Housing for blacks: A challenge for kansas city

City planners, neighborhood groups and financial institutions, and other business partners need to develop a comprehensive plan to increase affordable housing for minorities and to integrate neighborhoods. Kansas City, Missouri is a city with a high potential for good housing for all of its citizens, but adequate housing continues to elude many of its black residents. Compared to other U.S. cities of similar size, Kansas City has good housing stock, but a large number of black people are suffering from a shortage of low rent housing. In addition, among Kansas Citians, blacks have the lowest quality housing stock. Two reasons for the deficit in housing for black Americans in Kansas City are demolitions among the low-rent housing stock and discrimination in housing rentals.     

Employment implications of a changing health-care system

The American health-care system has undergone rapid growth and structural change over the past 20 years. Because of the increase in expenditures flowing into the system, total employment in the industry has increased significantly. Along with total employment, the employment of black women has also grown. Unfortunately, however, black women continue to be concentrated in the lowest paying of the health occupations. Efforts to improve the occupational distribution of blacks in general and black women in particular are going to be more difficult in the future because of the dominance of cost containment as the nations primary health policy goal.     

关于加强寒地黑土地理标志权保护的法理思考

地理标志是知识产权的重要组成部分,具有巨大的商业价值,以绿色产业为核心的寒地黑土经济有着广阔的市场前景,因此,加强寒地黑土地理标志的保护是十分必要的.加强寒地黑土地理标志保护,要坚持两条腿走路,实行混合立法保护模式,构建多层次法律保护体系,强化政府责任,加强市场监管,加大宣传力度,培养高素质知识产权人才,明确行业协会的法律地位和职责,建立企业诚信制度,维护寒地黑土地理标志声誉.     

A report on the educational status of black women during the un decade of women, 1976–85

By most statistical indicators, the educational gains made by black women during the past decade are rapidly being eroded: high school completion rates and college enrollment figures are declining, and dropout rates are increasing. The increase in black women earning bachelors and graduate degrees is due almost entirely to their higher participation rates in college. A higher proportion of blacks than whites are below 24 years of age; declining enrollments at a time when the black population is expanding reflects a significant loss. Important areas for policy initiatives include increases in financial aid. a critical factor in college attendance by black women-particularly at the graduate and professional degree levels-improvement in quality of primary and secondary education and counseling, and continuing education programs for teenage mothers.     

Unemployment levels of Black people in Natal census districts according to the 1985 census

The basic needs approach to development is based on the premise that all people are entitled to adequate consumption goods (nutrition, shelter, clothing) and state‐provided infrastructure (health care, education, potable water, sanitation and transport). Consumption needs are financed (in the absence of a well‐developed social welfare system) largely by income from employment. The black population in employment as a percentage of the economically active, in the 1985 census districts in Natal, black population in employment as a percentage of the economically active age cohort and the employed as a percentage of the total population were calculated in order to establish the census districts (and the urban and non urban sectors of these census districts) where employment levels are lowest. It is possible on the basis of this data to target employment creation at the census districts where it would be most beneficial.     

The relative quality of black economists

This paper identifies the top black economists and ranks them in terms of their quality. The measure used as the indicator of quality is the number of citations received by an individual economist. It is argued that citations represent influence in that they reflect the degree to which others have found that work to be useful in their research and are an indication of the amount of recognition an economist’s research has received. Using citation tabulations as the measure of quality, the rankings of the top twenty economists were calculated.     

The effects of extended families and marital status on housing consumption by black female-headed households

This study examines factors affecting the housing consumption of households headed by black women. The investigation focuses particular attention on the extent to which marital status and household composition, especially extended family configurations, influence the quality of housing consumed. The specific measure of housing quality used in the study is crowdedness, proxied by the number of persons per room. Analysis of data taken from the 1980 U.S. Census Public Use Sample reveals that female-headed extended households experience crowding disproportionately in comparison to other female-headed households. Marital status, age and location also significantly affect housing consumption. Young black female household heads who are separated and live in the South are particularly likely to reside in crowded conditions. Improved labor market outcomes for household heads are found to be more effective in generating improvements in housing quality than increased transfer payments.     

绿城疑云

2011年9月22日,对于绿城来说是个“黑色星期四”。当日,绿城以5．20港元开盘,收于4．49港元,创下两年来新低。虽然绿城随后就针对传闻做出了澄清,但并未遏制住市场的恐慌情绪,股价一路下跌。     

