农地发展权及其在土地管理实践中的实施途径与管理方式

农地发展权是国家土地权利的一种,过去很长一段时间里淹没在土地所有权中,这一权利,在农业社会时不太明显,随着社会经济发展对土地需求压力的增加,国家对土地利用的控制也进一步增强,这一权利的社会实现和价值体现才逐步增强,逐步为各利益主体和社会所认识和争夺。本文介绍了农地发展权的起源、概念与内涵,对其在土地管理实践中可能的实施途径进行了分析,最后分别探讨了其在土地管理实践中的几种可能的管理方式。     

黑龙江省农林用地确权和争议调处问题调查研究

研究目的:研究黑龙江省农地与林地确权及权属纠纷案件的解决办法,为国家有关部门和黑龙江省政府决策提供客观依据。研究方法:文献资料法、实证分析法和理论研究法。研究结论:调整林区土地管理的相关法律关系;林地作为不动产其物权应实行集中统一确权登记;细化现行的地权管理政策及措施;进一步强化各级政府土地权属管理的职能,增加地权争议特别是农林矛盾调处工作力量。     

Land tenure and management reforms in East and Southern Africa – the case of Botswana

Since attainment of independence, almost every country in East and Southern Africa has introduced some kind of land reform aimed at reconciling indigenous land tenure practices and those introduced by colonial regimes. The reforms have centred on modification of tenurial rules on access, ownership, administration and transfer of land rights coupled with land redistribution and/or restitution in some countries. With the exception of a few countries, such as Botswana, land reforms have largely remained on statute books with little to show on the ground. The paper gives an overview of land reforms in East and Southern Africa, taking Botswana as a case study. It notes that although Botswana has largely been successful in implementing land reforms, it is currently experiencing land tenure problems, especially in peri-urban settlements and inner city low-income areas, despite government's enhanced control over local land administrative structures. The paper ends with suggestions on how to contain the current problems.     

Institutionalization of common land property in Portugal: Tragic trends between “Commons” and “Anticommons”

The use and exploitation of natural resources is generally structured by institutions, especially by property institutions. The main objective of this paper is to present a diachronic analysis of the institutionalization of common land property in Portugal. The several types of ownership may be largely explained by common land history. We intend to draw an outline of the emergence, evolution and transition of common land from the late nineteenth century to the present day, using the matrix proposed by Heller. The economic problem of the optimal level of appropriation is recurrent in studies that analyze the economic implications of property rights. Thus, it is imperative to analyze whether or not the dimension of common land ownership is relevant to its efficient exploitation.In essence, we infer that common land ownership in the 1st period (1850–1926) may be classified as limited-access commons (limited access to commoners) with a relatively small average size of 50 ha. This common land was primarily used for grazing, firewood collecting and shrub extraction. In the second period (1926–1974), the State dictatorship invoked the public interest (forest easements) and took possession of more than 80% of common land, promoting the transition from limited-access commons to state ownership. The units of commons were aggregated in forest perimeters for Silviculture activity, the average size being greater than 3400 ha. Finally, we analyzed the institutionalization of common land ownership in the period after the democratic revolution on April 25th 1974. We concluded that the incipient legal and institutional frameworks revealed an inability to integrate an effective title to these territories to give way to a better classification of limited-exclusion anticommons. The Heller matrix approach revealed to be a useful tool, however insufficient to study holistically Portuguese common land institutionalization. In our preliminary conclusions the Heller matrix appears to be an ill-posed problem (no continuum). It allows for the reversibility between different property regimes that involve great simplifications in the epistemology of property rights.     

More Than Socially Embedded: The Distinctive Character of 'Communal Tenure' Regimes in South Africa and its Implications for Land Policy

This article analyzes debates over tenure reform policy in post-apartheid South Africa, with a particular focus on the controversial Communal Land Rights Act of 2004. Land tenure systems in the 'communal areas' of South Africa are described as dynamic and evolving regimes within which a number of important commonalities and continuities over time are observable. Key underlying principles of pre-colonial land relations are identified, which informed the adaptation and modification of tenure regimes in the colonial era and under policies of segregation and apartheid, and continue to do so today. Exploring the policy implications of this analysis, the article suggests that alternative approaches to that embodied in the Communal Land Rights Act are required. The most appropriate approach is to make socially legitimate occupation and use rights, as they are currently held and practised, the point of departure for both their recognition in law and for the design of institutional frameworks for administering land.     

Equity in informal land delivery: Insights from Enugu, Nigeria

Mounting exclusionary forces have made the task of achieving equity in urban land delivery more elusive than it has ever been. Statistics show that, in practice, most land for urban development (especially that occupied by the poor) is supplied outside state regulatory frameworks and there is overwhelming evidence of the importance of secure access to land and housing to the livelihood strategies of poor urban households. This paper, therefore, explores the issue of equity in informal channels of land delivery by drawing from insights gained from a recently concluded DFID-funded research of informal land delivery processes and access to land for the poor in Enugu, Nigeria. It finds that escalating costs and the resistance of pre-capitalist elements (some aspects of traditional culture) have meant that informal channels of land delivery are increasingly failing to meet equity concerns in providing access to land in cities, and that poor city immigrants and other vulnerable groups, especially women, are particularly disadvantaged.     

