论刑罚裁量个别化的实现

作为刑罚个别化的核心内容,刑罚裁量个别化的实质是,将犯罪人的人身危险性这一犯罪的主观因素纳入量刑,从而在司法层面弥补现行刑法只注重犯罪行为的社会危害性,忽略犯罪人人身危险性的不足,使宽严相济的刑事司法政策和人性化审判思路得以实现。本文通过对刑罚个别化制度的研究,结合审判实践,提出了刑罚裁量个别化的实现路径。     

简论我国刑事自首制度的相关问题

一、我国自首的本质和意义 根据修订后《刑法》第六十七条规定，自首是指行为人在犯罪以后自动投案，如实供述自己罪行的行为，是依据“惩办与宽大相结合”的刑事政策，而由我国《刑法》规定的一项量刑制度。这种刑罚制度是以犯罪分子实施了犯罪行为为前提条件的．其本质在于犯罪分子犯罪之后愿意对其实施的犯罪行为承担刑事责任，     

共同话语框架下的宽严相济刑事政策讨论

一、理论与现实的博弈：分层的前提性厘定 每一项理论的提出都载述着一定的政策关怀，寄托着民众的美好愿望。刑事政策也不例外，它是犯罪论和刑罚论背后的“指挥家”，尤其是刑罚制度，它是研究刑事政策的核心。我们要探讨宽严相济的刑事政策，首先需要厘清其含义、摸清其由来、寻找出其存在的合理性，这样能够为其分层讨论提供前提性准备。     

浅谈金融凭证诈骗及金融管理

我国的金融凭证诈骗罪，是指使用伪造、变造的委托收款凭证、汇款凭证、银行存单等其他银行结算凭证，骗取他人财物，数额较大的行为。金融凭证诈骗罪与其他刑事犯罪一样，具有严重的危害性，刑事违法性的基本特征。（1）严重的社会危害性。一切犯罪行为，之所以要被界定为犯罪，首先是因为严重地危害了社会。金融凭证诈骗罪所危害的是国家的金融秩序。在社会主义市场经济条件下，金融业担负着调整国民经济正常运行的重要使命，金融秩序如果遭到破坏，对我国市场经济来说，无疑等于釜底抽薪。我国社会主义经济基础将会从根本上被动摇，进而威胁到社会主义制度本身，我国二十多年来改革开放的成果将会付之东流。（2）刑事违法性。严重的社会危害性是构成犯罪的必要前提，但并不是所有具备刑事危害性的行为都是犯罪，因为犯罪行为除具有严重的社会危害性之外，还应当具备刑事违法性的特征。刑事违法性是指违反刑法规范，具体到金融凭证诈骗罪，不仅严重违反了《银行法》、《票据法》等金融法规，也直接触犯了刑法，是严重社会危害性和刑事违法性的统一。（3）应受刑事处罚性。犯罪与刑罚具有必然的联系，刑法法规对于犯罪的调整手段即刑事处罚。同对待其他刑事犯罪一样，刑事处罚将依法适用于金融诈骗罪的主体，包括自然人与法人。     

宽严相济刑事政策与刑法三大原则的统一

面对当今的犯罪状况和司法困境,宽严相济的刑事政策是我国必然的选择。如何正确认识并积极准确地贯彻这一刑事政策,有机结合好办理案件的法律效果、社会效果、政治效果,直接关乎社会主义和谐社会的建设。党的十八届四中全会对政策和法律的关系有了新的阐述,宽严相济刑事政策与刑法尤其是刑法的基本原则的关系成为了值得探讨的话题。坚持政策与法律的一致性,促进政策和法律的互联互动,是宽严相济刑事政策和刑法三大原则统一的前提。     

当代刑事政策视野中的犯罪被害预防

当前,世界各国犯罪预防的一个明显转变就是从被动的预防犯罪到主动的预防犯罪;从法律制止到物质制止从立足于行为人预防转向被害人预防。犯罪被害人学研究表明,要真正实现减少社会的犯罪,仅仅从犯罪人和潜在犯罪人这一角度考虑是不够的。而这一理论和实践结果与当代刑事政策的理念也是相符的。当代刑事政策正是强调了预防性措施,也把市民社会融入其主体之中,这更加巩固了犯罪被害预防的地位。     

再犯罪问题研究

有前科人员再犯罪是指曾经受过刑事处罚或劳教过的人员,在刑罚(或劳教)的执行过程中或执行完毕后又再次犯罪.再犯罪人员的增加,对社会稳定造成了重大影响,同时再犯罪人员的多少和比例大小,直接反映了刑罚的有效性和刑罚执行的效果.根据办理过的刑事案件数据,对再犯罪特点、原因进行分析,并提出预防措施,以进一步加强对罪犯的教育改造,实现刑罚目的.     