医疗决策情景下医生利他性测量的实验经济学研究

随着实验经济学、行为博弈论的发展,传统经济学中的自利假设受到利他倾向的挑战。利他性在医疗决策中体现为医生行为偏离个人利益最大化,关注患者健康福利,被认为是医生绩效和医疗服务质量的关键决定因素之一,对公益性导向和满足社会公众利益最大化目标的落实具有重要意义。但是利他性难以测量影响了对医生利他性的研究和有效激励机制的建立。本研究基于显示偏好原理并采用独裁者博弈为基础设计的受控实验室实验模拟医生医疗决策情景,根据医生决策结果,分别基于医生效用函数计算和运用随机效用模型估算医生的利他性。结果显示医生决策过程中对患者健康效益给予了正向权重。医生的利他性存在异质性。基于医生效用函数计算的利他性均值为0.82,表明医生对患者健康效益的权重为82%。96%的医生利他性大于0.5,50%的医生利他性大于0.85。运用随机效用模型估算的利他性(患者健康效益与医生利润的边际替代率)为1.078>1,49%的医生边际替代率大于1,说明相比个人利益医生更加重视患者健康效益。两种方法下测量的利他性显著正相关(Spearman’s ρ=0.715, p<0.001)。提示本研究应用的医疗决策情景下利他性的测量方法可实现医生利他性的量化,基于两种方法测量的医生利他性可以相互印证。     

医保支付方式与乡村医生行为

长期以来，我国农村地区的初级医疗保健服务由乡村医生提供，然而新农合制度以按服务付费为主的支付方式导致了乡村医生供应短缺、行为扭曲等一系列供方市场问题，进而严重制约了农村地区初级医疗保健服务体系建设与社会福利提升。基于改革医保支付方式是从供方角度合理控制医疗成本的有效措施这一基本前提，文章通过构建理论模型，分析了按服务付费、按人头付费、固定工资，以及混合付费等四种支付方式下乡村医生给予不同疾病状态患者的治疗数量、治疗质量，以及职业道德的决策问题。考虑新农合与城乡居民医保制度的地区差异性、发展不均衡等特点，研究发现：（1）无论政府采用哪一种支付方式，都无法一次性将医生行为调控至最优期望目标，通过支付方式的选择与优化来调控医生行为需要与医保发展阶段相互匹配；（2）作为主要行为指标，医生给予患者的治疗数量与治疗质量之间存在反比关系，医生职业道德与患者疾病状态之间也呈现类似反比关系；（3）随着医保体系的不断完善，激励方式合理的混合支付可能是调控医生行为的一种占优选择。在城乡居民医保制度整合背景下，文章将为如何通过改革乡村医生支付方式来控制医疗成本提供一定理论支撑。     

A review of the status of black renters, 1970–1980

Conclusion Our review indicates that during the 1970s, the majority of urban black renters did not improve their housing status. Relative to urban renters as a whole, those who are black still pay more, live in older housing of poorer quality, and face restrictions in locational choices even when their incomes make such choices possible. This suggests that 10 years of federal intervention to promote housing access has had a limited impact on housing conditions of black renters. Housing policy must be framed in terms of availability, affordability, and adequacy. Programs based on such policies must be designed and delivered so that both common and diverse needs of black renters are addressed in a manner that produces observable outcomes. A shift toward more local discretion in housing policy and service delivery may or may not be a more effective way of achieving these objectives. The merits of this approach have been widely debated and generally questioned by advocates for the black community. In our view, the issue is not one of federal versus local control, but rather that policies and programs be effective and that their outcomes can be substantively demonstrated. Without this, the rhetoric of national, local, and ethnic politics regarding housing access will continue, leaving the status of the majority of black renters virtually unchanged.     

On black market exchange rate and demand for money in developing countries: The case of Nigeria

This paper examines the hitherto unexplored question of the effects of the black market exchange rate expectations on the domestic demand for money in Nigeria. This study finds that real income and expected inflation rates are the appropriate scale and opportunity cost variables for the demand for money function in Nigeria. The results also suggest that depreciation in black market exchange rate exerts a significant negative impact on the domestic demand for money. A policy implication of this research is that since a depreciation of the black market exchange rate tends to decrease the demand for money, it should be taken into account in the execution of monetary policy. The authors would like to thank an anonymous referee for helpful suggestions which substantially improved the quality of the paper. This research was supported in part by a summer research grant from the College of Business Administration, University of New Orleans.     

西部地区不同养老模式下老年人生活质量调研分析

目的:对比分析西部地区不同养老模式下老年人生活质量。方法:采用分层抽样和整群抽样相结合的方法,对西部地区1 285名60岁以上不同养老模式下老年人进行问卷调查,并采用世界卫生组织生活质量测定表简表(WHOQOL-BREF)评价其生活质量。结果:西部地区老年人生活质量平均得分为53.38±7.77,自评分为77.50±12.46,生活质量与自评分呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.66。三种养老模式下老年人生活质量和自评分均有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论:1机构养老模式下老年人生活质量总分、自评分及各领域得分均最低,且家庭和社区养老模式下无差异(P0.05);2三种养老模式下老年人生活质量各领域得分均为环境最低,各种养老模式下老年人生活质量与心理领域、生理领域的相关性最大。为提高西部地区老年人生活质量和主观幸福感,应进一步加大社区和机构养老的建设投入力度,关注老年人的身心健康,改善和完善其居住环境和养老服务功能。     

Black Real Estate Professionals’ Perceptions of Career Opportunities: The Economic Detour Redux

This article focuses on black professionals’ perceptions of career opportunities in the real estate industry and discrimination in housing markets. The analysis is based on a national survey of black real estate professionals administered between July and December of 2009. Findings from the article suggest that black real estate professionals adopt a business strategy scholars have referred to as the economic detour. Following this strategy, their business activities focus on a niche market confined to residential real estate transaction with black clientele in relatively segregated neighborhood contexts. The findings from this analysis suggest that this focus has emerged in response to perceptions of institutional discrimination that closes opportunities to black professionals in the broader real estate industry. Recommendations are made to address economic barriers faced by black professionals.     

