改革开放以来集体林权制度改革的分权演化博弈分析

在维护国家生态安全和农户生计等方面,中国集体林发挥着不可或缺的重要作用。改革开放以来,中国政府启动了多轮集体林权制度改革,本文采用分权多中心决策主体演化博弈理论,研究了集体林权制度变迁的动态过程。分权多中心决策主体的观念改变是集体林权制度改革的前提,分权多中心决策主体采取功能、权力、自适应学习和同构等形式,开展了集体林权制度改革的重复演化博弈,中央政府为多轮集体林权制度改革的主要介入者,集体林权制度改革所呈现的间歇性均衡和多重均衡是分权多中心决策主体持续演化博弈的结果。     

Weather Risk, Wages in Kind, and the Off-Farm Labor Supply of Agricultural Households in a Developing Country

This article investigates the effects of weather risk on the off-farm labor supply of agricultural households in a developing country, distinguishing different types of off-farm labor markets. A multivariate two-limit tobit model is applied to data from India. The regression results show that the share of the off-farm labor supply increases with weather risk, the increase is much larger in the case of nonagricultural work than in the case of agricultural wage work, and the increase is much larger in the case of agricultural wages paid in kind than in the cash wage case, suggesting farmers' considerations of food security.     

高水平开放下我国粮食安全的非传统挑战及政策转型

当前我国粮食安全已经迈入新的发展阶段,一方面国内的粮食安全保障程度处于历史最佳时期,另一方面农业对外开放也处于全球领先水平,国际粮食市场日益成为保障国内粮食供应的重要组成部分,但同时也为维护国家粮食安全带来了一系列前所未有的非传统压力和挑战,包括以高产量、高进口、高库存为代表的过度进口冲击粮食自给率的“想挡挡不住”、粮食生产国内支持政策与WTO国际规则存在一致性纷争的“想做不能做”、世界市场风险与贸易动荡加剧国际粮源不确定性的“想进有风险”,以及在全球粮食安全治理体系中的作用仍待加强的“想为难作为”。在新一轮高水平开放下,亟需转型思维、构建“三元平衡”的开放型国家粮食安全战略保障体系,积极推动我国粮食安全目标由产量导向向竞争力导向转型,农业国内支持政策设计由国内外分轨向内外对接转型,外部粮食市场与资源利用由单方自主开合向主动风险管控转型,主动参与全球粮食安全治理与制度变革,全面升级对内与对外的粮食安全治理能力。     

非自愿搬迁对移民职业代际流动性的影响研究——基于三峡库区调查数据的实证分析

本研究以三峡库区非自愿搬迁移民为研究对象,具体分析了非自愿搬迁影响职业代际流动性的作用机理,并对其进行实证检验。结果显示:非自愿搬迁移民与原居民的职业代际流动性存在显著差异,非自愿搬迁显著提高了职业向上代际流动性,同时非自愿搬迁移民也存在较高的职业代际传承,在农民阶层、工人阶层和管理者阶层上实现代际流入或流出的可能性较低。相比市内安置和后靠安置,市外安置更有利于职业向上代际流动,且在移民后代0～3岁时搬迁会显著降低职业向上代际流动性,而3～6岁搬迁能显著增加职业向上代际流动性。在发展机会较多、发展差距较大或正式社会支持较强的环境中更易于实现职业向上代际流动,但强社会资本对职业向上代际流动性的提升作用不明显,这主要是源于非自愿搬迁中社会资本规模和质量的损失。     

集体林权制度改革后闽浙赣林业产业结构动态比较分析

在回顾林业产业结构研究的基础上,比较闽浙赣三省的林业产业结构变动情况,发现营林业呈不同幅度下降趋势、林产工业以不同程度超前发展、林业第三产业成为浙赣新增长点,从而指出产生此类差异的原因是农民对林业收入的依赖程度不同、林业政策的落脚点相异、区位条件不一致,提出了进一步优化林业产业结构要积极发展碳汇林业;加快林业产业化进程;转变林业经济增长方式的政策建议。     

