时不我待 后发制人——后奥运时代的营销策略探讨

伴随着北京奥运会的圆满落幕,中国开始进入一个“后奥运时代”。表面看来,奥运营销的话题已经接近尾声,然而,08奥运对于中国企业的意义却远未止步于此。在宏观环境上,奥运会对中国的经济、文化甚至国家形象所带来的巨大推动力,毫无疑问会持续惠及中国企业。因此,如何借势“后奥运”同借势奥运一样,成为中国企业尤其是赞助商眼下必须关注的关键点。     

Ethical behavior of marketing managers

The ethical behavior of marketing managers was examined by analyzing their responses to a series of different types of ethical dilemmas presented in vignette form. The ethical dilemmas addressed dealt with the issues of (1) coercion and control, (2) conflict of interest, (3) the physical environment, (4) paternalism, and (5) personal integrity. Responses were analyzed to discover whether managers' behavior varied by type of issue faced or whether there is some continuity to ethical behavior which transcends the type of ethical problem addressed.     

玉器行业网络团购营销策略的探讨

玉器行业具备高消费、高附加值、无污染、劳动密集型等特点,是国家鼓励、扶持的新兴产业,具有极大的市场开发空间。我国玉器行业以小作坊式生产为主,经营多处于分散无序的状态。玉器从业者营销方式千篇一律、产品同质化严重的特点又制约了玉器行业的发展。本文基于玉器行业的特点,详细阐述了基于Web2.0网络团购营销模式下玉器行业的营销策略。     

Social marketing: thoughts from an empathetic outsider

ABSTRACT

Social marketing holds great hope for promoting well-being and social good. Yet, as a ‘master’s tools’ strategy it must be deployed carefully and critically to ensure campaigns are not co-opted by the individualising and issue shaping forces of mainstream marketing. Moreover, social marketing strategies should go beyond promoting better and healthier choices for individuals, and be deployed to encourage critical thinking, political engagement and social action.     

Brand differentiation between identical products an analysis from a consumer law viewpoint

The article treats the situation in which one and the same firm within one country sells an identical product under different brand names. The major motive behind brand differentiation are presented, as well as the consumer difficulties. The position with regard to brand differentiation in the Paris Convention on Industrial Property and national trademark law is analyzed. The author finds that brand differentiation usually does not constitute a problem seen from the perspective of trademark law. The author then discusses brand differentiation as a problem of antitrust law and unfair marketing practices law. Here, Swedish law, especially the recent Alcro case on brand differentiation in the Swedish Market Court, is given major attention. The author finds a reasonable solution to be the demand ofinformation to consumers about the identity behind brand differentiation.

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Zusammenfassung Der Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit den verbraucherpolitischen und rechtlichen Problemen, die bei der Verwendung verschiedener Bezeichnungen durch denselben Hersteller für qualitätsgleiche Produkte auftauchen. Gründe und Gefahren dieser Art von Produktdifferenzierung werden herausgearbeitet. Aus verbraucherpolitischer Sicht werden Bedenken gegen Produktdifferenzierung insbesondere dann geäußert, wenn sie zur Preisüberhöhung eingesetzt wird.Aus rechtlicher Sicht hat die Produktdifferenzierung bislang wenig Beachtung gefunden. Die Pariser Verbandsübereinkunft über das gewerbliche Eigentum verbietet zwar die Verwendung täuschender Marken; auch dürfen sie nicht zum Zwecke unlauteren Wettbewerbs eingesetzt werden. Nach ganz überwiegender Meinung gehört hierzu die Produktdifferenzierung durch Verwendung unterschiedlicher Marken für gleiche Produkte jedoch nicht. Eine ähnliche Feststellung läßt sich für das Warenzeichenrecht machen. Das Warenzeichen erfüllt nur eine Herkunftsfunktion, nicht eine Qualitätsfunktion; der Verbraucher kann nicht darauf vertrauen, daß die mit einem Warenzeichen versehene Ware sich qualitätsmäßig von einer mit einem anderen Warenzeichen des gleichen Herstellers versehenen Ware unterscheide. Das Kartellrecht erfaßt die Produktdifferenzierung nur, wenn sie als Mittel der Wettbewerbsbeschränkung eingesetzt wird, etwa bei Marktaufspaltung innerhalb der EG oder beim selektiven Vertrieb. Die Lieferverweigerung einer berühmten Ware kann gegen das Kartellrecht verstoßen; dadurch wird mittelbar Versuchen einer Produktdifferenzierung durch unterschiedliche Belieferung der Vertriebswege ein Riegel vorgesetzt.Der Autor verknüpft das Problem dann mit dem schwedischen Marktpraktikengesetz. Dieses Gesetz sieht neben dem Verbot der Täuschung auch bestimmte Informationspflichten vor, die das herkömmliche Warenzeichenrecht überlagern. Im Alcro-Fall war der Schwedische Marktgerichtshof mit dem Problem der Produktdifferenzierung erstmals befaßt war aber in seiner Entscheidung gespalten. Die Entscheidung sowie die Gründe von Mehr- und Minderheit werden ausführlich erörtert. Außerdem wird auf einen neuen Fall hingewiesen, den Elektrolux-Fall. Der Autor sucht eine Lösung des Problems in der Statuierung vonInformationspflichten.

