Modeling exchange rate return volatility of RMB/USD using GARCH family models

The paper examines volatility of RMB exchange rate return of onshore and offshore markets. The onshore rate covered 4/01/2008–5/09/2016 while offshore spanned 31/12/2008-22/09/2016, the returns were not normally distributed and were integrated of order zero I(0). The Ljung-Box Q statistics depicts the presence of autocorrelation in return series and Ljung-Box Q² statistics of power transformed for conditional heteroscedasticity for lags of 6, 12 and 20 all indicated the presence of conditional heteroscedascity. The exchange rates volatility was persistent in both markets. However, offshore return was more persistent while leverage effects exist in both markets. Asymmetry power Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedastic (APARCH) model was the best model for forecasting purposes in both markets while Glosten, Jogannathan and Rankle, Generalized Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedastic (GJR-GARCH) model and Integrated Generalized Autoregressive conditional Heteroscedastic (I-GARCH) were the worst models in onshore and offshore return markets respectively. APARCH model should be adopted for future studies.     

Decomposing exchange rate volatility around the Pacific Rim

Volatility in exchange rates is decomposed into components associated with domestic and international concerns for six Pacific Rim currencies. A latent factor model is used to model bilateral exchange rate changes as the weighted sum of three factors; two factors are uniquely associated with each of the currencies involved in the exchange rates and the other represents world shocks common to all exchange rates. The results show that international factors are more important in determining exchange rate volatility for the smaller nations of Australia, Singapore, and New Zealand, than for the larger nations of Japan and Canada.     

On the volatility of exchange rates: Tests of monetary and portfolio balance models of exchange rate determination

Zusammenfassung Zu den Schwankungen von Wechselkursen: Tests von monet?ren und Portfolio-Modellen der Wechselkursbestimmung. - Anhand einer Methodologie, die aus der Literatur des Finanzwesens übernommen wurde, wird in diesem Aufsatz getestet, ob die beobachteten Schwankungen der Wechselkurse durch die beobachteten Schwankungen der Determinanten erkl?rt werden k?nnen. Gem?\ den monet?ren und Portfolio-Modellen sind diese Determinanten: Geldversorgung, Einkommen, Unterschiede in den Inflationsraten und Angebot von Verm?genstiteln. Die Ergebnisse scheinen unabh?ngig davon zu sein, welches Modell benutzt wird. Sie zeigen, da\ die Ver?nderungen der Wechselkurse innerhalb des EWS mit Hilfe von Ver?nderungen der Determinanten erkl?rt werden k?nnen, da\ aber die Ver?nderlich-keit anderer Wechselkurse (USS/DM, Yen/DM, sfr/DM) viel gr?\er ist, als aufgrund der Schwankungen der Determinanten zu erwarten w?re.

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Resumen Sobre el test de volatilidad de tipos de cambio aplicado a modelos monetarios y de “portfolio balance” de determinación del tipo de cambio. - En este trabajo se utiliza una metodología tomada de la literatura financiera para determinar empíricamente si la variabilidad observada de las tasas de cambio puede explicarse con la variabilidad observada en las variables fundamentales. De acuerdo a los modelos monetarios y de “portfolio balance” las variables fundamentales son: la oferta monetaria, el ingreso, la diferencia entre las tasas de inflación y la oferta de activos. Los resultados parecen ser independientes del tipo de modelo utilizado. Ellos indican que la variabilidad de los tipos de cambio del Sistema Monetario Europeo puede explicarse en términos de las variables fundamentales, mas la variabilidad de otros tipos de cambio (US$/DM, Yen/DM, Franco Suizo/DM) es más alta que la de las variables fundamentales.

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Résumé Sur la volatilité des taux de change: tests des modèles monétaires et de portefeuille de la détermination du taux de change. - L’auteur applique une méthodologie dérivée de la littérature des finances pour tester si la variabilité observée des taux de change peut être expliquée par la variabilité des facteurs fondamentaux. Les modèles monétaires et de portefeuille suggèrent des variables fondamentales suivantes: masse monétaire, revenu national, différence en inflation et l’offre des valeurs actives. Les résultats semblent être indépendants du modèle appliqué. Ils indiquent que la variabilité des taux de change intra-SME peut être expliquée en terme des variables fondamentales, mais la variabilité des autres taux de change (US$/DM, Yen/DM, Swiss Frank/DM) est plus grande qu’on pourrait l’expliquer par des telles variables.

