从单一的比较优势到系统的竞争优势:我国企业竞争力的演进路径

本文以价值链为工具,通过成本分析、价值分析、能力分析和资源分析对全球化背景下我国企业的价值链现状进行了深入剖析,提出了由低成本指数、价值指数、资源指数和能力指数构成的竞争优势模型及其类型,并进一步提出了推动我国企业由单一的竞争优势向综合竞争优势转变的途径和方法。     

Niche Firms and the Role of Commitment: An Exploratory Study of Seafood Exporters

The purpose of this research article is to explore the relationships and challenges that export-oriented niche firms experience in terms of commitment to customer firms. The research has been conducted through case methodology, including in-depth interviews with key informants in five firms.

The findings show that these case firms display strong niche firms' characteristics and high affective commitment to their major customers. The relationships are few, close, and long-term. Potential challenges resulting from customer commitment are personal friendships that could hamper sound business decisions, difficulties with terminating long-lasting personal relationships in favor of others, and opportunistic behavior. Further reported challenges are vulnerability due to specific production investments or product adaptation combined with a vulnerable production, challenging price negotiations, and potential conflicts of commitment down the marketing channel.     

The differential effects of retail density: An investigation of goods versus service settings

Two studies investigate the impact of retail density and time pressure on shoppers' store attitudes and behavioral intentions. In a goods setting, experiment 1 results show a curvilinear pattern as the level of retail density increases. That is, individuals prefer a medium level of crowding to a store with low or high crowding. This inverted-U shaped crowding effect has not previously been tested in the retailing literature. Experiment 2 employs a service setting, where the relationship between retail crowding and outcome variables is found to be linear rather than curvilinear, except under conditions of time pressure. In contrast to the goods setting, individuals have more favorable attitudes and expect to pay more for a service as the level of crowding increases. Thus, our study findings suggest that the optimal level of crowding depends on the type of retail setting.     

Social versus psychological brand community: The role of psychological sense of brand community

In the quest for building long-term successful brands, many marketers have become increasingly interested in how to create and foster successful communities of brand users. The appeal of such an approach to relationship marketing lies in the recognition that members of brand communities tend to exhibit favorable brand-related behaviors and intentions. Research examining the social influence and creation of such social relationships among admirers of a brand has revealed substantial insights about the social processes that underlie customers' involvement in brand communities. Curiously, the psychological underpinnings of a customer's perception of community with other users of the brand remain unexplored. We offer the perspective that the observable, core components of brand community outlined in previous research may represent markers of social brand communities, while psychological brand communities may be characterized by an unobservable, psychological sense of community that could precede, or even work in lieu of, social interaction.     

国内近20年关于比较优势与(国家)竞争优势问题研究的统计与评论

迈克尔·波特1990年出版的《国家竞争优势》在海外学术界引起了热烈的论战,但国内的研究不但严重滞后,且出现完全推崇的"一边倒"格局,质疑者屈指可数,整体研究质量堪忧。本文通过对1980-2009年国内公开发表的关于比较优势和(国家)竞争优势的文献进行检索,就检选出的417篇期刊论文和37篇硕博论文的研究内容和研究手段进行归纳,从"两优势"的研究入手,探讨了国内经济与管理领域研究存在的主要问题,分析了产生问题的原因,希望能够促进该领域研究水平的提高。     

Consumer confidence and green purchase intention: An application of the stimulus-organism-response model

Environmental commentators have speculated, but not empirically validated, that consumers’ positive (negative) evaluation of the economy will lead to more (less) green consumption. The purposes of this study were to (1) ascertain whether consumer confidence affects green consumption and (2) uncover the psychological mechanisms of this relationship, in a non-recession context. Drawing upon the stimulus-organism-response model, we developed a conceptual model, which we tested via mediation analysis, using data from a sample of Chinese consumers (n = 1,184). Results show that there is a positive relationship between consumer confidence and green purchase intention. Environmental and status consciousness partially mediates the positive relationship between consumer confidence and green purchase intention. We contribute to the literature on antecedents of green consumption by being the first to empirically establish the salience of consumer confidence in this domain. Investigating green purchase intention, which differs depending on consumer confidence level, has the potential to assist retailers in developing better marketing tactics. Our study also benefits economists and environmentalists by helping them better understand how consumer confidence fluctuations play critical roles in addressing economic growth-driven major environmental challenges.     

