Lessons from the PB Selayang Land consolidation project in Medan, Indonesia

The National Land Agency (BPN) carried out the PB Selayang Land Consolidation (LC) Project on 79 ha of urban fringe land in Medan from 1986 to 1990 as a pilot project for North Sumatra Province. Although it did not include the construction of the network infrastructure, the project provided valuable benefits and lessons. It demonstrated the feasibility of the LC technique in the Medan context, including the preparation of the needed land parcel map of the site and the 90% landowner support for the project. It created a planned layout of roads and public facility sites and reshaped land parcels with the public lands in government ownership and the private land parcels with registered titles. It also provided lessons to guide the future use of LC in Medan and for all urban LC projects by BPN, including the need to incorporate the construction of the network infrastructure in each project, the desirability of undertaking the projects as joint BPN/ municipal government projects, and the need to make each project self-financing by the sale of some of the new parcels/plots to recover the project costs.     

对我国集体林区产权改革一些问题的认识

集体林产权改革必须尊重历史,尊重广大基本群众对土地和民生的基本诉求,切实维护他们对土地的基本权力,核心是公平,而不是效率,效率上的改革企图只能在局部成功。新一轮林业产权改革没有触及林业行政和政府服务体系的改革。建议:尽快彻底取消林业税费;加强林业产权制度、基层森林管理模式、利益分配机制的综合研究和试验;林业部门主动放弃“森林”和“环境”等主导名词,而代替为“林农”“、林业”和“林区“”三林问题”新的话语;用以购买农民的森林所有权和林地使用权寻求少数林区作为改革试点,探索林区社会福利事业生态路径和管理模式,探索集体林区森林国有化改革的道路;寻求多样化、有弹性的林业改革发展道路。     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

对中国集体林区产权改革诸问题的认识

集体林产权改革必须尊重历史,尊重广大基本群众对土地和民生的基本诉求,切实维护他们对土地基本的权力,核心是公平,而不是效率,效率上的改革企图只能在局部成功。应当清醒地认识到这次改革目标是有限的。为此提出了4点建议:(1)尽快彻底取消林业税费。(2)加强林业产权制度、基层森林管理模式、利益分配机制的综合研究和试验。(3)林业部门主动放弃“森林”和“环境”等主导名词,而代替为“林农”、“林业”和“林区”“三林问题”新的话语。寻求少数林区作为改革试点,探索林区社会福利事业生成路径和管理模式,用以购买农民的森林所有权和林地的使用权,探索集体林区森林国有化改革的道路。(4)寻求多样化、有弹性的林业改革发展道路。     

Management of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in Nigeria: Current challenges and future direction

Sites affected by petroleum hydrocarbons from oil exploitation activities have been identified as a major environmental and socio-economic problem in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The current Nigerian regulatory instruments to manage these contaminated sites are fragmented and the roles and responsibilities of government agencies, such as the Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR), and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), are not well defined. This lack of coordination has led to ineffective land contamination policy and poor enforcement more generally. Appropriate, risk-based policy instruments are needed to improve regulatory capacity, and to enhance the regulator's ability to manage new and existing petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated sites. Lessons can be learned from countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States America (USA) that have experience with the management and clean up of historically contaminated land. In this paper, we review the status of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites management in Nigeria and identify the gaps in existing policy and regulation. We review the contaminated land policies and regulation from the UK and the USA, and identify lessons that could be transferred to the Nigerian system. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations (e.g. source – pathway-receptor approach, soil screening criteria, clean-up funding, liability) that could enhance contaminated land legislation in Nigeria.     

土地整治对旱塬区耕地等别和粮食产能的影响

耕地资源是粮食生产和人类活动的基础,随着经济的快速稳定发展,土地资源与人类活动之间的矛盾日益凸显。为研究土地整治项目对耕地等别和粮食产能的影响,通过在千阳县水沟镇柿沟村实施土地整治项目,对原有荒草地进行综合整治和配套设施优化,整治为可重新利用的耕地,柿沟村土地利用面积增加了34.226 1hm^2,并通过田水路林的合理规划,既保证了耕地总量的动态平衡,又优化了区域内经济结构,有效改善了区域生态环境,并将耕地等别提高了一等,创造了193.59t的粮食产能。该项目的实施对渭北旱塬区土地整治项目的实施提供了理论依据和技术参考,将有力推动该区域土地整治项目的实施步伐。     