我国自然保护区土地权属法律制度及其存在的主要问题

我国现有法律法规中的自然保护区土地权属法律制度,片面强调自然保护的一面,而漠视了土地经济功能的发挥和自然保护区土地的财产属性。政府因财政负担能力有限,将土地经营管理权授予自然保护区管理机构,意味着自然保护区管理机构可以利用行政管理权、土地经营权集于一身的便利,追逐土地利益。法律所追求的自然保护目标难以实现,而自然保护区土地利益并未服务于解决社区贫困问题,造成了社区与政府之间长期的利益冲突。     

集体土地所有权改革的法理思辨

研究目的：分析并提出集体土地所有权的改革思路。研究方法：逻辑分析和规范分析。研究结果：从有效回应现实诉求和遵循渐进性改革路径来看,应主要从区分集体土地所有权主体的二元性、走出集体土地所有权私权法律性质定位的误区、进一步完善集体土地所有权行使规范装置、处理好集体土地所有权和土地承包经营权在土地征收中关系4个方面来完善集体土地所有权的改革。研究结论：在宏观层面一味的“做虚”和“做实”集体土地所有权乃是忽视其应有的体系效应和实践本质,可能给具体微观问题的解决带来负效应。     

现行征地补偿标准不合理性分析——基于资源环境经济学视角

研究目的:在资源环境经济学的分析视角下,针对中国现行三种征地补偿标准的不合理性展开综合考察与评价。研究方法:综合分析法与文献资料法。研究结果:现行征地补偿标准不合理性主要表现于两个方面:第一,未能准确反映私人物品基础之上的耕地价值;第二,对于耕地公共物品属性认识不足,试图以建立社会保障的"成本"计算征地补偿的社会保障法无论在理论上还是实践中都存在重大偏误。研究结论:提高补偿标准,改革征地制度,调整失衡已久的利益分配关系刻不容缓。     

“三权分置”下农业经营的实践形态与农地制度创新

"三权分置"是农地制度改革的重要成果,为提升农业经营效益提供了制度保障。农业经营的实践形态显示,土地经营权的设立并未提升资本化耕种的农业经营收益,也难以提升村集体范围内农地产权正式转移的水平。农业经营体制在"统"的层面缺乏可操作性的产权制度方案,阻碍了农地产权设置在"分"的层面发挥出高效的制度效能。切实回应农地利用中实际耕者的地权诉求,解决农地细碎化、村集体内土地经营权流转价格过高、土地经营权配置不充分、土地经营权流转后的社会纠纷等问题,需要围绕农地高效利用,在"三权分置"下充分发挥集体土地所有权的管理权能,以集体土地所有权统合土地承包经营权和土地经营权。     

大规模土地确权:非洲的失败与亚洲的成功

通过构建一个包括全球近200个国家和地区的数据库并进行系统分析,总结归纳大规模土地确权的失败教训和成功经验。目前全球仍有约一半的发展中国家缺乏正规的地权制度,已实施确权的发展中国家颁证率大多低于50%。失败教训表现为,传统习俗地权制度的冲突、农民认知及支持不足、确权分配不公导致确权需求不足;基础设施建设落后、实施执行不力、配套制度建设未跟上造成确权有效供给缺乏。成功经验表现为,国家能力建设和充分的前期准备是关键,地方政府的有力执行和顺势调整是保障,广大农民确权认知的加强和支持是基石。制定更为清晰合理的确权目标,采用更加适应当地情况的多样化确权方式,做好法律和组织建设等前期工作,探索城乡建设用地统一市场和农地信贷市场建设,有利于我国确权工作的顺利进行和最终成功。     

“三权分置”影响农村土地收益分配的机理研究*——基于收益权的视角

[目的]通过揭示\"三权分置\"影响农村土地收益分配的具体机理,可为\"三权分置\"政策的深入实施与丰富完善提供有效思路。[方法]文献分析法、逻辑分析法和政策文本分析法。[结果]\"三权分置\"有效推动土地流转之后,由于规模经济实现经营者收益增加;直接增加承包者流转收益并由于非农就业增加实现承包者工资收益增加;由于集体经营性建设用地入市实现集体所有权收益增加;由于宅基地入市实现集体与农民收益增加。\"三权分置\"保障土地收益权益的机理为:强化土地征用补偿权益保障实现所有者、承包者与经营者财产性收益增加;强化土地、房屋抵押担保权益保障实现承包者与经营者财产性收益增加;强化土地经营权益保障实现经营者转移收益增加。\"三权分置\"可能带来的风险传导机理是:可能导致地权人格化进一步侵犯所有权收益,以及宅基地入市可能导致农民收益分配不均。[结论]基于土地收益权视角,应加快确权、培育新型农业经营主体、推动农村劳动力转移推动土地流转;完善土地立法,提供法律保障;重塑农村集体经济组织,落实集体土地收益权利。     

农村妇女土地权益保护的困境与对策探析

研究目的：探寻完善农村妇女土地权益保护制度不足的途径。研究方法：社会调查法,逻辑分析法。研究结果：在出嫁、离婚等涉及农村妇女的集体成员身份变动时,其土地权益难以得到充分保护,丧偶妇女（未改嫁）则因成员身份不发生变动,其土地权益的保护状况较好,故农村妇女土地权益未受到充分保护的根源在于集体土地所有权主体制度的缺陷。研究结论：针对集体土地所有权主体制度的不足进行股份合作社改造,是解决农村妇女土地权益保护问题的重要途径。