The impact of China’s outward foreign direct investment on domestic innovation

This paper explores the reversal technology spillovers of outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on Chinese firms. Combining a uniquely merged database of Chinese firm-level OFDI and patent data and applying the Propensity-Score-Method-Difference-In-Differences (PSM-DID) methodology, we find a positive causal effect of OFDI on invention patent applications. Some estimations of heterogeneous effects show that OFDI promotes invention patent applications for private enterprises but has mute impact on state-owned and foreign-owned enterprises. With respect to OFDI host countries, OFDI toward developed countries is more effective for promoting innovation activities than developing countries. Three potential transmission channels of OFDI are empirically tested: direct technology purchases, access to high-tech inputs, and international mobility of personnel. Lastly, some policy implications are raised for China’s “Going Out” strategy and the economic development driven by innovation.     

Impact of China's Outward Foreign Direct Investment on Its Regional Economic Growth

This paper investigates the impact of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on its economic growth. By using a provincial‐level panel dataset and applying fixed‐effects and instrumental variable regression techniques, the study finds that both OFDI from provincial firms and OFDI from state‐owned enterprises have a positive impact on China's provincial economic growth. The positive impact of OFDI on provincial economic growth may be the result of reverse knowledge spillovers from OFDI to the home provincial economy through demonstration and imitation, labor movement, and backward and forward industrial linkages, thus increasing the productivity and the efficiency of home firms and promoting the growth of the home economy.     

绿地投资还是跨国并购:中国企业OFDI模式选择研究

对外直接投资模式选择是企业国际化战略中的关键决策。文章运用中国工业企业数据库和商务部境外投资企业名录匹配基础上的补充数据，实证考察企业在绿地投资和跨国并购之间的对外投资模式选择。研究表明：随着企业生产率、资本密集度，以及东道国经济发展水平、关税水平和制度环境的提升，企业进行跨国并购的概率提高；随着企业规模、研发投入，以及东道国市场规模、文化距离的增大，企业选择绿地投资的概率提高；相比来看，非国有企业、资本密集型企业和具有国际化经验的企业对各类影响因素更加敏感，在OFDI模式选择中受到的影响程度更大。     

中国企业对外直接投资的微观障碍分析——基于生产率异质性理论的分析方法

论文以Melitz(2003)的生产率异质性方法为基础,以湖南省87家"走出去"企业为例进行经验分析。研究发现:从生产率总体水平看,没有1家企业4项指标都达标准分值,无优势企业特征明显;投资主体的企业性质和组织方式直接制约企业"走出去"生产率水平的提升;在投资决策和经营战略层面都存在异质企业行为趋同现象,严重影响投资后的整合竞合绩效和可持续发展。结果表明,无优势企业对外投资可能会出现Melitz(2003)提出的产业内演进效应,面临典型的进入-退出轨迹。为此,论文从中国国际生产网络及其组织机制的构建进行策略设计,提出依托国际生产组织、促成企业与政府合力是推进当前我国无优势企业对外投资的有效路径。     

Empirical study on location choice of Chinese OFDI

China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) flow has shown steady growth, from US$2.85 billion in 2003 to US$196.15 billion in 2016, increasing by 68.8 times. This study measures national distance from five dimensions—geographical distance, cultural distance, institutional distance, economic distance and informational distance—for Chinese OFDI. Taking 2006–2016 as the time window and national distance as the perspective, the study looks into the location choice of Chinese OFDI by using an OFDI size determination model. The results show that geographical distance, economic distance and informational distance will significantly promote Chinese OFDI, while institutional distance will restrain it, and cultural distance will not have a significant effect on Chinese OFDI. In addition, Chinese OFDI has strong natural resource-seeking motivation. In order to obtain natural resources, Chinese enterprises will overcome geographical distance and cultural difference to conduct OFDI in the countries far away from China.     