比较优势、单位价值和本土企业竞争优势——中国运动鞋产业国际竞争力脆弱性分析

目前,中国运动鞋产业国际竞争力表现脆弱。尽管从传统的竞争力指标看,中国的运动鞋产业国际竞争力非常强,但1/2的贡献来自外资企业,本土企业竞争力相当弱;与此同时,无论是外资还是本土企业都倾向于出口低端产品,且本土的单位价值比外资更低。造成这种结构的深层次原因在于,本土企业被游离在领导品牌商构建的核心价值链之外而被边缘化。因此,在进一步扩大对外开放的同时,积极做大做强本土企业是根本之道。     

农业国际化与我国农产品贸易优势

农业国际化是全球农业生产力水平不断提高的结果,而加入世贸组织极大地促进和推动了我国农业的国际化进程。文章借助世贸组织前后我国农产品国际贸易数据,分别计算我国农产品产业内贸易和产业间贸易的发展指数,实证分析了我国农产品在世贸组织前后竞争优势的演变,并对进一步增强我国农产品竞争优势提出具体的政策建议。     

An Examination of the Effect of Consumer Personal Traits on Show Rooming Behavior: The Effect of Product Type

The rapid growth of online commerce and spread of mobile devices have created various trends in product-purchasing behaviors of consumers. Especially in online-to-offline commerce, “showrooming” has increased. This involves searching for products offline but purchasing them online. Among theories of consumer buying behavior based on traditional consumer characteristics, this study empirically analyzes whether there are group-specific differences in showrooming. The results show that innovative consumption tendencies are significantly related to push, pull, and mooring factors. The findings also elucidate the role of showrooming buying behavior in these relationships. In terms of push and mooring factors, these relationships are strengthened by showrooming purchase experience. This study divides products into electronic products and apparel and analyzes the effects on purchase experience using a moderator.     

Power logics of consumers’ gendered (in)justices: reading reproductive health interventions through the transformative gender justice framework

ABSTRACT

Global gender asymmetries in marketing and consumer behavior were recently exemplified by the Transformative Gender Justice Framework (TGJF). The TGJF, however, lacks an explicit reference to power – an aspect that becomes apparent when it is used to assess a consumer phenomenology. In this article we augment the TGJF by building out the power logics and by empirically testing it through an assessment of the reproductive market in Uganda. We capture macro-, meso-, and micro-level power asymmetries, and explore how bio-power and control over resources melds with local gender relations and agentic practices that (i) leave social marketing efforts misaligned with embodied realities, and (ii) result in dichotomies and tensions in the reproductive health market as the North–South strive to define the modern-traditional, medical-pleasurable, and women-men nature of contraceptives.     

Cultivating sustainability consciousness through mindfulness: An application of theory of mindful-consumption

Achieving sustainable development is a significant hurdle that societies around the world face in the present era. The on-going global discourse on sustainability revolves around the dual objective of developing sustainability consciousness while fostering social and economic progress. However, despite its relevance to humankind, little is known about the mechanisms and boundary conditions that explain what influences an individual's sustainability consciousness. To fill this void, we borrow from the theory of mindful-consumption and explain why and how mindfulness impacts sustainability consciousness. Besides, given that material wealth is experiencing an unprecedented boom, we examine the moderating role of materialism on the aforesaid relationship. Demographic factors such as age (Gen Y vs Gen Z) and gender (male vs female) were also employed as moderators in the study. A sample of 726 was collected through a survey instrument and analysed using SMART PLS to test the hypothesized relationships. Findings reveal that there is a significant positive relationship between mindfulness and sustainability consciousness with materialism acting as a significant moderator. The model relationships did not vary across the two generational cohorts (Gen Y and Gen Z) significantly. The results further revealed that the impact of materialism was stronger for females than males, depicting gender to be a significant moderator on the proposed relationships. The current work is among the very few studies that empirically validate the influences of mindfulness on the entire gamut of sustainability (including environmental, economic, and social aspects); and has major implications for academicians, practitioners, and policy makers passionate about sustainability.     

An integrative approach to relationship marketing,customer value,and customer outcomes in the retail banking industry: a customer-based perspective from Turkey

Given how important it is to provide superior value to customers and to maintain customer loyalty for a sustainable competitive advantage, the aim of this paper is to examine the relationships among relationship marketing components of – trust, competency, commitment, communication, and conflict handling, – relationship investment, relationship quality, perceived customer value, satisfaction and loyalty in an integrated framework in the Turkish retail banking industry. Unlike previous studies, this research extends the literature by analysing affective as well as cognitive dimensions in the same model with a holistic view by simultaneously examining the direct and indirect effects of the related concepts. The distinctive nature of this study is its evaluation of customer satisfaction and loyalty from the perspective of actual consumers. The research model was tested using data collected from 685 retail banking customers by applying structural equation modelling. The findings show that relationship marketing induces loyalty through relationship quality, customer value, and satisfaction, which are mainly provided by trust, communication, and relationship investment. Furthermore, relationship investment and relationship quality are the most important factors in the development of customer value, satisfaction, and loyalty. The emotional value dimension, which captures the affective aspects of perceived value, has the strongest effect on both satisfaction and loyalty.     

