购买力平价理论对人民币汇率升值的适用性分析

在人民币升值的外在压力中,有一种理由认为人民币汇率已大幅偏离了购买力平价。但是偏离购买力平价的汇率需要调整这一命题的真伪取决于购买力平价理论对一国的适用性,这种适用性的常用检验方法有两种:实际汇率的平稳性检验和名义汇率与国内外价格水平的协整检验,虽然分析结论认为前者的严谨性优于后者,但这两种方法均不支持购买力平价对于人民币汇率的适用性。原因除了购买力平价自身的局限外,更重要的在于中国的汇率-价格传导机制不够通畅。既然购买力平价在中国并不完全成立,那么人民币汇率对购买力平价的偏离就不能构成人民币升值的理由。     

购买力平价非线性检验方法的进展回顾及其对人民币实际汇率的应用

单位根检验下实际汇率通常的非平稳性与购买力平价相矛盾，然而考虑到国际套利交易成本，实际汇率可能遵循某种非线性均值回复行为。本文对近年来国际上对实际汇率的非线性均值回复领域的研究进行了回顾和总结，并选取带有约束的ESTAR模型对人民币实际汇率的非线性行为进行了实证分析，对其均值回复速度进行了估计，并给出了购买力平价下的均衡汇率。结果支持了人民币与美元的购买力平价关系。     

购买力平价非线性检验方法的进展回顾及其对人民币实际汇率的应用

单位根检验下实际汇率通常的非平稳性与购买力平价相矛盾,然而考虑到国际套利交易成本,实际汇率可能遵循某种非线性均值回复行为。本文对近年来国际上对实际汇率的非线性均值回复领域的研究进行了回顾和总结,并选取带有约束的ESTAR模型对人民币实际汇率的非线性行为进行了实证分析,对其均值回复速度进行了估计,并给出了购买力平价下的均衡汇率。结果支持了人民币与美元的购买力平价关系。     

人民币实际汇率与购买力平价

采用扩充迪基－富勒（ADF）方法以及恩格尔－葛兰杰（EG）方法进行单位根检验和EG协整检验，可判别我国实际汇率是否为平稳时间序列，从而推断人民币汇率是否符合购买力平价。研究发现，单位根检验和协整检验的结果均显示人民币实际汇率非平衡时间序列。在剔除了物价变动和劳动生产率变动因素之后，人民币实际汇率的偏差甚至更大。长期购买力平价之所以无法验证，可能涉及一些深层次的问题，如体制方面的原因。分析表明，人民币汇率低估了。     

购买力平价偏离理论综述

购买力平价说是一种基本的汇率决定理论,但影响购买力平价关系成立的短期或长期经济因素众多,从而使得实际汇率经常偏离平价关系.本文对有关文献中各种购买力平价偏离模型进行了综合分析,阐明了生产率、政府支出、货币供给、偏好需求和定价策略等基本因素作用于实际汇率的经济机制.     

动态购买力平价理论:概念、证据与运用

本文探索性地建立动态购买力平价(PPP)理论的分析框架,通过模型化国民经济市场化和开放化以及国际经济一体化的结构性因素,描述实际汇率对传统PPP理论平价水平的系统偏离及其动态演化特征。本文依据国际横截面数据进行动态PPP理论的计量分析,取得动态PPP理论的结构方程和可计算形式,进而情景预测2006—2010年间人民币实际汇率升值趋势,为未来时期人民币汇率的均衡调整提供数值参考。     

人民币购买力平价实证检验

购买力平价理论是最具解释力的汇率决定理论,也是其他汇率决定理论的基础,经常被各国用作制定汇率政策的主要依据。本文使用计量经济模型建构专用软件PcGive,对1997年1月2007年1月时段的人民币兑美元名义汇率和中美两国消费者价格指数数据进行单位根和Johartsen协整的再检验,结果表明：购买力平价理论是能够在一定程度上解释人民币兑美元汇率的,但不足以成为我国制定人民币汇率政策的依据。     

人民币汇率与购买力平价

本文基于购买力平价理论,通过实证分析的方法,对1980-2008年的人民币兑美元汇率与中美消费物价指数的数据进行研究分析,以探究购买力平价理论与人民币汇率之间存在的关系。     

人民币汇率与购买力平价

本文基于购买力平价理论,通过实证分析的方法,对1980-2008年的人民币兑美元汇率与中美消费物价指数的数据进行研究分析,以探究购买力平价理论与人民币汇率之间存在的关系.     

人民币汇率走势的实证分析——基于1994-2001年数据的判断

本文以购买力平价理论为基础,以人民币汇率体制改革的1994年为基期,计算分析了人民币汇率的实际走势。研究表明,人民币有效汇率、人民币对美元的名义汇率和实际汇率自1994年以来总体上呈升值态势,但实际汇率升值幅度远大于名义汇率;1997年东南亚金融危机以来,名义汇率和实际汇率变动方向相反,实际汇率呈贬值趋势,体现出国内外价格水平对汇率的影响。     

The Performance of Exchange Rate Forecasts

Since the floating of the Australian dollar the forecasting of exchange rate movements has become more difficult and received much more attention. As a result, some participants in the foreign exchange market have, on a number of occasions, come under criticism for their inability to predict exchange rate movements. This article seeks to evaluate these criticisms through an examination of exchange rate forecasts made by market participants (as published in the Australian Financial Review from March 1985 to December 1985). The accuracy of the $A/US$ forecasts is compared with that of forecasts generated from a number of simple forecasting rules as well as forecasts of the US$/Yen exchange rate. In general, the simple forecasting rules provide superior forecasts to those provided by the individual market participants. However, under some criteria, the mean of the individual participants' forecasts may be preferred to these simple forecasting rules. Further, the comparison of the US$/Yen forecasts with the $A/US$ forecasts shows the former to be generally more accurate.     