Tobacco,contract farming,and agrarian change in Zimbabwe

The growth of smallholder tobacco production since 2000 has been one of the big stories of Zimbabwe's post–land reform experience. Yet the implications for agrarian change, and the consequences for new relations between farmers, the state, and agribusiness capital have rarely been discussed. The paper reports on work carried out in the Mvurwi area of Mazowe district in Zimbabwe with a sample of 220 A1 (smallholder) farmers and 100 former farmworkers resident in compounds on the same farms. By going beyond a focus on operational and business dimensions of contract farming, the paper concludes with reflections on the implications for understanding agrarian relations and social differentiation in those areas of Zimbabwe where tobacco growing is now significant, with lessons more broadly on the political economy of contract farming, and the integration of agribusiness capital following land reform.     

基于使用权的农村土地增值收益分配改革思路

[目的]以公私兼顾、公平与效率兼顾的土地增值收益分配为目标,提出基于使用权的农村土地增值收益分配改革思路。[方法]通过理论联系实际,首先分析农村土地增值收益分配的逻辑基础,包括:公平的逻辑基础——土地增值收益来源,以及效率的逻辑基础——明晰的产权制度;然后以现有土地产权结构和实践经验为基础,完成新型农村土地增值收益分配改革思路的提炼。[结果]在现有产权制度框架下,提炼了一个基于使用权的农村土地增值收益分配改革思路与模式框架,并借鉴现阶段各地区的改革实践经验,探讨了未来可实现的具体模式与改革方向,最后提出了基于使用权的农村土地增值收益分配的制度保障。[结论]基于使用权的农村土地增值收益分配模式更好地发挥了市场在土地资源配置中的基础性作用,规避了现有土地增值收益分配模式的诸多弊端,较好地实现了公平与效率兼顾的农村土地增值收益分配目标。     

基于多时相高分辨率遥感影像的土地整治项目进展评价模型研究

研究目的：为进一步拓展土地整治遥感监测手段,本文以多时相高分辨率遥感数据为数据源,在土地整治工程地物信息提取基础上,构建形象进度评价模型以综合掌握项目实施进展。研究方法：挣值分析法,实证研究法,文献研究法。研究结果：从遥感影像提取的工程矢量信息分析评价结果符合项目实际进展。研究结论：在遥感监测信息提取的基础上,本文提出的工程形象进度评价模型可用于计算项目整体工程进展,评价项目进度情况,并找出导致项目进展缓慢的工程建设内容。     

韩国土地管理法律制度

系统介绍了韩国主要的土地管理法律制度及其内容 ,如土地利用计划管理制度、土地交易管制制度、土地征用管理制度、农地管理制度、土地租税征管制度、土地开发管理制度等 ,并对这些制度执行过程中的经验和教训等进行了深刻分析 ,为中国土地管理法制建设提供了借鉴和参考。     

Learning through practice? Learning from the REDD+ demonstration project,Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP) in Indonesia

Despite a growing recognition of the importance of social learning in governing and managing land use, the understanding and practice of learning has received limited attention from researchers. In global environmental programs and projects aimed at supporting sustainable land use in developing countries, learning is often promoted but without explicit learning goals. The focus may be on capacity building and community participation, and on testing policy tools, rather than on collaborative social learning. In this study, we looked behind the rhetoric of learning in the Kalimantan Forests and Climate Partnership (KFCP), a large demonstration project for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Indonesia. The novelty of such mechanisms, linked to international forest carbon outcomes, means that learning lessons provides a rationale for REDD+ pilot activities. We used a qualitative approach to examine the nature and type of learning that occurred in the KFCP. While the stated project aims were to support policy experimentation and apply learning, the project design was highly technical, and project decision-making did not explicitly encourage joint problem solving. Despite the project’s shortcomings, we identified that learning did occur by the end of the project in ways that were different to the initial goals. Our findings suggest that flexibility and openness in project design and implementation can enable different local actors to define shared learning agendas in ways that are meaningful for them. Designing and implementing environmental projects, and learning goals within them, should attend to the needs and aspirations of those who will have to live with their long-term consequences. Learning should be integrated into international environmental programs and projects at all levels, including for policy and funding bodies, rather than focusing on local capacity building and similar project ‘benefits’. Interviewees’ eagerness to learn suggests that building approaches to social learning into program design has the potential to yield opportunities for learning beyond REDD+ to other forms of policy experimentation and governance innovations.     

