劳动力市场歧视原因与对策分析

我国劳动力市场歧视存在着户籍歧视、性别歧视、年龄歧视、学历歧视等六种现象,是由传统观念、用人自主权、劳动力市场等各方面的原因共同造成的。为此,应该改变传统观念,加强劳动力市场建设和制度建设,完善就业服务体系等。     

我国公务员招录中的歧视现象研究

我国公务员制度建立不久。经过十几年发展，公务员制度越来越趋于完善，但是在公务员招录方面还存在一些歧视问题，主要包括年龄歧视、地域歧视、学历歧视、性别歧视，针对这些问题，本文也提出了一些解决措施。     

关于高校毕业生就业歧视与性别歧视的探讨

高校毕业生在求职中遭遇性别歧视与就业歧视的现象越来越严重，就业歧视是通过不合理地限制求职者或者雇员的就业相关权利的方法与实现差别对待的行为。目前在严峻的就业形势下，我国高校毕业生在就业过程面临着显性和隐性两种形式的就业歧视。     

关于高校毕业生就业歧视与性别歧视的探讨

高校毕业生在求职中遭遇性别歧视与就业歧视的现象越来越严重,就业歧视是通过不合理地限制求职者或者雇员的就业相关权利的方法与实现差别对待的行为.目前在严峻的就业形势下,我国高校毕业生在就业过程面临着显性和隐性两种形式的就业歧视.     

性别工资差异缘何扩大?——基于职业分割的分析视角

基于职业分割的视角,本文建立了中国城镇居民的就业方程和工资方程,提出工资差异变动分解方法,并依据中国城镇家庭收入调查数据,对城镇劳动力市场中的性别工资差异变动进行分解分析。研究结果表明,1995年至2002年间,性别工资差异呈扩大趋势;性别工资差异的扩大完全是由性别歧视的加剧造成的;性别歧视的加剧不仅体现在职业内部针对女性工资歧视的加剧,而且体现在针对女性职业分割的就业歧视的加剧。因此,政府设计和实施公平的就业制度和工资分配制度,将有助于抑制性别工资差异的持续扩大。     

女大学生就业歧视问题浅谈

在我国目前的经济转型时期,女性享有平等就业权是实现其个人价值和社会价值、维持社会和谐稳定和两性协调发展的保障。然而,近年来女大学生就业歧视已经演变成为我们必须面对普遍现象和亟待解决的社会问题。消除就业中的性别歧视,不仅需要建立更健全的立法机制和政府的强力介入,也需要女大学生自身的觉醒。     

市场化改革中的大学毕业生性别工资差异及歧视

以往文献认为,市场机制的不断完善会逐渐消除劳动力市场性别歧视,然而本文发现这一结论并不适用于目前大学毕业生劳动力市场。通过对不同市场化程度企业工作的河北省2007届大学毕业生抽样数据的实证分析发现,随着我国市场化进程的深入,不但大学毕业生性别工资差异明显扩大,而且歧视尤其是反向歧视所占比重也在加剧。本文认为,大学毕业生劳动力市场受传统文化影响程度还远远大于市场竞争作用的发挥。故只有进一步加大市场竞争,才能逐步消除劳动力市场的性别歧视因素。     

论减少歧视的措施

歧视是人所固有的一种心理态度和行为方式，它根源于人的本性。文章针对现实中的歧视问题，提出了减少歧视的措施。一方面，我们应从中国传统文化中汲取积极因素和认真借鉴外国反歧视的经验；另一方面，针对我国禁止歧视法律制度的不足，应该完善禁止歧视的立法。     

我国劳动力市场歧视的后果及启示

对于劳动力市场来说,个人在劳动力市场上取得的价值应当取决于影响其边际劳动生产率的所有供求因素。如果与劳动生产率无关的因素在劳动力市场上取得了正向或是负向的价值,那么就产生了劳动力市场歧视。本文主要从劳动力城乡歧视入手,分析了歧视给我国社会、经济造成的后果及其带来的启示,并在最后阐述了一点消除歧视的建议。     

中国的工资性别差距及其分解——性别歧视在多大程度上存在?