Global Energy and Environmental Impacts of an Expanding China

I.Introduction Rapid economic growth in China and China’s economic size have important implications for energy use and environmental outcomes in China, regionally and globally. Although?2006 The Author Journal compilation ?2006 Institute of World Economics and Politics, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences most statistics related to China are impressive, those related to energy use and environmental problems are startling. China is currently the world’s third largest energy producer and …     

Comparable worth and its impact on black women

Comparable worth is a subset of affirmative action strategies that deal with all of the terms and conditions of employment including hiring, recruitment, promotion, transfer, and wages. This article describes the comparable worth strategy and its potential impact on black women, black men, and the black community. By viewing the representation of black women in municipal clerical jobs, the author concludes that black women will gain from comparable worth. Because black men are overrepresented in ℝdtypically female” jobs, it is further concluded that black males will gain from implementation of comparable worth. Finally, because comparable worth will examine the basis for pay scales, the author concludes that both gender and racial bias may be revealed when job evaluations are examined. This article also views limitations to the comparable worth strategy and distributional concerns of comparable worth.     

The impact of black mayors on the black community: The case of New Orleans’ ernest morial

Conclusion Dutch Morial is deeply respected by the New Orleans black community. According to a poll conducted in April 1983 by Rose-Stekler Associates, 80% of the black respondents gave Morial “excellent” or “good” job ratings, compared to only 11% who found him doing a “fair” or “poor” job. Despite very limited resourses, the Morial mayoralty has facilitated the entrance of the black middle class into the governmental process, providing access to city contracts and administrative positions. On the other hand, the black underclass has received meager rewards in the form of employment or a reduction in police brutality. Hopefully, economic development, in the long-run, will create jobs and provide additional city revenue to fund services for the poor. But for now, the primary impact of a black mayor on the black community of New Orleans has been symbolic kinds of benefits. Yet the potential positive benefits of a black mayor serving as a role model for black youth, as well as the value of civil rights rhetoric in fostering hopefulness and a more self-reliant black community, should not be underestimated. The characterization of the status of the civil rights movement in 1983 offered by C. T. Vivian, head of the Anti-Klan Network, well applies to New Orleans black community today: “Everything has changed and nothing has changed. The statistics are still terrible. But the atmosphere is totally different.”⁴⁹     

Physician licensure legislation and the quality of medical care

Summary and Conclusions To summarize, the empirical tests used in this study have found no support for the contention that physicians were initially regulated at the behest of the general population. Rather, empirical support was found for the theory that licensing legislation was the result of organized physicians employing the political system for limiting entry and the concomitant increaseing of returns to incumbent medical practitioners. Additionally, this study found no support for the contention that state licensing of physicians was associated with higher levels of health care quality as measured by mortality rates among various population age groups.     

Race,class, and politics in the black community of Boston

Conclusion We found that there are indeed some slight differences in the electoral behavior of black voters when we separate them into high and low socio-economic areal categories based on the level of median income. These slight differences include turnout rates for primary and general elections and voter registration rates. The higher the socioeconomic status of the black electorate in Boston, the higher the turnout and registration rates for that area tended to be; however, this relationship was not found to be consistent among all the areas selected for study. Despite these differences in electoral behavior or “practices,” our areal model does not suggest any significant political schisms based on the sicioeconomic indicators used. Black voters tended to vote the same way on a number of city and state ballot questions, support the same candidates at both the city and state level, and vote the liberal preference on both issues and candidates regardless of socioeconomic background. In addition, there is some evidence that the higher a black voter is on the socioeconomic scale, the greater his or her tendency will be to vote the liberal position on various issues and candidates. Our model also suggests that black voters will tend to support black candidates regardless of some socioeconomic factors. If this model can be used as an indication of class differences in the black community, then our data show that socioeconomic criteria are not as salient as race in determining the political behavior and preferences of black voters.     

Vacancies,unemployment, and black and white wage earnings: 1956–1983

Utilizing recent developments in the literature on vacancies and unemployment, the effects of changes in the vacancy to unemployment ratio on black and white wage earnings are examined. The primary result argues that black women’s wage earnings are less sensitive to changes in the national vacancy to unemployment ratios than white earnings. Another way of interpreting this result is that black women are not experiencing wage gains when new jobs are created. This finding suggests that black women may not experience increases in earnings if the vacancy to unemployment ratio increases in the future.