宽严相济刑事司法政策在审查批捕中的应用

宽严相济作为我们党和国家的一项重要的刑事司法政策，是在构建和谐社会的背景下确立的、我国当前及今后相当长的一个时期内应当坚持的刑事司法政策．也是检察工作的基础原则之一。而在审查批捕过程中，正确理解、合理运用宽严相济的刑事司法政策。把惩罚与教育的刑法目的贯彻到司法实践中。实现惩治犯罪和保障人权的有机统一，可能推动司法文明．增进社会和谐。     

商业贿赂的危害及刑法规制

商业贿赂在政治、经济、社会等方面危害着社会,对社会的发展造成很大的阻碍。中国要遏止目前盛行的商业贿赂,刑法上有三个方面需要完善:一是要完善针对商业贿赂犯罪的刑事立法;二是要完善针对商业贿赂犯罪的刑事司法,三是要完善针对商业贿赂犯罪的刑罚制度。     

论构建我国刑事和解制度的必要性

刑罚的轻缓化是刑罚发展的内在要求,是人类社会进步的重要标志。刑罚的轻缓化发展趋势为我国刑事和解制度的构建提供了正当性基础。同时刑事和解制度也是宽严相济刑事政策提出后的一项后续措施,有其重要的理论创新意义和实践意义,本文就我国刑事和解制度的必要性进行了阐述。     

Theories of punishment and empirical trends in corporate criminal sanctions

Economists who have studied crime and punishment have long advocated imposing an ‘optimal penalty’ equal to harm divided by the probability of detection. Recent theoretical advances have augmented this theory in the context of corporate crime, by examining the role of individuals within an organization convicted of crime. This revised theory takes into account the principal-agent relationship inherent in the employer-employee contract. This paper reviews optimal penalty theory as it applies to corporate crime, and derives its testable implications. These empirical implications are then tested against a sample of organizations convicted of federal crimes in the USA. It is shown that current prosecutorial and sentencing practice is consistent with optimal penalty theory to the extent that it calls for (1) increased sanctions with increased harm, and (2) increased individual liability when the organization cannot afford to compensate for the harm imposed. Several other empirical issues are examined, including the penalty for going to trial and the ‘deep pocket’ effect.     

智能视频监控技术在监狱中的应用

智能视频监控技术将被动监控变为主动监控,将监狱监控系统的事后分析变为事中分析和事前预警。监狱作为国家的刑罚执行机关,担负着维护社会安宁和稳定、预防和减少犯罪的重要职能,更需要运用现代科技手段来保证职能的履行。本文在分析智能视频监控技术的基础上,探讨了其在监狱中的具体应用。     

试论我国老年人刑罚从宽处理原则之合理性

老年人刑罚从宽处理原则是我国《刑法修正案(八)》的重要内容。这一原则不仅符合法律面前人人平等、罪责刑相适应的刑法基本精神,符合公平正义的法治精神,具有现实的法律意义,而且顺应了当代法律的发展趋势。     

Turning from crime: A dynamic perspective

This paper examines criminal choice using a variant of the human capital model. The innovation of our approach is that it attempts to disaggregate individual capital, not unlike production-based studies which disaggregate physical capital into equipment and structures. We disaggregate an individual’s capital stock into the standard human capital component as well as a utility generating component that we call social capital. In our set-up, social capital is used to account for the influence of social norms on the decision to participate in crime. This is done by modeling the stigma of arrest as a reduction in the individual’s social capital stock. We also allow individuals to account for the impact of their criminal actions on their probability of arrest. In order to estimate the structural parameters underlying the model, we make use of computationally intensive methods involving simulated generalized method of moments and value function approximation. The empirical results, based on panel data from the Delinquency in a Birth Cohort II Study, support the social capital model of crime and reveal significant state dependence in the decision to participate in crime.     

