Patterns of store patronage in urban China

Reported is a formal investigation of store patronage in urban China. Using consumer panel data for sales of packaged goods through store types and named store chains, patterns of sales, loyalty and duplication are examined. Observed patterns are benchmarked against predictions from the NBD-Dirichlet model. Findings are generalized across six product categories in the packaged-goods retailing sector of Shanghai. Crucial aspects of store type/chain patronage are shown to be regular and predictable: patronage levels co-vary with market shares, average frequencies of patronage do not vary as much, few consumers are exclusively loyal, a majority of consumers are divided in their loyalty, and they patronize other store types/chains in line with market shares. Special groupings of store types/chains are not found. All these results occur for the buying of both contemporary and traditional products.     

“以竞争换技术”战略与外资溢出效应——基于我国工业部门相关数据的分析

本文采用中国工业部门的相关统计数据,对外商在华直接投资的溢出效应进行了初步探讨。结果表明,外资在我国工业部门各行业产生了显著的溢出效应。此外,内外资企业之间的相互竞争对二者的生产效率有着明显的促进作用。这一方面证明了溢出效应中竞争效应的存在,同时也表明溢出效应的“正反馈”机制已在我国内外资企业之间成功建立。基于上述实证结果,本文最后从“以竞争换技术”的角度提出了促使外资产生更大溢出效应的政策建议。     

论我国外商直接投资的技术溢出效应——基于各地区19个制造业行业的经验分析

利用我国2001年与2002年制造业19个行业的截面数据对外商直接投资的技术溢出效应进行了分析,考察外商直接投资的技术溢出效应。似不相关估计结果表明,整体而言,外商投资是促进技术进步,具有“鲁棒性”的影响因素,同时,对于国内企业或西部地区而言,外商投资具有显著的地区正效应与显著的行业负效应。     

外商直接投资的知识溢出实证分析

外商直接投资传递知识的主要途经是通过知识溢出,本文研究了知识溢出效应,对FDI影响因素进行了实证分析,最后总结了应采取的对策和建议。     

Simple and Painless? The Limitations of Spillover in Environmental Campaigning

The comfortable perception that global environmental challenges can be met through marginal lifestyle changes no longer bears scrutiny. The cumulative impact of large numbers of individuals making marginal improvements in their environmental impact will be a marginal collective improvement in environmental impact. Yet, we live at a time when we need urgent and ambitious changes. An appeal to environmental imperatives is more likely to lead to spillover into other pro-environmental behaviours than an appeal to financial self-interest or social status.

The Effect of Alcohol Consumption and Patronage Frequency on Restaurant Tipping

ABSTRACT

The National Restaurant Association projected $376 billion in sales and 11 million employees for the restaurant industry in the year 2000. For the servers and bartenders in the industry, tipping is an important part of their income. Results of this study suggest there are several variables that affect the tip amount by party including the amount of the total bill, customer tipping potential, alcohol consumption, the presence of children in the dining party, patronage frequency, and the age of the patron paying the bill. Patron frequency and the amount of the total bill have a strong influence on tipping, as does the customer's tipping potential as judged by the server. A server can expect larger tips from patrons with no children as opposed to those with children. Also, tips are larger when the patron paying the bill has consumed alcohol. The gender and ethnicity of the patron were found to be nonsignificant, as were seating preference and method of payment.     

Multiple store patronage: The effects of store characteristics

The present study contributes to the literature on multiple store patronage in two important directions. First, it examines whether consumers׳ perceived importance of store characteristics have effects on multiple store patronage. Second, it examines the relationship between multiple store patronage and consumers׳ share of wallet at the primary store. Our results show that consumers who attach high value to sales promotions are more likely to visit multiple stores. However, store characteristic factors generally did not exert significant effect on multiple store patronage. Furthermore, we find that multiple store patronage and share of wallet are not interdependent and the profiles of consumers in terms of them do not share many common characteristics.     