     

The effect of circuit breakers on expected volatility: Tests using implied volatilities

Following the 1987 stock market crash, trading controls or circuit breakers were implemented in financial markets to moderate extreme volatility. However, the effectiveness of circuit breakers on the operation of these markets is disputed. While some argue that circuit breakers curb the effects of overreaction in markets and restore confidence, others argue that these trading interruptions merely delay price movements to later periods or to other markets. This paper examines the effect of changes in circuit breaker rules on the market's expectation of future volatility. The results have policy implications and suggest that the circuit breaker rule changes have no effect on expected volatility.     

A structural break in the effects of Japanese foreign exchange intervention on yen/dollar exchange rate volatility

We study the impact of Japanese foreign exchange intervention on the volatility of the yen/dollar exchange rate since the early 1990’s in a GARCH framework with interventions as exogenous variables. Using daily intervention data provided by the Japanese Ministry of Finance, we show that the effect of interventions varies over time. From 1991 up to the late 1990’s, Japanese foreign exchange intervention is associated with an increase in volatility of the yen/dollar exchange rate. After the year 1997, Japanese foreign exchange intervention correlates with reductions in exchange rate volatility. This can be explained by the fact that Japanese foreign exchange intervention remained quasi unsterilized in the liquidity trap.

The political economy of exchange rates: The case of the Japanese yen

This paper sets out a political economy model of strategic exchange rates, focusing on the importance of external pressures. In our approach, an exchange rate depreciation is shown to be analytically equivalent to an export subsidy and an import tax. Thus lobbying for exchange rate policy is akin to lobbying for trade policies. Applying our model to the recent history of the Japanese yen, we show that pressures from the US government can theoretically contribute to an appreciation of the Japanese yen. In addition, the yen will still appreciate even if we assume that the Japanese international firms are Aoki-type J-firms.     

Effects of the Bank of Japan's intervention on yen/dollar exchange rate volatility

This paper examines the effects of the Bank of Japan's (BOJ) intervention on the volatility as well as the level of the yen/dollar exchange rate. Specifically, the conventional GARCH model proposed by Bollerslev [Bollerslev, T., 1986. Generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity. J. Econometrics 31, 307–327] and the component GARCH model proposed by Engle and Lee [Engle, R.F., Lee, G.G.J., 1999. A long-run and short-run component model of stock return volatility. In: Engle, R., White, H. (Eds.), Cointegration, Causality and Forecasting. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, UK, pp. 475–497], where the volatility consists of short-run and long-run components, are estimated using the BOJ's and the Federal Reserve system's (Fed's) official intervention data. Results based on the component GARCH model provide new evidence on the effects of the BOJ's intervention on the volatility of the yen/dollar exchange rate. The BOJ's intervention only reduces the short-run volatility component from the late 1990s to 2003, while it does not have an impact on volatility (both the short- and long-run volatilities) at all in the early 1990s. The stabilizing effect of the BOJ's intervention in the late 1990s and the first few years of the 2000s is not enhanced by the Fed's coordinated intervention. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (1) (2006) 99–111.     

Dynamics of parallel and official exchange rates: The experience of hungary

This paper provides empirical evidence on the dynamics of dual markets in Hungary during the 1980–93 period using cointegration and error correction methodologies. The results suggest that the official and parallel markets were cointegrated. Short-run dynamics of these rates resulted from the overshooting and adjustment by the parallel rate to shocks, without any adjustment by the official rate. A devaluation had no significant impact on the parallel market premium in the long run. Although the premium declined in the short run, it was relatively small and sluggish. One lesson for the design of stabilization programs in other countries is that a devaluation is not a powerful policy tool to reduce the premium effectively.     