The Real Exchange Rate Always Floats

This paper makes two main points. First, irrespective of nominal exchange rate arrangements, the real exchange rate always floats — if not through nominal exchange rate adjustment, then through price change. Further, because prices and wages tend to be sticky, the adjustment of real exchange rates towards long–run equilibrium takes time, as witnessed by long–lasting currency misalignments around the world. In second place, real exchange rates are rather likely to fluctuate on their way towards long–run equilibrium because of the dynamic interaction between real exchange rates and the current account or, put differently, because the structure of lags with which exchange rates impact the volume of exports and imports may give rise to oscillatory behaviour.     

Exchange Rate Populism

East Asian and Latin American economies present opposite exchange rate electoral cycles: exchange rates tend to be more depreciated before and appreciated after elections among East Asian economies, while the opposite is true in Latin America. We propose an explanation for these empirical findings where the driving force of the opposite exchange rate populism in these two regions is their difference in the relative size of tradable and non‐tradable sectors, coupled with the distributive effect of exchange rates. In a setup where policy‐makers differ in their preference bias toward non‐tradable and tradable sectors, the exchange rate is used a noisy signal of the incumbent's type in an uncertain economic environment. The mechanism behind the cycle is engendered by the incumbent trying to signal he is median voter's type, biasing his policy in favor of the majority of the population before elections.     

The Government Deficit and the Exchange Rate

As government deficit spending declines, the question of its impact on the exchange rate is clearly relevant. Recent empirical work has been contradictory. This paper presents a two-country cash-in-advance model to calculate explicitly the long- and short-term effects of government deficit spending on the exchange rate. It is shown that increases in deficit spending result in a short-term appreciation of the currency. The currency will eventually depreciate, to what degree and for how long depending on the method used to finance the deficit.     

The Reform on RMB Exchange Rate System

The Chinese currency, the yuan, which was pegged to the value of US dollar in the past, will now be a managed currency. Its value will be set in relation to a basket of currencies. China is taking the first big step toward a free-floating currency. This analysis explores the impacts on Chinese banking, Chinese companies and international monetary market.     

人民币即期汇率与境内外远期汇率动态关联——NDF监管政策出台之后

文章运用Granger因果检验方法和DCC-MGARCH模型,对外管局禁止境内机构从事NDF交易后人民币对美元即期汇率市场、境内远期汇率市场和境外NDF市场之间的动态关联关系进行了实证研究,研究发现:市场间常条件和动态条件相关系数随着合约期限的增长呈递减态势,即期市场与NDF市场之间的相关性最强,境内外远期市场之间的相关性最弱;虽然即期市场存在对NDF市场的信息波动溢出效应,但从总体上看,NDF市场的价格引导力量强于即期市场和境内远期市场,处于市场价格信息的中心地位。     

The Risk Premium, Exchange Rate Expectations, and the Forward Exchange Rate: Estimates for the Yen–Dollar Rate

The hypothesis that the forward rate is an unbiased predictor of the future spot rate has been rejected in many empirical studies. The rejection of this hypothesis could occur because market behavior is inconsistent with rational–expectations or because there exists a risk premium. Equations describing the forward premium and the change in the exchange rate are estimated jointly, and tests of both the rational–expectations and no–risk–premium hypotheses are conducted. Empirical estimates, obtained using quarterly data for the yen–dollar exchange rate, reject the rational–expectations hypothesis and suggest that there exists a time–varying risk premium.     

人民币均衡实际汇率的估计与实际汇率错位的测算

基于均衡实际汇率理论 ,本文应用多种经济计量方法实证分析了自 2 0世纪 50年代中期至 2 0 0 0年期间人民币实际汇率状况 ,估计出人民币均衡实际汇率 ,进而测算了实际汇率错位状况。研究结果表明 :在计划经济时期 ,人民币实际汇率长期被高估。改革开放后 ,均衡实际汇率长期处于贬值状况 ,现实的实际汇率长期被低估。在亚洲金融危机期间 (特别是 1 997和 1 998年 ) ,人民币实际汇率出现了明显的高估。 1 999年这种高估状况得到部分缓解 ;2 0 0 0年出现了根本性好转。在现实中 ,1 999年以后中国出口的快速增长也证实了这一结论。     

Modeling Exchange Rate Volatility

This paper investigates the impact of the volatility of the underlying macroeconomic fundamentals on exchange rate volatility utilizing the bounds testing approach to cointegration. The results show that, in the long run the volatility of the money supply is the sole determinant, whereas in the short run overshooting is found.