本文运用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)2006年的数据对劳动者的工资性别差距进行测度和分解,研究发现在控制个人特征和单位特征后,男性劳动者的小时收入比女性劳动者高23.8%,考虑就业选择偏差后的工资性别差距更大一些,达25.2%。由于劳动者特征差异形成的工资差异很小,而且往往是女性由于个人特征占优而有助于缩小差距。差异的更大部分是由收益率差异造成的,这在一定程度上反映了性别歧视的存在。主要表现在工龄方面受到歧视,女性的工龄收益率低或者为负值。进一步考虑选择性偏差和找到工作概率进行分解的结果说明,女性在就业获得方面受到歧视,这会严重影响其与男性劳动者的收入差距。     

性别歧视与女大学生就业:调查与思考

针对女大学生就业中性别歧视的相关问题进行调查研究,结果显示:绝大多数女大学生都认为在就业过程中存在性别歧视现象,并对性别歧视表示反感,其中"女性生理及心理特征"、"传统观念与男女角色分工意识"以及"用人单位潜意识性别偏好"是她们认为造成性别歧视的三大主要原因。     

Effect of Korean trade union on wage discrimination between regular and irregular workers

Whether the dual labor market structure implied by employment type and unionization causes wage discrimination is an intriguing and relevant policy question in the context of South Korea. This study examines the effect of trade unions on wage discrimination against irregular workers by extracting and comparing the ratios of the discriminatory wage gap by employment type between unionized and non-unionized workplaces. As per the analysis, all generalized decomposition frameworks show that the presence of trade unions expands discrimination regardless of the employment type. In addition, the effects of unionization on the degree of discrimination differ by factors characterized by the dual labor market. The effects are statistically significantly greater for women, youth, service industries, and white-collar jobs.     

反就业歧视的立法思考

反就业歧视立法已成为经济发展中亟需解决的关键问题。通过从法律经济学的视角来研究就业歧视问题,针对我国就业歧视的特点和法律规制的缺陷提出我国反就业歧视立法的对策措施。     

India's missing girls: biology, customs, and economic development

We review the evidence on the sex ratio among children belowthe age of six. International evidence shows that the sex ratioat birth is slightly biased towards boys, but boys suffer greatermortality, a pattern consistent with Darwinian evolution. Witheconomic development, the male bias in the child sex ratio increases.South and East India show levels and trends in the child sexratio that are consistent with this evidence. However, unbalancedsex ratios in the northern and western states since the firstcensuses indicate discrimination against girls. Technologicaldevelopments permitting sex-selective abortions have seriouslyaggravated the imbalances in these states. Economic modellingof parental choice regarding a child's gender suggests thatgender imbalances may be consistent with individual maximizationand marriage-market equilibrium. Nevertheless, these choiceshave adverse welfare consequences, which will be aggravatedby the decline in population growth and consequent relaxationof the ‘marriage squeeze’.     

EXPLORING THE IMPORTANCE OF EXCESS FEMALE MORTALITY AND DISCRIMINATION IN “NATALITY” IN EXPLAINING THE “LOWNESS” OF THE SEX RATIO IN INDIA

The beginning of the present century has been marked by a shift in attention from “excess” female mortality to discrimination in natality in explaining the “lowness” of the sex ratio or proportion of women in India's population. Such a shift in focus seemingly suggests that discrimination in intra‐family allocation of resources has reduced substantially in India. In this context, an attempt has been made to decompose the observed lowness of the sex ratio in India vis‐à‐vis that of the stable population into that attributable to: (1) age structure difference, (2) excess female mortality, and (3) abnormalities in sex ratios at birth in India. Estimated contributions by each factor suggest that, as late as 2001, excess female mortality or the lowness of the relative survival advantage of women is the single most important determinant of “missing” women in India. The results also point to the importance of age structure difference, which accounts for a little more than 17% of the lowness of the sex ratio in India in 2001.     