An application of the monetary approach to black market exchange rates

Zusammenfassung Eine Anwendung des monet?ren Ansatzes zur Erkl?rung von Schwarzmarkt-Wechselkursen. — Dieser Aufsatz entwickelt einen monet?ren Ansatz zur Analyse der Schwarzmarkt-Wechselkurse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung Indiens. Der Gleichgewichtskurs auf solchen M?rkten wird in einem Modell durch die Bedingungen des Bestandsgleichgewichts bestimmt. Berücksichtigt wird dabei das m?gliche Zusammenwirken zwischen dem Schmuggel und dem Schwarzmarkt für Devisen. Die empirischen Sch?tzungen lassen vermuten, daΒ die Ausweitung der Geldmenge im Inland und der internationale Goldpreis neben anderen Faktoren einen bedeutenden EinfluΒ auf den Schwarzmarkt-Wechselkurs in Indien haben.

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Résumé Une application de l’approche monétaire aux taux de change sur le marché noir. —Cet article développe une approche monétaire pour l’analyse des taux de change sur le marché noir en considération particulière de l’Inde. Dans le modèle, le taux de change d’équilibre sur le marché noir est déterminé par les conditions d’équilibre de stock. Le modèle permet l’interaction possible entre la fraude et le marché noir pour les monnaies étrangères. Les estimations empiriques suggèrent que l’expansion monétaire locale et le prix mondial d’or (complémentairement aux autres facteurs) ont une influence significative sur le taux de change sur le marché noir indien.

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Resumen Una aplicación del aprocha monetaria a las tasas de cambio del mercado negro. — En este artículo se desarrolla un aprocha ?monetaria? para el análisis de las tasas de cambio del mercado negro con especial referencia a la India. En el modelo, el equilibrio de la tasa de cambio del mercado negro se determina por las condiciones del equilibrio de stock. Se permite una posible interacción entre contrabando y mercado negro de monedas extranjeras. Las estimaciones empíricas sugieren que la expansión monetaria doméstica y el precio mundial del oro (agregados a otros factores) tienen una influencia significativa sobre la tasa de cambio de mercado negro en la India.

     

The trend behavior of real exchange rates: Evidence from OECD countries

The Trend Behavior of Real Exchange Rates: Evidence from OECD Countries. — This paper examines the validity of purchasing power parity (PPP) under the current float using real effective exchange rates of eleven OECD countries. The author employs a test which allows for a one-time change in the intercept and/or in the slope of the trend function. The timing of the structural break is treated as unknown and is endogenously searched from the data. It is found that for a vast majority of countries, the real exchange rate can be characterized as a stationary process with a broken trend. The paper provides support for PPP in the long run.     

Firm-specific volatility of stock returns, the credibility of management forecasts, and media coverage: Evidence from Japanese firms

This paper explores the determinants of firm-specific informativeness of the stock price in terms of corporate disclosure quality and the quantity of public information by using Japanese data. In our empirical framework, we examine how the credibility of disclosure and media coverage are associated with the firm-specific volatility of stock returns. The results indicate that both greater accuracy of management forecasts and greater total media coverage contribute to the incorporation of firm-specific information in the stock price. Furthermore, for earnings-related news, the media reporting leads to less firm-specific volatility. Finally, an improvement in forecast accuracy enhances the marginal effect of media coverage of the earnings news toward reflecting firm-specific information.     

The death of Canadian manufacturing plants: heterogeneous responses to changes in tariffs and real exchange rates

We examine simultaneously the effects of real-exchange-rate movements and tariff reductions on plant death in Canadian manufacturing industries between 1979 and 1996. Consistent with the implications of recent international trade models with heterogeneous firms, we find that the impact of exchange-rate movements and tariff cuts on exit is heterogeneous—particularly pronounced among least efficient plants. Our results further reveal multi-dimensional heterogeneity that current models featuring one-dimensional heterogeneity (efficiency differences among plants) cannot fully explain: exporters and foreign-owned plants have much lower failure rates; however, their survival rates are more sensitive to changes in tariffs and real exchange rates.     

