Dynamic land use and land cover changes and their effect on forest resources in a coastal village of Matemwe,Zanzibar, Tanzania

Recent land cover change estimates show overall decline of tropical forests at the regional and global scales caused by multiple social, cultural and economic factors. There is an overall concern on the prevailing land use practices, such as shifting cultivation and extraction of forest materials as agents of forests losses, but also new, emerging land uses are threatening tropical forests. Understanding of the long-term development and driving forces of forest changes are needed, especially at local levels where many decisions on forest policies and land uses are made. This paper addresses the importance of such information for improved estimates of forest dynamics by studying local level land cover and land use changes during the last 50–70 years in the Eastern African tropical island of Zanzibar, Tanzania. The paper discusses the role of traditional and new land uses mainly subsistence farming, tourism and government interference through tree planting, in the long-term development of the forests at the village level. The material for the study is gathered from the interpretation of archival maps and aerial photographs combined with contemporary digital aerial photographs. The analyses are based on the mapping, spatial sampling and spatio-temporal change trajectory analysis (LCTA) of forest land cover, forest land uses and settlement patterns with GIS and statistics. Six distinct forest land cover change trajectories were identified and these illustrate dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the forests. Closed forest cover has dominated throughout due to cyclical land use patterns, but over 70% of the land area has been continuously transforming between closed, semi-open and open land cover conditions. Land use turnover rates indicate that hardly any forest areas are left untouched from the forces, which remove and re-establish forest vegetation in the long run. Land cover and land use change trajectories are spatially fragmented in the studied landscape. Majority of forest loss-gain dynamics is caused by shifting cultivation, while forest losses are most dramatic along the coast, where traditional and new land uses meet and land uses pressures are highest. The study suggests that landscape change trajectory analyses, where contemporary and historical information on land uses and land cover changes are spatially linked, can provide valuable aspects into local level forest land use planning and management strategies. For the case study, the findings suggest the following key forest management strategies for consideration: (1) establishment of a protected forest/scrubland in participation with the local stakeholders, especially the farmers, (2) promotion of areas for permanent agricultural practices, while simultaneously introducing management controls in the traditional slash-and-burn farming areas, and (3) promoting new livelihood opportunities for the farmers, who have traditionally been dependent on forest resources, meanwhile introducing alternatives for fuel wood for cooking.     

论渔港经济区建设

渔港经济区是一种以渔港为中心的经济、社会功能区.它为转产渔民的发展、渔业产业化、海洋产业结构优化、海洋经济聚集带形成提供了平台.现代渔港经济区建设,要统一规划,分类指导;政策引导,资金扶持;科技领先,文化提升.     

广东省汕头市南澳渔港经济区发展研究

通过对广东省汕头市南澳渔港经济区的发展基础调查分析,认为当前南澳云澳渔港经济区建设发展存在海洋渔业资源衰退、海产品加工粗放、渔港配套设施不健全、休闲渔业开发程度不高、环境和资源遭到破坏等问题,针对上述问题提出调整渔业产业结构、发展水产品精深加工、加强渔港配套设施建设、推进休闲渔业转型升级、扶持海洋新兴产业、加大财政金融政策扶持等政策建议。     

湖北省渔业资源生产潜力分析

在确定了渔业资源生产潜力的内涵和主要影响因素的前提下,本文适当选取6个主要影响渔业资源生产潜力的要素指标,运用统计分析工具,采用要素指标分析法对湖北省渔业资源生产潜力进行了相应的分析预测和评估说明.进而对湖北省稻田养鱼和水生经济植物的生产潜力做了相应的分析.     

Influence of purchaser perceptions and intentions on price for forest land parcels: A hedonic pricing approach

A hedonic model was developed to analyze the market for undeveloped forest land in Minnesota. Variables describing in situ conditions, locational characteristics, buyer perceptions and intentions, and transactional terms were tested for their influence on sale price. The independent variables explained 67% of the per hectare sale price variation. Water frontage, road access and density, absentee ownership, future intentions, and financing arrangements had large, positive influences on price. Lack of a real-estate agent and agricultural land in the vicinity of the parcel had negative influences. A parcel's merchantable timber volume was not a significant predictor of price.     