What is the best way to impede a central bank?

Recent work has found several ways of restricting central bank behavior to achieve much of the gain of commitment over discretion. This paper compares three such impediments: A quadratic penalty on interest rate changes, a fixed penalty on any rate change, and forced infrequency of rate change. All three achieve significant improvement over discretion, and often come close to interest rate rule commitment. The fixed penalty is frequently the best performing restriction, although the quadratic penalty does best in certain alternative parameterizations. Combinations are found to provide no improvement over the individual impediments alone.     

Entrepreneurship and Innovation at the Base of the Pyramid: A Recipe for Inclusive Growth or Social Exclusion?

Policy makers often see entrepreneurship as a panacea for inclusive growth in underdeveloped ‘Base of the Pyramid’ (BOP) regions, but it may also lead to unanticipated negative outcomes such as crime and social exclusion. Our objective is to improve the understanding of how entrepreneurship policies can lead to socially inclusive growth at the BOP. Drawing on data collected from Brazilian tourism destinations with varying entrepreneurship, innovation, and social inclusion policies, we argue that weak institutions coupled with alert entrepreneurs encourage destructive outcomes, especially if entrepreneurship policies are based solely on economic indicators. Policies addressing both economic and social perspectives may foster more productive entrepreneurial outcomes, albeit at a more constrained economic pace. The study extends the related BOP, entrepreneurship, global value chain, and sustainable tourism literatures by examining the poor as entrepreneurs, the role of local innovation, and how entrepreneurship policies generate different social impacts within poor communities.     

state Lotteries and Crime

A bstract . The impact of having a state lottery on the rate of crime against property in that state is estimated. Arguments in the standard economic model of criminal activity employed here include the unemployment rate, real income per capita, presence of the death penalty in the state as a proxy for general severity of punishment , police officers per capita, the percentage of population between the ages of 5 and 24, and the presence of a state lottery. Because the decision of a state to operate a lottery may correlate with crime rates, a selectivity model was run to extract any bias, but no such bias was found. The analysis used data for the 50 states plus the District of Columbia from 1970 through 1984. The results suggest that presence of a state lottery is associated with a crime rate higher by about 3 percent, an effect both statistically significant and practically important.     

青少年犯罪的物质与心理原因——基于阿德勒“自卑”与“补偿”的视角

青少年犯罪已成为困扰当今世界各国的一个严重社会问题,团伙犯罪是其突出特点。从心理学家阿德勒"自卑感"与"补偿"理论出发,拓展出对青少年团伙犯罪研究的新视角,同时对冀东地区团伙犯罪青少年进行了抽样调查,将理论探讨与实证研究相结合,分析了青少年团伙犯罪的心理原因,即自卑感的来源和过度补偿的表现方式,并引申出对于预防青少年犯罪的两点建议。     

‘Old age’ and Ageism in Urban Research: The Case of Fear of Crime

A critique has recently been made of research and theory on ageing in spatial research, arguing for the development of approaches which are informed by critical theoretical perspectives. Perhaps the most significant of these is the recognition that ‘old age’ is culturally constructed. This paper illustrates the value of such an approach with reference to understanding of fear of crime. It is suggested that many difficulties with past research result from epistemological problems, including ageism. A number of assumptions about elderly people and crime can be contested if scrutiny is informed by humanistic, feminist and social constructionist perspectives. Drawing on in depth interviews with elderly people, some of the problems and prospects of work on old age are discussed. Age is only one dimension by which people situate themselves and are situated by others in relation to the risk of crime. Local contexts, life course experiences and other social identities are involved in the constitution of fear for each individual. While the role of ageing can be understood within a framework of power relations, its positive as well as negative impacts on reactions to crime require representation. Similar analysis could profitably be developed in other areas of urban research.     

FINANCIAL CRIME IN AUSTRALIA

Financial crime is increasingly seen as a threat to the integrity of Australia's important financial sector. This paper examines the difficulties of evaluating the costs of financial crime and considers specific initiatives that have been undertaken in recent years to combat such activities.