Managing China's pastoral lands: Current problems and future prospects

China has the second largest area of pastoral land in the world, and these lands and their peoples play a very beneficial role in the global environment. Because of China's huge population, rate of social reform, and economic development, the pastoral ecosystems are at a critical turning point. There is a conflict between national benefit and the land users (mainly herders) benefit. This paper introduces the scale of pastoral land, the history of its management institutions, past and current projects and programs, as well as the current framework of policy and law as relevant to land management. The challenges for pastoral management in terms of institutions, administration, technology and their shifting role in regional economies of scale are also analyzed. Opportunities for sustainable development in China's pastoral lands are presented. Finally, this paper highlights the available approaches for enhancing livelihoods and conserving pastoral land, including establishment of law and policy framework at the national level, redefining use rights for community management, promoting Integrated Ecosystem Management (IEM) as a basis for natural resource utilization, preserving and respecting cultural aspects of pastoral peoples, and shifting the focus from GDP generation to environmental protection.     

土地有偿使用改革与中国的城市发展--来自香港特别行政区公共土地批租制度的启示

研究目的:分析土地有偿使用改革对中国城市发展的意义及发展过程中出现的问题,与香港特别行政区的公共土地批租制度进行比较,探讨完善中国大陆土地有偿使用制度的方法与途经.研究方法:实证与比较研究.研究结果:借鉴香港特别行政区公共土地批租制度的经验教训,中国大陆应加快对土地权益的研究及相关法律规章的修订,逐步建立起房地产年税体系,同时强化政府对土地市场的宏观调控能力及对土地市场需求的适应性.研究结论:土地有偿使用改革对中国大陆城市发展的影响深远、意义重大,但和成熟的香港特别行政区公共土地批租制度相比,无论在经济上还是法律方面均存在诸多缺憾.     

Joint problem framing in sustainable land use research: Experience with Constellation Analysis as a method for inter- and transdisciplinary knowledge integration

Land use is an important field of interest regarding sustainability transformations. Research projects which deal with the multiple dimensions of sustainable land use usually apply an inter- and transdisciplinary design and are confronted with challenges of integrating heterogeneous knowledge.In this paper we refer to experience we had during the ELaN project, which followed a systemic approach by linking research on water and land management. Due to this relatively uncommon approach it was necessary to bring together scientists and practical actors as well as distributed knowledge from different areas of expertise. Considering the heterogeneity of the actors it was of great importance to establish a shared understanding of the research problem the project was to deal with during the initial phase. For this step the method of Constellation Analysis (CA) was applied: a visualisation and analysis tool which aims at joint problem framing by focusing on the dominant elements of a social-ecological problem and their relations in a discursive process. Due to the size of the project team and the necessity to involve a broad range of actors, a group of scientists led the iterative process and prepared CA drafts which were validated by practitioners. This design can be categorised as ‘consulting’ rather than ‘participatory’ transdisciplinarity. Proceeding this way can be seen as a compromise between more intense forms of transdisciplinary exchange and forms that are manageable when considering time and resource constraints in third-party funded projects.CA has proven to be a suitable tool for organising processes of mutual understanding between heterogeneous actors and fostering social integration in inter- and transdisciplinary research groups. In ELaN the main benefit of the process was an adjustment and enrichment of problem framing which was formulated in the project proposal thus contributing to integrated system knowledge as a basis for the interdisciplinary project consortium and involved practitioners. The insights gained during this process led to changes in the design of some of the sub-projects as well as the targeted end products. This experience confirms the importance of a structured process of joint problem framing in inter- and transdisciplinary projects, especially for thematic fields of such high complexity as land use research.     