The impact of outward FDI on the performance of Chinese firms

Using new firm-level data from the Emerging Multinationals' Events and Networks DATAbase (EMENDATA), this paper investigates the effects on Chinese firms of Outward FDI (OFDI) into advanced European countries. Propensity score matching is combined with a difference-in-difference (DiD) estimator to reduce the problem of self-selection of treated firms in foreign markets, and to eliminate time-invariant and unobservable differences between those firms and the controls. The results provide robust evidence supporting the view that China's OFDI so far have had a positive impact on domestic activities in enhancing firms' productivity and scales of operation, measured by sales and employment. When we distinguish among investments on the basis of entry mode, accounting for endogeneity in the selection process, acquisitions facilitate early access to intangible assets, but are detrimental to financial performance, while greenfield investments have a stronger impact on the scale and productivity of Chinese multinationals investing in Europe.     

经济政策不确定性对中国OFDI的影响——基于中国对重要8国投资面板数据的分析

以2010—2019年中国对8个重要投资国的直接投资数据作为面板数据,根据引力模型,引入经济政策不确定性指数作为解释变量,探究经济政策不确定性对中国OFDI的影响。结果显示,东道国的经济政策不确定性将会抑制投资母国对该国的投资,而投资母国的经济政策不确定性则会促进母国对外直接投资。最后提出相适应的投资母国的建议。     

东道国金融发展对中国企业对外直接投资的影响:二元边际与生产率门槛

文章基于中国上市企业2008-2015年对外直接投资数据，分析东道国金融发展在扩展边际和集约边际上对企业对外直接投资决策以及投资所需生产率水平的影响。研究发现，在不同生产率的企业中东道国金融发展的影响是异质性的。较高的金融发展水平会系统性地降低投资所需的生产率水平，进而促进中国企业对外直接投资的概率、次数和规模。进一步的研究还发现，在经济发展水平比中国高的东道国金融发展的生产率效应更显著，投资所需生产率下降得更多。尽管如此，高经济发展水平东道国的最低生产率门槛仍然高于低经济发展水平的东道国。控制了金融发展指标和企业全要素生产率的内生性后，结果依然稳健。     

For goodwill or resources? The rationale behind firms' corporate philanthropy in an environment with high economic policy uncertainty

This paper investigates the impact of economic policy uncertainty (EPU) on the corporate philanthropy (CP) behaviors of firms using a dataset from Chinese A-share listed firms. We find that, on average, firms decrease their CP significantly when economic policy uncertainty increases, but the response is heterogeneous for firms with different ownership types. Compared with their counterparts, private firms are willing to contribute more donations in an environment with high economic policy uncertainty. Further analysis shows that private firms take on more other types of corporate social responsibility at the same time, and private firms' additional CP in a high EPU environment is rewarded with more subsidies, indicating that altruistic and political motives may play important roles in driving the CP behaviors of private firms. There is no evidence that private firms selling products directly to consumers are more likely to engage in additional CP. Our findings indicate that the main motivation behind Chinese private firms' additional CP under high economic policy uncertainty is seeking more government resources, instead of keeping consumers loyal by maintaining good reputations during hard periods.     

中国企业“逆周期”跨国并购研究

"新常态"经济周期中,中国企业跨国并购有何特征?从经济政策频繁波动的现实出发,如何理解跨国并购的"逆周期"成因?文章基于2001-2016年中国企业对91个国家的跨国并购数据,实证检验了经济周期、经济政策不确定性对跨国并购的影响,得出以下结论：首先,中国企业的跨国并购具有显著的"逆周期"特征,下行经济周期加剧了并购规模提升;其次,经济政策不确定性与跨国并购正相关,并且在国有企业中和2008年金融危机后表现为更明显;最后,经济政策不确定性差距以及市场增长潜力差距均提升了并购规模。     

企业金融化对双元创新的影响：经济政策不确定性的调节效应

选取2013—2020年中国上市公司数据,实证研究企业金融化程度对企业创新总投资及双元创新投资的影响,分析不同产权性质企业间的差异,并进一步探讨经济政策不确定性在其中的调节效应。研究发现中国企业的金融化程度会显著抑制创新研发投入,特别是探索式创新研发投入,且这种效应在非国有企业中表现得更显著,而经济政策的不确定性可以在一定程度上缓解这种抑制效应。研究结论对抑制企业“脱实向虚”现象、促进企业提高创新能力、贯彻实施创新驱动战略及促进经济的高质量发展提供一定的参考。     