基于不同发展路径的FDI的技术溢出效应研究——以我国沿海发达地区为例

我国沿海发达地区的江苏、浙江、广东3省是"苏南模式"、"温州模式"和"珠江模式"三大模式的发祥地。本文以1998-2007年的面板数据为样本,采用计量模型对制造业外商直接投资在粤苏浙3省的外溢效应进行了比较分析,发现外商直接投资对江苏、浙江两省的本土制造业产生了明显的挤出效应,对广东省则产生了正向外溢效应。进一步的分析表明,3省制造业发展路径的差异,包括产业结构演变、内外资格局、国际分工定位的不同是产生外商直接投资增长效应差异的主要原因。由此说明,单纯推进外商直接投资总额的增长不能解决我国制造业存在的问题,要提高外商直接投资的溢出效应,关键在于根据产业发展路径的结构特征在发展战略与政策方面做出恰当的选择。     

The Role of Customer Factors in Multiple Store Patronage: A Cost-Benefit Approach

This paper is concerned with the use of multiple stores by supermarket customers. It relates the number of stores patronized to a set of customer factors under a unifying theoretical framework emphasizing cost-benefit analysis. Respective hypotheses are tested in a large random sample. This study is a first attempt to empirically address the structure of multiple store patronage. It is demonstrated that multiple store patronage is affected by variables such as customer income, satisfaction, and expenditure that are suggestive of heterogeneous cost-benefit tradeoffs and opportunity costs of time. It is shown that customers are intrinsically different in the predisposition to being loyal. In this respect, store patronage is a continuum between single store loyalty and use of several different stores, on which customers vary depending on individual preferences. The empirical analysis also suggests that exclusive patronage of the favorite store arises from two observationally equivalent latent segments that differ in their inclination to remain loyal. The results yield valuable insights into the structure of store patronage and lead to important implications for retail managers. Several extensions are considered. A broad set of research questions surrounding store patronage can be considered from a cost-benefit viewpoint in the sense that consumer decisions in this area involve trading off economic resources against assortment, spatial and temporal benefits.     

Exploring the relationship of perceived automotive salesperson attributes, customer satisfaction and intentions to automotive service department patronage: The moderating role of customer gender

This study examines the relationship of perceived automotive salesperson attributes and customer satisfaction behavior in the purchase experience leading to the patronage of a service department in an automotive dealership. Logistic regression analyses indicate that gender moderates the relationship of the perceived salesperson attributes and customer satisfaction as well as intentions for service department patronage. The model distinguishes users from non-users of the service department and does this better for females than for males. Finally, the paper concludes with a discussion of the managerial implications and directions for future research.     

Fashion involvement and experiential value: Gen Y retail apparel patronage

Despite Generation Y (Gen Y) consumers' significant role as a decision maker in the market, it is increasingly challenging for retailers to understand these consumers’ behavior and psychology. To enhance an in-depth understanding of Gen Y consumers, this study examined the effect of fashion involvement (FI) and perceived experiential value (EV) on Gen Y consumers’ retail apparel patronage behavior. Based on a survey method, data were collected from USA and Taiwan Gen Y samples. The structural equation modelling technique was used to analyze 413 useable surveys. Results indicate EV directly influences retail patronage, while FI indirectly affects retail patronage through EV. Analysis further reveals two dimensions of FI; cognitive involvement and affective involvement. Cognitive involvement has a moderate direct, negative effect on escapism value, and weak, negative effect on utilitarian value, while affective involvement has a moderate direct, positive effect on aesthetic value and weak, positive effect on escapism value. This study theoretically contributes to understanding how consumer involvement affects perceived experiential shopping value. Findings also provide strategic ideas for apparel retailers in creating shopping environments that resonate with Gen Y customers, which ultimately leads these customers to be loyal to their brands and stores.     

Determinants of retail patronage: A meta-analytical perspective

The retail patronage idea includes such key concepts as store choice and frequency of visit. In this study, the authors synthesize previous empirical studies through a formal, critical review of retailing literature. The meta-analysis suggests that various predictors (e.g., service, product selection, quality) are strongly related to shoppers’ retail choice, whereas others (e.g., store attitude, store image) are important antecedents of shopping frequency. However, the relationships between the predictors and retail patronage vary according to the study characteristics (e.g., experimental vs. other designs). The authors offer implications for retailing research and practice.     

外商直接投资与我国技术创新:基于省际面板数据的实证分析

本文利用我国1998-2006年的省际面板数据实证检验了外国直接投资(FDI)对我国技术创新的影响,同时对港澳台来源FDI和其他来源FDI引发的创新溢出效应的差异也进行了检验。研究结果表明,FDI的进入对我国专利申请总量没有显著影响,但是对外观设计专利申请有显著的促进作用。港澳台来源FDI对我国的技术创新没有显著的溢出效应,而其他来源FDI的溢出效应显著。     