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This article is partially based on the article by Ulf Bernitz and Lars Pehrson (in Swedish): Problemet märkesdifferentiering (The problem of brand differentiation),NIR Nordiskt immateriellt rättsskydd, 1978, pp. 190–214 (with further references).     

Conceptualization of enterprise systems education using an experiential learning framework

The use of enterprise systems to facilitate cross-functional integration within an organization's functional areas is becoming increasingly important. Business schools around the globe have realized the importance of using enterprise systems to facilitate the teaching of business processes and business processes transformation. The authors adopt an experiential learning pedagogical framework for enterprise systems education to conceptualize the results of the experience obtained by using experiential learning in one enterprise systems course.     

Developing a measure to capture marketing faculty's perceptions of unethical behavior

The study explores the factor structure of the Sirgy et al. [Sirgy MJ, Johar JS, Gao T. Toward a code of ethics for marketing educators. Journal of Business Ethics 2006; 63(1): 1-20] measure of marketing faculty's perceptions of unethical behavior and tests its predictive validity. We surveyed members of the Academy of Marketing Science regarding their perceptions of acceptability of 142 behaviors that marketing faculty may encounter in their roles as teacher, researcher, administrator, consultant, professional colleague, and college professor. We used exploratory factor analyses to reveal the factor structures of the items grouped by four faculty roles: teaching, research, administrative service, and professional service. We then tested the measure's predictive validity by testing for demographic differences (gender, age, rank, tenure, and level of education) with respect to the 23 types of unethical faculty behaviors. The final measure can be used by marketing-related associations to gauge the norms of faculty conduct, which in turn can help them develop their own academic code of ethics.     

Virtual influencers as an emerging marketing theory: A systematic literature review

Over the past few years, the popularity of influencers on social media (SM) has increased, and influencer marketing has become an important element in companies' marketing strategies. This has resulted in significant interest from researchers and practitioners; consequently, the number of publications devoted to the topic of influencers and influencer marketing has risen. Simultaneously, computer-generated avatars and virtual influencers (VIs), including those using artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning, have begun to emerge and gain popularity in the SM space. Thus far, research on these topics has been limited, with few studies examining the issue from different perspectives. Given the growing potential of VIs' inclusion in the consumer decision-making process, and this being a developing field, a comprehensive and critical review of existing research on this subject is urgently needed. In response, this study consolidates the current state of research on virtual, AI, and computer-generated influencers. A systematic review of peer-reviewed articles was conducted to identify key themes and dominant concepts. An analysis of 35 articles provides an understanding of this phenomenon, shedding light on the mechanisms underlying the appeal of VIs and their role in shaping consumer attitudes and behaviors. Based on the analysis, the main thematic streams from the study are presented. Further, research gaps have been identified, and recommendations made for future research directions.     

Lessons learned from renewable electricity marketing attempts: A case study

The choice of subscribing to renewable electricity has been available to Australian households for more than a decade, yet consumer uptake remains low for some green marketers. This case study uses a retailer's perspective to examine the implementation of a green marketing program for a renewable electricity retailer. Based on interviews, internal company documentation, and secondary research, findings show that effective differentiation for renewable energy is required to increase consumer involvement levels and the likelihood of consideration. While consumers lack understanding of, and interest in, renewable energy, the marketing program relied on customers to seek information. It was apparent the success of green marketing programs depends on the integration of education into a carefully targeted marketing program emphasizing functional and emotional values to differentiate renewable energy and simplify consumer decision-making processes.     

A revised model of experiential learning with a debriefing checklist

Although Kolb’s experiential learning model has been widely used and remains among the most influential frameworks in the fields of human resource development, management education and higher education, it has been criticized for failing to propose a second‐order learning process. The purpose of this study was to revise Kolb’s model by addressing its limitations. The revised model consists of (1) expected and unexpected experiences, (2) the management of emotions, (3) reflective analysis, (4) abstract conceptualization, (5) unlearning, and (6) active experimentation. Developed from the revised model, we created a checklist for debriefing experience‐based training programs. The contribution of this study is its development of a framework and a checklist for deep experiential learning.     