Evaluating land administration projects in developing countries

There have been various approaches to evaluating and comparing the performance of land administration and land titling projects in developing countries. Many of these consider the efficiency of land administration processes and the capacity of institutions. This paper presents the results of research undertaken by the authors and considers the most common approaches taken to date, and the strengths and limitations of these approaches. The authors argue that improvements are needed to project design and make recommendations for more effective use of socio-economic analyses.     

重点工程项目建设用地跨部门协调机制探析

为建立重点工程项目跨部门协调机制做出新的尝试,为以后进一步的土地审批制度改革和《土地管理法》修订工作提供参考和借鉴,采用文献研究法、实地调研等方法,从现行"条块分割"行政体制、协调手段缺失、缺乏行政协助制度三方面剖析了重点工程项目跨部门协调机制不顺畅的深层次原因,借鉴其他国家和领域行政协助制度、部门间协调机制等先进管理经验,探索建立合理、科学的重点工程项目建设用地新型跨部门协调机制。     

土地整治项目绩效评价研究——以江西省为例

本文在分析土地整治项目绩效评价内涵及评价内容的基础上,用模糊层次分析法和多因素分值加和法,构建了江西省土地整治项目绩效评价指标体系,并对评价指标体系设定评分标准,更具有操作性。作者以江西省2010和2011年度土地整治示范建设147个子项目绩效评价为例,从项目绩效目标、项目资金情况、项目管理情况、项目产出情况和项目效益情况5个维度进行评价,并另附一票否决项作为附加指标,为土地整治项目绩效评价提供新的思路与方法,以期为完善土地整治项目效益评价体系,提高项目决策和管理工作水平提供科学依据。结果表明,江西省2010和2011年度土地整治示范建设项目绩效等级良好26个,占18%,其余为合格,无优差等级。     

神渭输煤管道建设项目土地复垦方案编制研究

研究目的：通过研究神渭输煤管道建设项目土地复垦方案编制研究,提出管道建设类项目土地复垦方案的编制方法和内容。研究方法：文献资料法,案例研究法。研究结果：跨多地形地貌区管道建设项目损毁土地具有点多、线长的特点,其对土地损毁程度主要为中度和重度损毁。此类项目土地复垦适宜性评价宜采用参比法。土地复垦工程设计主要为土壤重构工程、植被重建工程和监测与管护工程。研究结论：管道建设类项目具有与生产类项目不同的特点,其复垦方案有其特殊之处,论文的研究成果可为编制跨多地形地貌区输煤管道项目复垦方案提供参考。     

Towards a transformational hydraulic engineering project for the territory: A focus on the Working With People (WWP) model

Hydraulic engineering projects have traditionally been carried out from a predominantly technical point of view, which on occasions ignores the needs of the territory in which they are based and the possibilities that water resources provide as a development factor.The implementation of projects that were not adequately suited to the needs of the environment and its population has led to many issues that have directly had an effect on their implementation and operation. As a result, one of the objectives in recent years has been to resolve these issues; with many authors turning to participative models linked to social theory in order to achieve this. However, they have been unable to agree on a model or outline the objectives that the project should seek to achieve. This article explores how the use of a planning model based on social learning and the develop “by” people and not “for” people principle, Working with People, in a water supply hydraulic engineering project (PANIATS), implemented originally from a purely technical perspective, is able to strengthen it, facilitate understanding amongst the population and generate new projects associated with the original project such as the agricultural transformation of 2089ha of irrigable land. All of this leads to the creation of social capital and development that makes the project a transformational factor within the territory.     

中国土地利用分区研究综述

研究目的:阐述国内土地利用分区研究现状与问题,提出改进建议。研究方法:文献资料法,对比法。研究结果:从理论和方法两方面总结了自20世纪60年代以来中国土地利用分区的研究历程:(1)分区依据从自然因素到社会经济因素再到生态环境因素,由单一走向综合;(2)主要从行政区划和自然地理单元两种尺度空间开展土地利用分区研究;(3)分区方法经历了由定性为主,到定性与定量相结合,再过渡到"3S"技术大量应用为主三个阶段;(4)存在土地利用分区理论研究有待深化,面对土地管理的土地利用分区方法有待统一规范,土地利用分区技术手段需要更新等问题。研究结论:建议结合试点,在中国开展土地利用主体功能分区的理论与方法研究,完善土地利用分区制度体系。