Decomposing Gender Wage Differentials in Urban Ethiopia: Evidence from Linked Employer–Employee (LEE) Manufacturing Survey Data

Abstract

This study estimates the magnitude of gender wage differentials for a sample of workers from the Ethiopian manufacturing sector using the traditional Oaxaca–Blinder and an augmented Cotton–Neumark methodologies. In doing so, it separates part of the estimated log of gender wage differential explained by differences in human capital characteristics between men and women from that which is not explained by such differences. The latter is known in the literature as “treatment” component or “discrimination” due to differing pay structures for the two gender groups. Accordingly, it is found that in Ethiopia's manufacturing sector men on average get up to 30% more than women depending on the measure used. However, once we control for a number of individual and establishment level characteristics, the level of wage premium for men over women is close to 5% or around 12 Ethiopian cents per hour. Out of this, both decomposition procedures estimate that close to 60% of the premium is a result of discrimination (different treatment of men and women in the labour market). Using an augmented decomposition technique, it is found that out of the 60% “discrimination component” close to 13% is due to men's treatment advantage in the labour market and the remaining 47% is due to women's treatment disadvantage. Also it is found that firm level characteristics are important contributors to the total discrimination component. Without controlling for establishment level characteristics, the discrimination component would have been around 27% indicating that ignoring establishment characteristics in decomposition exercises would result into a biased estimation, and in this case it would have underestimated the level of discrimination by close to 50%.     

Gender Discrimination and Worker Selectivity: A Comparison of the Self-employed and Wage Earners

This study compares the size and nature of the gender earnings differentials for the self-employed and wage earners in Korea, taking into account the workers’ self-selection of each employment type. The two-stage estimates of the earnings equation, corrected for worker selectivity, are used to decompose the gender earnings differentials into productivity-related and discriminatory factors. Our results suggest that the size of the gender earnings gap is larger in the wage sector than in the self-employment sector, but not by large margin, and so is the discrimination effect when not controlled for worker selectivity. With worker selectivity controlled, the discrimination effect is greatly intensified in the wage sector, while it becomes not significant in the self-employment sector. These findings imply that the observed gender earnings gap in the wage sector is largely ascribed to discrimination against women, while the gender earnings gap in the self-employment sector is mostly due to productivity difference that, in part, is caused by worker selectivity.     

What explains the missing girls in nineteenth-century Spain?

Infant and childhood sex ratios in nineteenth-century Spain were abnormally high, thus pointing to some sort of unexplained excess female mortality. This article analyses internal regional variation and shows that certain economic and social factors mitigated gender discrimination against newborn and/or young girls. In particular, the presence of wage labour opportunities for women and the prevalence of extended families in which different generations of women cohabited had beneficial effects on girls’ survival. Likewise, infant and child sex ratios were lower in dense, more urbanized areas.     

反就业歧视立法若干问题探析

日益严重的就业歧视对和谐社会的建设具有很大的危害性,我国目前制定一部专门的反就业歧视法的条件已经成熟。反就业歧视法不应在劳动法的框架内进行补充修改,而应当单独立法并注重可操作性;应坚持"公平正义"、"社会本位"的立法理念,构建和谐劳动关系;应清晰界定就业歧视的种类、适用范围和认定标准,改变无法可依的现状。     

人力资本、歧视与农民工收入——基于浙江省问卷调查数据的实证研究

本文基于人力资本理论和歧视理论对农民工和城镇职工工资差距进行的实证研究表明,人力资本是导致农民工低收入的主要原因,其中教育对工资差距具有决定性影响;歧视对农民工收入起重要作用,其中反向歧视已成为农民工歧视的主要表现形式。实现农民工收入增长和城乡劳动者平等就业必须"两手抓",一手抓农民工人力资本提升,一手抓制度改革消除对城镇职工的保护和偏袒。