货币互换协议、金融市场与中国对外直接投资

基于2003-2018年169个国家的面板数据,文章利用多期双重差分方法探讨了货币互换协议对我国对外直接投资规模与密集度的影响,并通过PSM-DID方法和证伪检验对模型的稳健性进行验证。在此基础上,运用中介效应和调节效应检验方法对货币互换政策的金融市场作用机制进行分析。研究发现,货币互换协议对我国OFDI规模与密集度均有显著积极影响;预期汇率风险是货币互换协议促进我国OFDI的重要影响机制,中介传导而非调节效应是主要影响渠道,而利率市场的影响机制尚未发挥作用。在经济全球化和复杂的国际形势下,这一研究对我国进一步推动国家间金融领域深化合作和推进人民币国际化以畅通国内国际双循环具有重要参考价值。     

What explains the performance of Chinese exporting firms?

Drawing on the entry mode (EM) literature and the strategic tripod framework, we examine whether firm performance is influenced by its outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) mode, controlling other firm-, industry- and institution-specific factors. It is found that employing OFDI does not improve an exporting firm’s performance. This is not surprising as anecdotal evidence shows that many Chinese firms with OFDI have been making loss in the host country. This may indicate exporting firms employ OFDI to seek complementary and strategic resources/assets, not to improve immediate firm performance. Furthermore, firm performance is influenced by strategic assets, including technology-based capabilities and brands, at the firm level, industry entry barriers at the industry level and the home and host country institutional support at the country level.     

企业社会责任、经济政策不确定性与融资约束——基于社会责任“累积-保险”效应的研究视角

综合运用2009-2017年A股上市公司数据,通过长、短期社会责任的影响对比,考察了在面对经济政策不确定性的冲击时,企业社会责任对融资约束的影响效应,并论证了不同政策不确定程度下的效应表现机理。结果表明：企业社会责任具备"累积效应",长期社会责任的融资约束缓解作用强于短期社会责任;企业社会责任也具备"保险效应",会显著削弱经济政策不确定性加剧融资约束的程度。进一步研究发现,高经济政策不确定性下："累积效应"仍然存在,且会因长期社会责任"保险效应"加强而得到强化。不同产权性质下：国有企业的融资约束受政策不确定性影响较小,且"双效应"更稳定;而非国有企业的社会责任对融资约束的缓解作用更强,但受经济政策冲击更大。研究揭示了企业社会责任对融资约束的积极效应,呼吁企业应积极履行社会责任并值得长期坚持。     

东道国人力资本、研发投入与我国OFDI的反向技术溢出

借鉴C-H模型,本文建立中国OFDI反向技术外溢的计量模型,对中国OFDI反向技术外溢的存在性进行了进一步验证,并从东道国角度出发,对影响我国OFDI反向技术外溢的主要因素进行了实证研究。发现我国OFDI具有显著的反向技术外溢,同时这种反向技术外溢受东道国研发投入、人力资本的显著的正向影响。东道国外资政策对我国反向技术外溢存在正向影响,但影响不显著。我国在选择OFDI东道国时,应选择研发投入多、人力资本充裕的国家,而在考虑东道国经济政策时要综合考虑其制度因素,不能仅以外资政策论。     

Does Outward Foreign Direct Investment Facilitate China's Export Upgrading?

This paper empirically investigates the impact of China's outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) on its export sophistication. Using a provincial‐level panel dataset and applying fixed effects and instrumental variable regression techniques, the study finds that, on average, OFDI has no significant impact on China's export sophistication. However, after the full sample is divided into different regions, the study finds that OFDI has a positive and significant impact on export sophistication in the developed coastal region, but no such impact is observed in the less developed inland regions. Further investigation using a panel threshold model reveals that only when GDP, per capita GDP, human capital, and the research and development intensity of a home economy reach a certain level can OFDI promote export sophistication. The findings suggest that accelerating eco nomic development and increasing absorptive capacity can facilitate the contribution of OFDI to China's export sophistication.     

