市政债券应用于地方政府债务融资的利弊分析

当前,国外众多国家正经历着的新一轮公共债务危机——美国主权信用评级首次被降、欧元区债务危机此起彼伏,这给中国政府敲响了警钟,特别是对我国地方政府债务问题不容忽视。本文从市政债券角度分析地方政府债务现状,突出了利用市政债券融资的优势;同时,分析了市政债券制度本身的缺陷以及我国发行市政债券面临的特殊问题。最后提出了市政债券角度下解决我国地方债务问题的对策。     

市政债券融资的国际经验与借鉴

我国的市政债券刚刚起步,而国外发达国家尤其是美国的市政债券市场已有数百年的历史,很多地方值得借鉴。文章在总结美国、日本和韩国在市政债券融资方面成功经验的基础上,紧密联系我国市政债券发展实际,提出完善我国市政债券融资的政策建议,为管理层决策提供参考。     

美国市政债券市场概况及其对我国的借鉴

在美国,市政债券是指州和地方政府及其授权机构发行的有价证券,目的是一般支出或特定项目融资.一般划分为一般责任债券和收益债券.自20世纪70年代末以来,美国的市政债券市场发生了较大的变化,这些变化值得我们关注;同时,美国市政债券的规模可以为我国发行市政债券提供一定的借鉴,值得我们分析.     

对我国发行市政债券的理性探讨

目前，我国中央与地方的财政压力加大，迫切要求发行市政债券以缓解压力。本文通过对市政债券发行的必要性及可行性分析，得出了应尽快建立市政债券制度的结论，并就相应的制度改革和方案设计提出了具体的建议。     

基于KMV模型的市政债券信用风险管理问题研究

发行市政债券将成为地方政府基础设施建设融资的主要金融工具和渠道,但市政债券发行中的一大难题是市政债券的发行规模与信用风险控制。本文借助于KMV模型思想,建立了市政债券信用风险模型,进一步探讨了模型的概率分布形态以提高模型的预测精度。在确定了预测标准后,针对2009年以来已发行地方政府债券的省市计算了各地安全发债规模,并简要分析了地方政府债券上市＂遇冷＂的原因。     

城镇化建设进程中的财政政策选择

为了更好地推动城镇化建设进程,解决城镇化建设进程中“缺钱”的瓶颈问题,本文就财政如何进一步支持城镇化建设提供一种新的思路——呼唤市政债券的发行,并对市政债券发行的必要性、可行性以及发行市政债券的还款保障和需克服的法律障碍进行了论述。     

北京将发行市政债券110亿元

本刊讯 修路、修桥、修城铁,随着北京城市建设的加快,资金短缺已成突出矛盾。为此,北京将发行市政债券。 据了解,在美国,市政债券在整个政府债务体系中的比重约为20％。在研究北京发行市政债券的风险时,研究人员通过对北京市1971年至2000年的地方财政收入、地方财政支出等相关数据的     

美国的市政债券

发行市政债券已有200多年的历史。在美国发行市政债券十分普遍，运用得力、操作规范、效益明显，是城市基础设施建设集资融资重要渠道之一。1993年，美国共有2500亿美元的新市政债券通过一万余家不同的发行人售出。这些债券给为数众多的各类项目     

美国市政债券的运行设计

经过近两个世纪的发展,美国逐步建立起比较发达和完善的市政债券市场.根据美联储6月5日公布的数据显示,2014年第一季度末,美国未清偿市政债券余额达到3.66万亿美元,约占美国整个债券市场的8.6％,占美国上一年GDP的22.6％.尽管美国国内金融危机的爆发,经济复苏的困难,给市政债券发行带来了巨大的风险,美国市政债券发行量连续下滑,未清偿余额由2010年的3.77万亿美元,下降到2013年的3.67万亿美元,但是,相对于2008年3.52万亿美元的数值水平,当前的美国市政债券余额依然在增长.随着美国经济的复苏,未来美国市政债券发行还会增加.     

世博市政债券载体研究

2010年上海世博会的直接投入将达到300亿元人民币,而衍生投入是其5-10倍,主要方向为交通网络,通信以及相关公共设施配套等。城市化的进程催生了市政债券的诞生。尽管目前我国由于1994年《预算法》的限制,地方政府不能发行地方债务,本文通过对资本市场以及市政债券“载体”的讨论,认为从投资者角度上海已经具备了发行世博市政债券的基础。     

Economic fundamentals,policy responses,and state-level municipal bond sensitivity to COVID-19 prevalence

This paper conducts a state-by-state analysis of the financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the U.S. municipal bond market. Using panel regressions and state-by-state regressions, we find that the prevalence rates of the COVID-19 virus negatively impacted the aggregate performance of municipal bonds. The study also explored whether the disparities in the economic fundamentals of U.S. states, as well as the COVID-19 mitigation policies employed by each state, can explain the sensitivity of the state’s municipal bond to its COVID-19 prevalence rates. States with more desirable economic fundamentals and robust COVID-19 mitigation policies appeared to have higher COVID-19 sensitivities than states that do not. This finding may be due to a baseline effect, in which the higher levels of economic activities in these states also make them more susceptible to the deleterious effects of the stronger mitigation policies enacted by them.     

