灌溉水资源保障程度进行计算,研究其空间差异性。[结果]陕西省农业灌溉水资源保障度为101.84%,基本上能满足农业灌溉用水需求,但已迫近水资源供给紧张的边缘。陕西省农业灌溉水资源保障度呈显著的空间差异,关中地区农业灌溉水资源保障度P为82.20%,农业灌溉水资源轻度缺乏,属于资源型缺水现象;陕北地区农业灌溉水资源保障P为112.38%,影响该地区农业生产发展;陕南地区农业灌溉水资源保障P为145.92%,农业灌溉水资源丰富,灌溉耕地能够得到用水保障。[结论]农业灌溉水资源对粮食生产具有重要的作用,陕西省农业灌溉用水资源存在较大的空间差异性,需要参考不同地区的农业灌溉水资源保障度数值,采取不同的节水策略,以保障粮食安全生产。