Clan culture and risk-taking of Chinese enterprises

This paper addresses the impact of China's historical clan culture on corporate behavior. Specifically, it looks at how clan culture decreases the risk-taking of Chinese enterprises. Using a unique dataset, which combines the pedigree density and distribution of publicly listed Chinese enterprises in city-regions, we document that a 1% increase in regional pedigree density dramatically decreases the risk-taking of locally listed enterprises by 2.66%. Furthermore, this paper verifies that in places with a strong clan culture, senior executives (presidents and CEOs) make their enterprises more conservative, taking on the responsibility of protecting the interests and maintaining stability of the clan, and the reputation of them in the clan. Such enterprises have relatively stable business networks and are unwilling to carry out high-risk innovations and cross-city M&As. In addition, their senior executives (presidents and CEOs) are more stable, with longer tenure and a lower frequency of replacement. Finally, the paper notes that improvements in formal institutions could mitigate the negative relationship between clan culture and corporate risk-taking.     

独生子女一代对中国传统文化的巨大影响

中国的家庭、家族是中国传统文化的基石.中国传统文化稳定的主要原因是以家庭的稳定维护社会的稳定;传统文化要随着社会的发展而发展;独生子女一代带来中国传统文化第二个百家争鸣的时代,并对中国传统文化产生巨大的影响.     

信息技术业上市公司股权结构与经营绩效关系的实证研究

文章以净资产收益率为公司经营绩效的衡量指标,以股权集中度和股权构成为自变量,比较全面地考察了中国信息技术业上市公司股权结构与经营绩效的关系,实证分析表明:中国信息技术业上市公司实力不均衡;股权集中度与公司经营绩效无关;国有股、法人股及流通A股与经营绩效均不呈现相关关系.     

The innovation of family firms in China: New evidence from the China employer-employee survey

Drawing on China Employer-Employee Survey data collected in 2018, this study examines the effects of family ownership on firm innovation in China. Baseline regressions suggest that Chinese family firms have significantly lower R&D investment and number of patents than non-family firms, and the results are not sensitive to response quality, unobserved characteristics, and non-random assignment of family ownership. Furthermore, this gap can be effectively explained by the lower management quality of family firms. Heterogeneous analyses indicate that the low innovation of family firms appears only in more competitive environments. To improve innovation, we suggest that Chinese family firms should make increased efforts to upgrade their management.     

Foreign bank lending and information asymmetries in China: Empirical evidence from the syndicated loan market

This paper considers whether information asymmetries affect the willingness of foreign banks to participate in syndicated loans to corporate borrowers in China. We analyze how ownership concentration, which influences information asymmetries in the relationship between the borrower and the lender, exerts an impact on the participation of foreign banks in syndicated loans granted to Chinese borrowers in the period 2004–2009. We observe that greater ownership concentration of the borrowing firm does not positively influence participation of foreign banks in the loan syndicate. We conclude that information asymmetries are not exacerbated for foreign banks relative to local banks in China.     

股权结构特征对社会责任信息披露 质量的影响研究 ——基于我国家族上市公司的数据分析

论文以我国家族控股型上市公司2011-2014 年符合条件的556 家数据为样本,按照家族 控股型上市公司股权结构特征变量：股权集中度、股权制衡度、两权分离度、管理层持股比例等 四个变量考察其对社会责任信息披露质量的影响为研究逻辑进行了实证分析。研究结论表明与一 般意义上的公众上市公司相比,股权集中度高的家族控股型上市公司,其社会责任信息披露质量 更低;股权制衡度水平越高的家族控股型上市公司,其社会责任信息披露质量水平更高;两权分 离度高的家族上市公司,其社会责任信息披露质量更低;管理层持股比例对社会责任信息披露质 量的影响不显著。     

股权的家族化、家族高管与家族企业业绩

文章利用2004-2015年中国A股家族控股上市公司的相关年度数据,从家族企业股权家族化视角出发,实证检验了股权家族化对家族企业业绩以及对企业是否聘任家族成员担任公司高管的经验影响关系。结果发现：（1）同等条件下,控股家族股权分配的家族化水平越高,其经营业绩表现越差;（2）家族成员担任CEO或董事长等关键高管会加剧股权家族化对家族企业业绩的负向影响关系;（3）同等条件下,公司股权的家族化更可能促使家族企业聘请家族成员担任CEO或董事长。此外,文章进一步分析发现,非核心家族成员参股企业会降低股权家族化与聘请家族成员担任公司CEO之间的正向影响关系。     