参与式方法在集体林权制度改革中的应用思考

中国的集体林是一个特殊的、具有历史性、复杂性和关键性的产权系统。当前,中国政府正在开展集体林林权制度改革,希望通过改革能促进林业的发展。林权改革的目的在于通过明晰产权,进一步把森林管理的权力下放并改善权属的安全性。作为林业管理和改革的主体与核心,林农的参与十分重要。从参与的概念出发,探讨了在集体林权改制中应用参与式方法的可能性、应用的领域和应该注意的问题。建议在改革全过程中必须确保有实际意义的真正参与。     

公众对森林火灾的态度

利用里克特量表试图评估公众、消防战士和受森林火灾影响的村民等3个人群对森林火灾的看法。3组所有受访者一致认为,森林火灾会造成空气污染、土壤侵蚀、温室效应和浓雾,间接导致哮喘、呼吸系统感染、皮肤感染等疾病。受森林火灾危害的村民支持森林防火灭火,认为森林火灾是大问题。然而,市民和消防战士不同意这种看法,研究结果将帮助有关当局制订防火决策和教育活动。     

The importance of the institutional environment on multifunctional farming systems in the peri-urban area of Brussels

The influence of local and regional policies on the uptake of multifunctional farming systems is analysed. The conceptual framework of how regional and local policies can influence farmers’ behaviour is empirically verified by analysing data on uptake of diversification and environmental management by farmers located in the Brussels’ peri-urban area. In a two-stage model, farmers’ participation and behaviour to influence local policy-makers is also examined. It has been found among other things that, in a municipality that attaches greater importance to environmental issues, the uptake of agri-environmental measures is higher and that promotion of local agriculture will encourage farmers to start processing or selling products on their farms.     

再论西夏的农业

本文从西夏农业区域、农业水利、农业生产技术以及单位面积产量四个方面，详细论述了西夏农业生产发展状况。认为西夏立国后农业生产取得了突出的成就：农田水利事业发展到一个新的高度，建立起一整套完整的水利开发与管理制度；农业生产工具与耕作技术有较大的进步，普遍使用铁犁与牛耕；人均占有粮食130斤左右。这对一个半农半牧的民族政权来说，已经相当可观了。但这些粮食主要集中在国家的贵族地主手中，一般农牧民则挣扎在饥饿线上，经常以野菜、草籽充饥。     

黑龙江省地方国有林场林权制度改革的对策

基于黑龙江省地方国有林场基本状况,分析了制约黑龙江省地方国有林场林权制度改革的因素,在对制约因素进行深入分析的基础上,结合近年来地方国有林场林权制度改革的经验,提出了林权制度改革的方案,该方案从总体思路和具体做法两方面进行了全面分析。     

Amazon forest on the edge of collapse in the Maranhão State,Brazil

The year 2019 in Brazil was marked by environmental setbacks, which catalyzed the increase of illegal deforestation and fire rates in the Brazilian Amazon. In the Amazon region of Maranhão state, original forest cover diminished from 25 % (24,700 km²) in 2016 to 24 % (23,967 km²) in 2019, and 6,038 km² of remaining forests were degraded by fires and/or illegal logging – processes related to high levels of violence against indigenous and rural communities. Almost half of all deforested areas in the region (36,060 km²) are considered a global restoration hotspot, however secondary vegetation remains unprotected and 8,294 km² were cleared between 2014 and 2018. Due to uncontrolled deforestation and fragmentation, Maranhão has no more forest core areas (outside protected areas) with the minimum size to ensure sustainable forest management practices for timber production. New policies at the state level must promote old-growth and secondary forest conservation and restoration. However, the trends point to the opposite direction: the Ecological-Economic Zoning (ZEE) allows the reduction of forest protection and the State Forest Policy reinforces federal legislation setbacks. The Amazon region of Maranhão state has forest aptitude, and forest and agroforestry product chains would bring social and environmental benefits, making them the best opportunity for sustainable economic development in the region. Therefore, the forest must be re-planted for the benefit of people and nature.     

Fenced in: Common property struggles in the management of communal rangelands in central Eastern Cape Province,South Africa

This paper takes as its starting point the assertion that current rangeland management in the central Eastern Cape Province (former Ciskei) of South Africa, is characterised primarily by an ‘open-access’ approach. Empirical material drawn from three case-study communities in the region is used to examine the main barriers to management of rangeland as a ‘commons’. The general inability to define and enforce rights to particular grazing resources in the face of competing claims from ‘outsiders’, as well as inadequate local institutions responsible for rangeland management are highlighted as being of key importance. These are often exacerbated by lack of available grazing land, diffuse user groups and local political and ethnic divisions. Many of these problems have a strong legacy in historical apartheid policies such as forced resettlement and betterment planning.