A causal analysis of black and official exchange rates: The turkish case

Zusammenfassung Eine Kausalanalyse von Schwarzmarktkursen und offiziellen Wechselkursen: Der Fall der Türkei. - Diese Arbeit untersucht statistisch den Kausalzusammenhang zwischen Schwarzmarkt- und offiziellen Wechselkursen für das türkische Pfund, und zwar im Verh?ltnis zum US-Dollar und zur D-Mark in der Zwei-Jahres-Periode ab September {dy1985}, wobei Granger-Techniken benutzt werden. T?gliche ?nderungen des Schwarzmarktkurses für die D-Mark gehen den t?glichen ?nderungen des offiziellen Kurses voraus. Bei w?chentlichen und monatlichen ?nderungen liegt eher eine Gleichzeitigkeit vor. Die Ergebnisse für den Schwarzmarktkurs und den offiziellen Dollar-Kurs sind ?hnlich, obwohl es Hinweise für einen schwachen Feedback gibt, wenn Tagesdaten benutzt werden. Diese Befunde stützen die These, da\ Schwarzm?rkte Informationen effizient verwerten.

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Resumen Un análisis de causalidad de tipos de cambio oficial y paralelo: el caso turco. - En este trabajo se examina estadísticamente la relación causal entre los tipos de cambio paralelo y oficial de la lira turca con respecto al dólar EE.UU. y el marco alemán para un período de dos a?os, comenzando en setiembre de {dy1985} y utilizando técnicas de tipo Granger. Los movimientos diarios en el mercado paralelo del marco dan lugar a movimientos diarios en el mercado oficial. Existe una relación contemporánea en los movimientos semanales y mensuales. Los resultados para el dólar paralelo y oficial son similares, a pesar de la evidencia de una respuesta débil en el caso de utilizarse datos diarios. Los resultados apoyan la noción de que los mercados paralelos son eficientes procesadores de información.

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Résumé Une analyse de causalité pour des taux de change noirs et officiels: le cas de la Turquie. - Cet article examine statistiquement la relation causale entre les taux de change noirs et officiels pour la lira turque vis-à-vis le dollar américain et la mark allemande pour une période de deux ans qui commence en septembre 1985. L’auteur applique des techniques de type Granger. Les changements quotidiens sur le marché noir pour la mark allemande précèdent ceux sur le marché officiel. Une relation simultanée existe pour les changements hebdomadaires et mensuels. Les résultats pour le dollar noir et officiel sont similaires bienqu’il y ait quelque évidence pour une répercussion faible si les données quotidiennes sont utilisées. Les résultats supportent la notion que les marchés noirs sont des processeurs efficients des informations.

     

Asymmetries and state dependence: The impact of macro surprises on intraday exchange rates

This paper investigates the possible asymmetric response of 5-min intraday JPY/USD exchange rates to macroeconomic news announcements during 1999–2006 when the Japanese money market interest rate was effectively zero. This period provides a unique institutional setting when interest rates may rise but not decline, thereby constraining both endogenous policy reactions to news and private market expectations. Asymmetric responses to news, to the extent that they are important in exchange rate markets as they are in equity markets, would seem particularly likely to be evident during this period. We consider several ways asymmetric responses may be manifested and linked to macroeconomic news during this unusual period. We assess whether the intraday exchange rate responds differently depending on whether the news is emanating from Japan or the US; we consider the state of the business cycle; and we distinguish between “good” and “bad” news.     

The Relevance of the Monetary Model for the Euro / USD Exchange Rate Determination: a Long Run Perspective

This study tries to fill a vacuum in the literature on the relevance of economic fundamentals for the Euro / USD exchange rate determination. We adopt the Monetary Model for the Exchange Rate Determination as our testing vehicle and investigate the relevance of various versions of this model over a long time horizon, spanning the period from the inception of Euro till the present time. We rely on cointegration analysis to conduct our empirical research and in accordance to the relevant literature we fail to accept most of the variants of this model. However, we get encouraging results from an expanded version of the Monetary Model where demand and productivity factors appear in the set of the exchange rate determinants.     

The effect of exchange rates on firm exports and the role of FDI

This paper studies how exchange rate movements affect the export market entry and intensity decision of firms and the export behaviour of multinationals in the UK. Using data on British manufacturing firms we find that exchange rate movements have little effect on firm export participation but have a significant impact on export shares. Multinationals have at their disposal a greater array of instruments to deal with exchange rates changes, although their use may vary according to the motives behind FDI. We also find important differences according to the country of origin of multinational firms. Multinationals firms originating from outside of the EU are less affected by changes in the exchange rate compared to those inside, who appear similarly affected as domestic firms.     