家族涉入与企业技术创新:国际化战略与人力资本冗余的调节作用

基于控制家族保护自身情感财富的视角,文章利用2010-2013年度中国上市公司数据,研究了家族涉入与企业技术创新投入之间的关系,并关注了国际化战略与人力资本冗余程度的调节作用。研究发现：家族涉入程度越高,企业技术创新投入越少;当企业国际化程度或人力资本冗余程度较高时,家族涉入所致的负向影响均受到削弱。上述结论验证了家族企业将情感目标视为核心利益的观点;并证明家族涉入会导致企业决策偏离单纯经济目标,这为家族企业将其情感目标作为决策参照点的观点提供了新的证据。研究还发现,家族涉入对技术创新的阻碍作用主要来源于家族控股的控制性质而非股权集中的控制结构。     

Traditions,Land Rights,and Local Welfare Creation: Studies from Eastern Indonesia

This research focuses on the impacts of traditional systems of land distribution among households, clans, and the government in two of Indonesia’s poorest provinces: East Nusa Tenggara and Maluku. Our main goal is to discuss and propose alternative ways of dividing and governing productive land to meet new needs in the management of agriculture and forestry. We apply a mixed research methodology that includes in-depth discussions with more than 50 key informants and survey interviews with 640 randomly selected respondents. We find that the number of land conflicts is rising, that land privatisation is becoming increasingly relevant, and that communal land ownership tends to lead to land under-utilisation rather than to natural resource overuse and environmental degradation. We argue that economic gains can be made by changing land-use patterns and land user rights. Our policy recommendations include introducing formalised and taxable clan land ownership with specified and registered family user rights.     

作为中华文明源起的麻文化——基于文化结构的审视

包括麻文化在内的中华传统文化是中华民族在过去已经完成了的物质或精神的创造物,是历史的社会生活方式的产物。它遗留下来的远不止其本身,更多的是民族的、支配着人们日常生活行为的观念和力量。麻,由器物文化到制度文化再到精神文化,历史赋予了其社会秩序管理的意义。     

Institutional Ownership and the Extent to which Stock Prices Reflect Future Earnings*

Articles in the financial press suggest that institutional investors are overly focused on current profitability, which suggests that as institutional ownership increases, stock prices reflect less current period information that is predictive of future period earnings. On the other hand, institutional investors are often characterized in academic research as sophisticated investors and sophisticated investors should be better able to use current‐period information to predict future earnings compared with other owners. According to this characterization, as institutional ownership increases, stock prices should reflect more current‐period information that is predictive of future period earnings. Consistent with this latter view, we find that the extent to which stock prices lead earnings is positively related to the percentage of institutional ownership. This result holds after controlling for various factors that affect the relation between price and earnings. It also holds when we control for endogenous portfolio choices of institutions (e.g., institutional investors may be attracted to firms in richer information environments where stock prices tend to lead earnings). Further, a regression of stock returns on order backlog, conditional on the percentage of institutional ownership, indicates that institutional owners place more weight on order backlog compared with other owners. This result is consistent with institutional owners using non‐earnings information to predict future earnings. It also explains, in part, why prices lead earnings to a greater extent when there is a higher concentration of institutional owners.     

家族涉入方式的差异如何影响企业双元创新意愿?

文章以2012-2017 年中国上市家族企业的数据,基于社会情感财富理论,分析了家族在股权与管理层两种不同涉入方式下的战略偏好与目标导向,进而探究出其对于双元创新的影响,并结合产品市场竞争环境下的情形,进一步分析了市场竞争的加剧对于股权涉入和管理层涉入与双元创新关系的调节效应。结果发现：家族在股权涉入与利用式创新呈显著的正相关,但与开发式创新呈负相关,而家族管理层涉入与利用式创新和开发式创新均呈现显著的正相关;产品市场环境的竞争能够加强家族股权涉入与利用式创新的正向关系和家族管理层涉入与开发式创新的正向关系。     

The effects of corporate governance and ownership on the innovation performance of Chinese SMEs

We investigate the degree to which corporate governance and ownership affect the innovation performance of firms in China with a particular focus on privately owned small and medium enterprises. Using the appropriate theoretical frameworks, we derive hypotheses regarding the impact of ownership concentration, board size and composition, and the background of the CEO on innovative activity. These hypotheses are tested using a unique sample of 370 mostly private and relatively small Chinese firms in Zhejiang province, for the period 2004–2006. Using two measures of innovation, invention patents and new product sales, and a variety of estimation methods appropriate to each measure, we find limited evidence that corporate governance affects innovation performance, but the results do depend on the measure of innovation. In general, the results suggest that for this sample, corporate governance and ownership affect innovation activity more strongly when innovation is measured by patenting activity, rather than new product sales. We conclude with a discussion about why this might be.     