Relationships between municipal bond rates,underwriter margins and market yields

Expressions are given relating municipal bond coupon rates to underwrite profit margins and the market yield. These expressions are applied to the examination of net interest rates, net present value and the cost of capital of serial bond issues. The conditions which must be satisfied so that a decrease in net interest rate corresponds to an increase in net present value (hence a decrease in the cost of capital to the issuer) are presented.     

An empirical analysis of market and institutional mechanisms for alleviating information asymmetry in the municipal bond market

This article examines how various market and institutional mechanisms resolve information asymmetry problems in the municipal bond market in the U.S. Information asymmetry exists in this market since a significant percentage of the investors are individuals on one side and many of the issuers are infrequent and relatively small ones on the other side. Using a two-stage switching regression model, we find that these mechanisms, including self-certification, method of sale, underwriter certification, and underlying credit ratings for insured municipal bonds, all help resolve information asymmetry problems and thus reduce borrowing cost for the issuers. (JEL G14)     

Economic freedom and the mispricing of single-state municipal bond closed-end funds

The Economic Freedom of North America Index (EFI) is a measure of the state-level institutional characteristics that promote economic activity. We use this index as a proxy for the degree of local market segmentation and test the hypothesis that single-state, municipal bond closed-end fund mispricing can be partially explained by a state’s EFI value. Using panel data analysis we find that EFI is significant in explaining observed variability in fund mispricing.     

The issuer effect on default risk insured municipal bond yields

In this study, an interesting aspect of the secondary market's pricing of the riskiness of insured municipal bonds is examined. Do secondary market investors still consider the underlying intrinsic credit quality of the issuer in pricing insured bonds? Is the pricing of this “issuer effect” treated equally for both revenue and general obligation bonds? We find that, while the market does not differentiate between equally insured revenue and general obligation bonds, the intrinsic credit quality of the issuer is reflected in the bond issue's quality spread. The results suggest that investors are concerned with the default risk protection of insured municipal bonds regardless of whether they are revenue or general obligation bonds. The market does not perceive insurers to be perfect substitutes for issuers in a risk transfer. Further, the results suggest there is justification for obtaining an agency rating according to issuer credit quality even for insured bonds.     

The effects of tax and regulatory changes on commercial bank dividend policy

The literature concerning the Tax Reform Act of 1986 (TRA) is extensive, but generally does not consider dividend policy changes related to TRA’s passage. One exception is Casey et al., but that work omits banking. An examination of banks is especially apt given TRA’s changes in tax rates and municipal bond categorization. Results show bank dividend policy to be different from other industries, as banks show no relation to past growth rates, beta, or an insider ownership as Rozeff’s model holds. The results support the idea that the lower the taxes, the higher the payout which is contrary to the dividend irrelevancy argument. However, the results are not robust in tests using data from a later period meant to more closely examine changing capitalization requirements’ impact on dividend policy.     

指数关联债券——城市公租房建设融资的途径探索

《十二五规划纲要》中提出的五年内建设3600万套保障性住房至少需要投资4万亿元,其中绝大部分需要地方政府融资.针对其中公租房存在的融资瓶颈,本文分析了发行市政债券的必要性,提出发行一种创新型产品——指数关联债券(Index Linked Bond),以促进地方政府的信用建设,改善融资环境.另外,本文量化分析了公租房的造...     

城镇市政设施投资项目特点与后评价

明确了城镇市政设施及城镇市政设施投资项目的定义,分析了城镇市政设施投资项目的特点,揭示了城镇市政设施投资项目后评价的必要性及意义,呼吁全社会重视和关注城镇市政设施项目后评价及城镇市政设施项目的投资效果。     

市政工程施工管理探讨分析

随着城市市政工程建设的飞速发展,市政工程施工组织与管理的新技术、新方法不断涌现。市政工程的施工组织与管理是确保市政工程建设质量、降低工程建设费用、加快工程建设进度的一项重要工作。本文分析探讨了市政工程施工管理中的问题与对策。