经济政策不确定性与企业投资趋同行为

文章以2003-2017年A股非金融类上市公司为研究样本,考察经济政策不确定性对企业投资趋同行为的影响。研究发现,经济政策不确定性的升高会显著增强企业投资趋同行为,该影响效应在信息优势企业有所减弱,在资产不可逆程度较高企业有所增强。分行业检验发现,在管制性行业以及景气度较低行业中,经济政策不确定性对企业投资趋同行为的影响减弱。进一步研究发现,在经济政策不确定性不断攀升的背景下,实体投资趋同性会带来更为严重的金融化,特别是在行业实体投资总体趋于放缓的情况下,企业金融化现象更加严重。该研究为宏观经济波动下企业投资趋同行为提供了经验证据。     

金融发展和中国对外直接投资——基于制造业行业面板数据的分析

论文考察了东道国金融发展水平对中国制造业企业对外直接投资的影响机制。理论分析指出,东道国金融发展能够通过竞争效应和融资效应两种渠道影响中国对外直接投资,而且两种效应的作用相反。经验研究结果表明东道国金融发展所产生的融资效应要大于竞争效应,且金融发展对中国对外直接投资的促进作用具有门槛系效应,只有当行业的融资需求达到一定水平,这一促进作用才存在。另外,金融发展对于技术密集型对外直接投资的影响更加明显。     

东道国投资便利化建设对中国企业对外直接投资二元边际的影响

在全球多边投资体制缺失和双边投资协定无序发展的背景下,便利化建设能否有效驱动海外投资增长已引发学术界的广泛关注。然而,当前有关东道国投资便利化与母国对外直接投资的研究仅集中于一元规模分析,尚未展开二元边际的结构性讨论。为此,文章基于中国企业对外直接投资追踪数据,详细考察了东道国便利化建设与中国企业对外直接投资二元边际之间的关系。结果表明:第一,东道国便利化建设显著促进了中国对外投资扩展边际的增长,但对集约边际的作用效果并不明显,且克服内生性问题之后,上述研究结论仍然成立。第二,异质性分析表明,投资对经济周期十分敏感,世界经济的复苏和发展有助于中国资本"走出去"。同时,与能源行业相比,便利化建设更有利于推动运输和房地产行业投资扩展边际的提高。另外,东道国发展阶段的差异和中国投资政策导向的差别也将产生异质化作用,非低收入经济体和政策导向国推进便利化建设对投资扩展边际增长的驱动效应更加明显。第三,进一步的渠道分析表明,便捷的营商环境、透明的政策环境与健全的金融服务是提高投资扩展边际的关键所在。文章的研究对于从东道国便利化发展角度理解企业对外直接投资的结构特征具有一定的参考价值,同时揭示了便利化建设将在推动全球新一轮的投资浪潮中扮演更为重要的角色。     

制度、文化与中国OFDI的利益动机

文章基于2004-2012年中国对外投资的跨国面板数据,考察影响中国OFDI区位选择的制度、文化与利益驱动因素,研究显示:东道国优良的制度水平会吸引中国OFDI进入,而以基因距离所刻画的文化异质性则是中国OFDI区位选择中的阻碍因素;争夺市场、获取资源和避税是中国OFDI的三大利益驱动。进一步研究利益驱动因素的时空变化,我们发现:（1）从时间演变看,中国OFDI的避税动机显著减弱,而争夺市场与资源的动机微弱加强;（2）从空间分布看,为了获取市场和资源,中国OFDI在地理距离上表现出"舍近求远"的空间替换时间策略;（3）从制度与文化因素看,争夺市场和避税两大动因倾向于选择制度水平高、与中国文化接近的国家,而获取资源的强烈动机则突破了制度缺陷和文化差异的限制。