Coping with resettlement: A livelihood adaptation analysis in the Mekong River basin

A major driver of change in the Mekong River basin relates to hydropower development and the consequent changes in landscape and natural resource access regime that it induces. In this paper, we examine how the livelihoods of resettlers evolve following resettlement, and examine the determinants of that process. The study takes place in the context of the Theun Hinboun Expansion Project in Lao PDR. Based on longitudinal household surveys conducted before resettlement as well as 1, 2, and 3 years after resettlement, we identify the process of livelihood adaptation in resettled communities. Results show varying capacity to absorb shocks and cope with change even within a small village with seemingly equal conditions. Our results suggest that a more detailed understanding of this adaptation process is key to improving interventions for rebuilding the livelihoods of those resettled by development projects in rural areas.     

参与式方法在集体林权制度改革中的应用思考

中国的集体林是一个特殊的、具有历史性、复杂性和关键性的产权系统。当前,中国政府正在开展集体林林权制度改革,希望通过改革能促进林业的发展。林权改革的目的在于通过明晰产权,进一步把森林管理的权力下放并改善权属的安全性。作为林业管理和改革的主体与核心,林农的参与十分重要。从参与的概念出发,探讨了在集体林权改制中应用参与式方法的可能性、应用的领域和应该注意的问题。建议在改革全过程中必须确保有实际意义的真正参与。     

集体林权制度改革社会效果评价——以福建省永安市为例

回顾集体林权改革社会效果研究的背景,介绍了集体林权改革社会效果研究的现状,对永安市集体林权制度改革社会效果的多方面进行了定量分析评价和定性分析评价,并在此基础上进行了综合评价。使人们对集体林权制度改革社会效果有了一个清晰和具体的了解,为决策者继续深化集体林权改革,取得更好的社会效果提供了依据和建议。     

Impact of formalisation of property rights in informal settlements: Evidence from Dar es Salaam city

This paper aims to study the responsiveness of the informal property market and management systems towards the introduction of land registration for informal settlements in Tanzania. City governments are increasingly recognising the need to strengthen legal rights for the urban poor as a means to bring them more effectively into the urban economy and ensure better provision of water, sanitation and other primary services. The research focuses on Tanzania and in particular two case studies within Dar es Salaam. The findings of the work suggest that the introduction of residential licenses whilst potentially assisting in creating legal certainty has not resulted in the financial sector accepting them as full security against loans. Accessing credit by the poor however has not yet been fully realised resulting in some further hurdles for the financial sector to overcome. Finally, and of some significance is the registration of property in the informal settlements has provided the opportunity of formal property transactions within these settlements.     

Governing farmland conversion: Comparing China with the Netherlands and Germany

Farmland conversion has become an increasing concern in China and other parts of the world, including Europe and the USA. Be it for environmental or food security reasons, questions arise concerning how urbanization should be governed, i.e. what rules and regulations could enhance the efficiency and sustainability of land use. Taking a first step toward answering such questions, this paper describes different governance structures for farmland conversion in the Netherlands, Germany, and China. Secondly, it compares five identified differences between these countries in the realms of land property, land use planning, the role of the market, the role of government, and the performance of governance structures. The purpose of this paper is to develop an approach for comparing governance structures for land conversion that: (a) offers some opportunities for exchange of experience between the three countries and (b) provides a framework for further research on governance structures in farmland conversion.     

云南省自然保护区建设中集体林权属问题研究

通过对云南省4个不同级别的自然保护区进行案例研究,结合全省保护区权属统计资料的分析,发现在保护区的建设过程中,均存在不同程度集体林被划入保护区的现象。随着党和政府更加强调执政为民的思想以及《物权法》的实施,这一问题将成为潜在的社会矛盾根源之一。解决这一问题的思路应该是按照"环境价值、需求刚性和社会支付能力"的原则,重新检视保护区的规模和范围,如果确需包括部分集体林,应该坚持通过生态效益购买的制度安排,实现林权主体经营公益林和商品林的无差别待遇。