The influence of personal and organizational values on marketing professionals' ethical behavior

The authors examine empirically the influence of personal and organizational values on marketing professionals' ethical behavior. The results indicate that personal and organizational values underlie differences in marketing professionals' ethical behavior, albeit small terms of the proportion of explained variance. The results also suggest the relationship between organizational values and ethical behavior to be significant. However, the same is not the case for the relationship between personal values and ethical behavior.Ishmael P. Akaah is Professor of Marketing at Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, Professor Akaah's articles have appeared in many journals includingJournal of Marketing Research, International Marketing Review, Journal of Business Logistics, among others.Daulatram B. Lund is Associate professor of Marketing at University of Nevada, Reno. Professor Lund's articles have appeared inJournal of Retailing, Journal of Business Research, Industrial Marketing Management, among others.     

Ethical behavior among marketing researchers: An assessment of selected demographic characteristics

This study considers the relationship between perceptions of ethical behavior and the demographic characteristics of sex, age, education level, job title, and job tenure among a sample of marketing researchers. The findings of this study indicate that female marketing researchers, older marketing researchers, and marketing researchers holding their present job for ten years or more generally rate their behavior as more ethical. Scott W. Kelley is an Assistant Professor of Marketing at the University of Kentucky. His research has been published in the Journal of Business Research, the Journal of Services Marketing, and national and regional conferences. O. C. Ferrell is the Distinguished Professor of Marketing and Business Ethics at Memphis State University. He is co-author of Marketing: Basic Concepts and Decisions. Sixth Edition. His articles have appeared in a wide variety of marketing journals. Steven J. Skinner is a Professor and Ashland Oil Research Fellow in the Department of Marketing at the University of Kentucky. He is the author of the first edition of Marketing. His research has been published in a number of journals.     

Attitudes of marketing professionals toward ethics in marketing research: A cross-national comparison

The study reported here examines, in the context of Crawford's (1970) items, differences in research ethics attitudes among marketing professionals in Australia, Canada, Great Britian, and the United States. The study results indicate the lack of significant differences in research ethics attitudes among marketing professionals in the four countries. This finding is interpretable as implying the generalizability of the results of previous research ethics studies involving domestic (United States) marketing professionals as respondents. Ishmael P. Akaah is Associate Professor of Marketing at Wayne State University. He received his M.B.A., M.A., and Ph.D. degrees from The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. His articles have appeared in the Journal of Marketing Research, Journal of Advertising Research, Journal of Health Care Marketing, Journal of Business Research, International Marketing Review, Journal of Global Marketing, Journal of Business Logistics, Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, Journal of Direct Marketing, Journal of Business Ethics, Savings and Development, Eastern Africa Economic Review, Journal of Information and Optimization Sciences, and Proceedings of the American Marketing Association.     

Relationship between sales force reputation and customer behavior: Role of experiential value added by sales force

Based on the resource-based view theory and the experiential value model, this paper aims to investigate how experiential value added by the salesperson mediates the relationship between perceived salesperson reputation and customer behavior. A questionnaire is constructed, and data are collected from 229 customers served by financial salespeople working in five bank agencies in Canada. Structural equation modeling was employed to assess the proposed research model empirically. The empirical results revealed that the two dimensions of experiential value – economic benefit and service productivity – partially mediated the relationship between perceived salesperson reputation and both customer loyalty towards the salesperson and customer share of wallet. However, enjoyable interaction mediates only the relation among salesperson reputation and customer loyalty. The managerial implications are addressed.     

基于后金融危机时代消费者特征分析的营销策略创新

后金融危机时代消费者的心理行为特征表现为危机意识加剧、消费理性增强、消费需求紧缩、消费决策周期延长。企业营销策略应该根据消费者行为变化进行相应的调整和创新。     

A study in international marketing: The development of a consumer database marketing capability

This paper examines the reasons why Seagram Europe & Africa (SE&A) decided to develop their database marketing capability in Europe. The paper describes the environmental changes, external and internal, that led SE&A to re‐evaluate their marketing communications strategy and examine sponsorship and direct marketing opportunities for Europe. The paper focuses on the major issues SE&A addressed when weighing up the strategic role of database marketing. Finally, the key considerations in the development and implementation of an European‐wide database marketing discipline for the division are discussed.     

A citation analysis of selected marketing journals

Citation analysis is one method of assessing the quality of a journal in a discipline. Over eight thousand citations are analysed to determine the frequency of use of a selection of American and European marketing journals. The rankings demonstrate the pre-eminence of American journals; and an analysis of marketing citations by general business journals indicates that research published in marketing journals is having an impact on other business areas.