Ownership structure and firm performance: Evidence from the Chinese corporate reform

We employ a new classification of ownership identity to analyze the impact of ownership structure on enterprise performance in China. Using both fixed effects model and Generalized Methods of Moments (GMM), this study finds that marketized state-owned enterprises outperform firms controlled by the government, indicating that partial privatization of state-owned Chinese firms improves corporate governance. Non-controlling large shareholders of marketized state-owned enterprises and private enterprises are found to play active roles in corporate governance. Lastly, there is evidence that ownership concentration of a controlling shareholder decreases the incentives to expropriate minority shareholders.     

Debt financing structure,ownership concentration and firm performance: a comparison of the listed state-owned and non-state-owned CMNEs

This paper examines the impact of debt financing and ownership concentration on internationalization performance by using a sample of 217 Chinese multinational enterprises (CMNEs) from 2009 to 2016. Through fixed-effect regression and dynamic threshold analysis, this paper finds that increasing short-term debts is positively associated with the internationalization performance of non-state-owned CMNEs, while increasing short-term debts by state-owned CMNEs will harm their performance. Ownership concentration affects CMNEs’ risk preference and thus affecting their internationalization performance in different degrees. This paper finds that the threshold for the impact of CMNEs’ largest shareholder’s ownership concentration on its internationalization performance is 0.18, the thresholds for the impact of CMNEs’ top 10 shareholders’ ownership concentration on its internationalization performance are 0.346 and 0.433. When state-owned CMNEs’ top 10 shareholders’ ownership concentration exceeds 0.337 and 0.347, their internationalization performance will have significant positive changes. Overall, this study is expected to contribute to the literature of internationalization of emerging market companies.     

分析师跟进、管理层持股与公司价值——基于联立方程组模型的实证检验

本文基于现有理论文献,使用联立方程组模型探索在具有转型和新兴特征的中国证券市场中,分析师跟进、管理层持股与公司价值三者的相关关系。研究发现,分析师跟进有助于投资者发现公司价值,管理层持股与公司价值存在U型非线性关系;管理层持股对分析师跟进的影响呈倒U型;分析师跟进与管理层持股在投资者发现公司价值、提升公司价值方面体现的是协同效应。同时,研究发现分析师跟进、管理层持股比例与公司价值之间是相互作用,相互影响的。     

家族涉入程度、环境不确定性与技术创新

文章以2007-2012年中国中小板及创业板上市家族企业为研究样本,依托社会情感财富理论,探究了家族涉入程度对企业技术创新的影响,及环境不确定性对这种影响的调节效应。结果显示家族在所有权层、治理层的涉入程度与技术创新投入及产出都呈显著负相关关系,但当家族企业面临较高的环境复杂性和动态性时,这种负相关关系会减弱。这表明家族涉入程度对技术创新的影响会依具体情境发生变化,当面临环境不确定性较高时,家族会权衡社会情感财富和未来长远发展,加大技术创新力度。该研究具有较强的现实意义和理论价值。     

中国家族制企业与企业文化

发达国家家族制企业与中国家族制企业在管理模式和企业绩效等方面存在巨大差距。差距产生的根源是中国家族制企业不具备现代良好的企业文化。中国的家族制企业文化的建立必须与中国优秀文化接轨,才能发挥其积极作用。在中国建立优秀的家族制企业文化,可以选择三个突破口。     

Cost and profit efficiency of Chinese banks: A non-parametric analysis

Using a non-parametric technique for data from 1995 to 2004, we investigate the cost and profit efficiency of 28 Chinese commercial banks. We examine the influence of ownership type, size, risk profile, profitability and key environmental changes on the bank efficiency using a Tobit regression. Consistent with the existing literature, we find that profit efficiency levels are well below those of cost efficiency. This suggests that the most important inefficiencies are on the revenue side. Our findings are also consistent with prior evidence on ownership and efficiency: joint-stock banks (national and city-based), on average, appear to be more cost- and profit-efficient than state-owned banks while medium-sized banks are significantly more efficient than small and large banks. These and other results suggest the need for speedier reforms to open the banking market, improving risk management, minimizing the government's capital subsidy and diversifying ownership of Chinese banks.     

What Do Changes in Corporate Ownership in Indonesia Tell Us?

This article documents the pattern of corporate ownership in Indonesia before and after the 1997–98 Asian financial crisis. We draw on an original dataset that identifies ultimate owners of the country’s 200 largest publicly listed corporations in 1996 and 2008, and supplement these data with additional information about unlisted firms. Corporate ownership and business–government relations in this period exhibited continuities as well as notable changes. Although family ownership remained the most prevalent form of ownership, there was considerable churning in the identities of the most powerful family owners. Listed state-owned corporations were more prominent after the crisis than before it, and foreign governments (particularly Singapore and Malaysia) substantially increased their ownership stakes in many of Indonesia’s largest corporations.