中日货币升值对外贸发展影响的比较研究

由于人民币升值与1985年广场协议后日元的升值有许多相似性,因此,从中日两国货币升值的初始条件、应对措施与效应等方面入手,对日元升值与人民币升值对外贸影响进行全面深入的比较研究,可为有效地化解人民币升值对中国对外贸易的不利影响、实现中国经济平稳较快发展提供决策依据。     

The behavior of flexible exchange rates in the short run — A systematic investigation

Zusammenfassung Das Verhalten flexibler Wechselkurse auf kurze Sicht - Eine systematische Untersuchung. - In diesem Aufsatz wird das kurzfristige Verhalten der Wechselkurse w?hrend der gegenw?rtigen Periode flexibler Kurse empirisch untersucht, und zwar mit Hilfe der monatlichen Kurse (in Schweizer Franken) für den amerikanischen Dollar, die deutsche Mark, das britische Pfund, den franz?sischen Franken und die italienische Lira. Als Bestimmungsgründe für Wechselkurse werden Geldmengen, Realeinkommen, nominale und reale Zinss?tze sowie die bilateralen Handelsbilanzen herangezogen. Zun?chst ergibt sich, da\ die Wechselkurse Zufallspfaden folgen. Zweitens bedeuten Ver?nderungen der nominalen Kurse fast immer auch Ver?nderungen der realen Kurse. Drittens konnte trotz ausgiebiger Anstrengungen eine gro\e Zahl von im allgemeinen für wichtig gehaltenen Variablen die Wechselkursbewegungen nicht erkl?ren. Diese Ergebnisse bedeuten, da\ unerwartete Schwankungen der realen Wechselkurse die bei weitem wichtigste Ursache von Wechselkurs?nderungen sind. Bisher war es aber nicht m?glich, deren systematische Bestimmungsgründe zu identifizieren.

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Resumen El comportamiento de tipos de cambio flexibles a corto plazo - Una investigación sistemática. — En este trabajo se examina empíricamente el comportamiento a corto plazo de tipos de cambio durante el reciente período de cambios flexibles, utilizando el precio mensual en francos suizos del dólar USA, del marco alemán, del franco francés, de la libra esterlina y de la lira italiana. Como determinantes del tipo de cambio se consideran la oferta monetaria, el ingreso real, la tasa de interés nominal y real, como también el saldo del comercio bilateral. Se demuestra, primero, que los tipos de cambio siguen un ?random walk?; segundo, que las variaciones de las tasas nominales casi siempre son correspondidas por las tasas reales; tercero que a pesar del rastreo extensivo realizado un gran conjunto de variables generalmente consideradas importantes no resulta capaz de explicar los movimientos de los tipos de cambio. Esto implica que las fluctuaciones inesperadas de los tipos de cambio constituyen la razón más importante para las variaciones del tipo de cambio. No ha sido posible aún, empero, identificar a las determinantes sistemáticas subyacentes.

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Resumé Le développement des taux de change flexibles en court terme - Une investigation systématique. - Dans cet article les auteurs examinent empiriquement le développement des taux de change à court terme pour la période récente des taux de change flexibles en utilisant des cours mensuels en francs suisse pour le dollar E.U., le mark allemand, le livre anglais, le franc fran?ais et le lire italien. Les déterminants des taux de change considérés sont les masses monétaires, les revenus réels, les taux d’intérêt nominaux et réels aussi bien que les balances commerciales bilatérales. Ils démontrent premièrement que les taux de change suivent des voies aléatoires; deuxièmement, les changements en taux nominaux sont presque totalement aussi des changements en taux réels; troisièmement, malgré d’une procédure de recherche étendue beaucoup de variables qui généralement sont considérées comme importantes ne peuvent pas expliquer les mouvements des taux de change. Ces résultats impliquent que les fluctuations inattendues en taux de change réels sont la plus importante source des variations en taux de change. Jusqu’à maintenant il était, cependant, impossible d’identifier leurs déterminants systématiques.