外商直接投资对中部地区技术创新能力影响的实证检验

本文利用1998-2007年我国中部六省的面板数据,实证检验了外商直接投资(FDI)对我国中部地区技术创新能力的影响。结果表明,流入中部地区的FDI能带来中部地区专利申请量和发明专利申请量的显著增长,表明中部地区FDI流入对中部地区技术创新能力有显著的正向促进作用;中部地区人力资本与FDI的结合能在一定程度上促进中部地区技术创新水平的提升,但是贡献程度不高。     

Organizational design of R&D after mergers and the role of budget responsibility

We consider an innovation contest between n firms in the presence of knowledge leakages from an innovating firm to its rivals. Our analysis focuses on the effects of these knowledge spillovers on merger activities between firms. In particular, we are interested in how different organizational designs of R&D after mergers affect profits of firms taking part in a merger and profits of their non-merging rivals. Three organizational arrangements are analyzed: first, a fusion of R&D departments in which the newly merged firm decides to close down one of the previously two R&D departments. Second, a profit center arrangement in which the newly merged firm keeps the old R&D departments as fully functional entities with a sovereign budget responsibility at each of the two departments. Third, a multisubsidiary organizational form in which the newly merged firm still keeps the old R&D departments but with restricted budget responsibility in the sense that they are forced to determine cooperatively their R&D budgets in order to maximize overall firm’s profits. It turns out that the different organizational designs of R&D after the merger and the budget responsibilities have major impacts on merger outcomes.     

Does the spillover of China's economic growth exist? Evidence from emerging markets

This paper primarily investigates if China affects emerging markets economies triggered by its rapid economic growth and the trend of economic globalization over the world. Our results indicate that China's economic growth causes a significant spillover effect on the economic performances of emerging markets, varying across the detected structural break in 2006 and the degree of economic globalization between China and 25 emerging economies over the period 2000–2012. The results herein support the formation of an inseparable interdependence between China and those emerging economies.     

税收、补贴与R＆D活动的两面性

探讨了溢出水平、吸收能力与税收、补贴变量之间的关系,其结果显示：当溢出水平较低时,不论吸收能力的强度如何,政府选择对R＆D投入进行征税;当溢出程度处于中间水平时,如果吸收能力较弱,政府选择对R＆D投入进行征税,反之进行补贴;当溢出水平非常高时,如果吸收能力较强,政府补贴力度应加大;创新产出的补贴率与溢出水平、吸收能力正相关。总之,政府有必要根据溢出水平、吸收能力的强弱选择税收与补贴工具以及实施力度,有效地解决R＆D失灵问题。     

外商直接投资对我国长三角地区工业经济技术溢出效应分析

本文实证分析了FDI对我国长三角地区工业经济的技术溢出效应.结果表明,FDI在该地区的溢出效应明显存在,且其外溢效应大于全国平均水平.笔者认为,跨国公司FDI溢出效应的强弱受东道国企业吸纳水平的影响,而吸纳水平的提升关键在于企业的动力与能力.长三角地区劳动力资源及市场化进程状况是它获得较多FDI技术溢出的重要原因.     

Are Farmers' Market Shoppers Different From Cross-Shoppers? The Case of Hawaiian Avocado Purchasers

Small- and medium-size growers use direct marketing and farmers’ markets to access customers and avoid supply chain intermediaries that increase costs of getting products to consumers. This study examined consumers’ use of agricultural product information sources and their shopping outlet patronage preferences for one type of locally grown produce: avocados.

Two farmers’ market segments were identified: 1) shops only farmers’ markets and 2) cross-shops grocery stores. Product information came from a variety of sources: media, retailers, and organizations. “Buy Local” or “product origin” were considered in produce shopping decisions. One dimension, “Buy Local,” was significant in differentiating farmers’ market segments.     

The influence of social capital on local retail patronage in an urban setting

Local retail stores are currently facing intense competition from both online retailers and large chain stores. An understanding of local retail store patronage (i.e., patronage of retail stores in one's own community) is essential to the survival and growth of local retailers. Drawing on Social Capital Theory, we theorize and show with store-level survey data the influence of social capital (community attachment and reciprocity) on local retail store patronage in a large urban setting. We find that the impact of social factors differs for residents within the community compared to those outside of the community. We also demonstrate the importance of social factors in comparison to non-social factors. These findings contribute to the literature by extending the impact of social capital on local retail store patronage beyond rural settings, providing insight into urban consumers' decision to patronize local retail stores, and highlighting the impact of community boundaries. These findings also generate practical recommendations for local merchants and stress the importance of building reciprocal relationships with local customers as well as varying communications across community boundaries.