生态伦理:企业营销优势凸显的内在机理剖析

市场经济也是一种道德伦理经济,企业营销必须在一定的伦理规范下才能顺利取得既定目标。随着生态文明的来临,生态脆弱性越来越严重,生态政策约束性越来越紧,消费者生态消费意识渐浓,生态产品与生态技术价值日益凸显,企业营销必须适应这种生态发展趋势,严格遵循相应的生态伦理,主动开展生态化营销,唯有如此,才能实现生态环境约束的内涵式突破,才能实现"天人合一"的有序发展,才能在公众面前树立良好的生态伦理形象,才能在市场竞争中得以优胜。     

Health marketing communications: An integrated conceptual framework of key determinants of health behaviour across the stages of change

Despite the development of many health behaviour theories across various topics, the inconsistency in empirical support for their propositions and the on-going criticism about their limitations highlight the need for an adjusted and integrated approach. These theories have never been ‘abandoned’ or altered significantly to address their limitations, since their conceptualisations. The aim of this paper was to make a conceptual contribution by integrating distinct health behaviour theories (i.e. Health Belief Model, Extended Parallel Process Model, Transtheoretical Model), with a popular information-processing and attitude change theory from the marketing communications arena (namely, the Elaboration Likelihood Model). The specific objectives of this paper were: (1) to address limitations of prevailing health behaviour theories, by identifying key determinants of health behaviour across the most commonly used health behaviour theories; (2) to identify source, consumer, channel, and message characteristics, in addition to executional/situational factors and attitudinal variables, which may influence health behaviour; and lastly, (3) to explain under which conditions (i.e. stage of change) these determinants and factors are likely to impact health behaviour change and maintenance. In doing so, four assumptions and several propositions are developed. Future research directions and practical implications for creating health marketing communication messages are also discussed.     

An internet marketing framework for the World Wide Web (WWW)

It is likely that the World Wide Web (WWW) will come to play a significant role in the marketing strategies of many organisations, even when it fails to become the dominant marketing communications channel. A framework is required whereby an organisation can assess the potential of, develop a role for, create and manage a WWW site within its marketing strategy. The WWW is an interactive channel offering a potential for many‐to‐many communications to all players in a market. Existing frameworks either fail to recognise the implications of this or else they ignore it. This paper attempts to develop a framework which invites organisations to fundamentally rethink their marketing strategies through consideration of the opportunities presented by the WWW.     

从企业经营理念的演变看企业竞争优势的塑造

本文认为,随着中国经济市场化转型的发展,买方市场已经形成,企业的竞争策略正在悄然发生着转变,从比较优势向竞争优势转变。这要求企业的经营不能让市场牵着鼻子,而是要主导市场和创造市场即驱动市场。文章提出,竞争优势是可以被创造的,它强调市场竞争的需求导向,其核心是创造市场;竞争优势在成本收益比较上更强调机会成本,看重对信息的驾驭和对机会的把握;企业要形成自已的竞争优势,关键是创造市场,而创造市场首先要创新观念、提出新概念,然后让人们接受这一新概念,最后再进行恰当的市场营销。     

Market orientation in the context of SMEs: A conceptual framework

A number of studies in the marketing literature have examined the construct of market orientation (MO). These studies generally show a positive link between MO and organizational performance. This paper examines MO specifically in the context of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs). An in-depth review of the extant literature is used to develop a conceptual framework by exploring the major antecedents of MO, the MO–Performance relationship, and the key mediators and environmental moderators of this relationship. This paper also examines several studies on SMEs with respect to various aspects of this framework and offers suggestions for future research in order to understand more thoroughly how MO influences SME performance.     

Co-creation of value at the bottom of the pyramid: Analysing Bangladeshi farmers' use of mobile telephony

Existing literature offers scant evidence of how BoP (bottom of the pyramid) consumers with limited product knowledge and interaction with product designers and marketers can co-create value. The current paper addresses this issue by analysing Bangladeshi farmers' use of mobile telephony. The findings suggest the value-in-use is facilitated or inhibited by product features, socio-economic practices, individuals' capabilities and the appropriation of mobile telephony. The paper demonstrates how BoP customers can co-create value with or without direct support from marketers and offers a theoretical framework for the co-creation of value and contributes to the current understanding of BoP market dynamics.     

Advertising self-regulation (ASR) in Spain. An analysis of complaints and resolutions

The present work analyses the total of complaints received by the advertising self-regulation (ASR) system in Spain from 2010 to 2015. Based on their processing, a matrix of variables has been developed to study the existence or absence of significant relationships between the type and nature of resolutions and the type of offending advertisers. The variables analysed are: source of complaint, type of offending advertiser, infraction of the law, breach of the code of conduct, complaint resolution, nature of the resolution, source of appeal and appeal resolution. Results show that multinationals are the companies that most often infringe the law and codes of conduct, and also that in many cases the complaints against them are dismissed. The system mainly rejects complaints that are binding, that is, those against members of ASR. This work identifies severe flaws in the self-regulation process and questions its independence to conclude that Spanish ASR tends to protect advertisers rather than defend the rights of consumers. The implications of this work point towards an urgent need to implement structural changes to Spanish ASR, starting with the funding system and the selection of the Advertising Jury, as well as mechanisms that ensure the fulfilment of resolutions.