当前我国宏观经济形势与财政政策取向

世界经济在2009年第一季度仍然持续着2008年以来的下滑趋势,中国经济依然处在震荡期,经济增速下滑的趋势没有根本改变,但经济发展中的积极因素增多。在财政减收和财政支出快速增加的大背景下,本文以蒙代尔—弗莱明模型为基础,提出了适度宽松货币政策和新积极财政政策的搭配方案:积极财政政策对国民经济各领域全面、协调、快速推进,适度宽松货币政策着力激活资本市场,并根据人民币国际化的进程,推进国际货币体系的协作框架机制。     

Fiscal Policy,Public Debt and the World Crisis

This study summarizes a theory of the origin of the current world economic crisis and the role of fiscal policy in mitigating its effect. The perspective is dynamic stochastic general equilibrium analysis. Overall, the model analysis suggests a strong case for fiscal policy if the monetary authority is unable/unwilling to close the output gap. This remains the case, even when explicitly taking into account public debt dynamics.     

The Public Accounts and Fiscal Policy

This article discusses the economy–wide effects of fiscal policy and major features of public outlays, receipts and debt trends in Australia.     

积极财政政策与财政风险问题分析

1998年以来,为了应对通货紧缩的经济形势,政府实施积极财政政策,运用财政"反周期调节",刺激国内需求,拉动经济回升.但是,积极财政政策是一把"双刃剑",既可以发挥治理通货紧缩的积极作用,同时也会带来负面影响,如果运用不好,将会产生很大的财政风险.为了确保国家财政安全与稳健运行,有必要对积极财政政策可能产生的风险进行分析和把握,并积极采取措施加以防范和化解,避免潜在的财政风险转化为财政危机.     

Political and Fiscal Risk Determinants of Sovereign Spreads in Emerging Markets

Using a panel of 46 emerging market economies from 1997 to 2008, this paper investigates the key determinants of country risk premiums as measured by sovereign bond spreads. Unlike previous studies, the results indicate that both political and fiscal factors matter for credit risk in emerging markets. Lower levels of political risk are associated with tighter spreads, particularly during financial turmoil. Efforts at fiscal consolidation narrow credit spreads, especially in countries with high initial public debt levels. The composition of fiscal policy also matters as higher public investment lowers spreads as long as the fiscal position remains sustainable and the fiscal deficit does not worsen.     

Welfare Analysis of a Fiscal Reconstruction Policy in an Overlapping Generations Economy with Public Investment

Constructing an endogenously growing overlapping generations model with public investment, we examine the welfare effects of a fiscal reconstruction policy. In this paper we define a fiscal reconstruction policy as a policy where the government reduces its spending level without changing the tax revenue and allocates the surplus of the revenue to redeem public debt. We show that if government spending is not productive it is possible that a fiscal reconstruction policy improves the utilities of both the current and future generations, while if government spending is productive it can harm the utilities of both generations. Received February 26, 2002; revised version received July 8, 2002 Published online: February 17, 2003     

Structural Deficits and Fiscal Policy Stance in Australia, 1966–67 to 1988–89

This study adjusts the total deficit (or net public sector borrowing requirement) of the whole of the public sector in Australia for the effects of changes in both the level of economic activity and the implicit tax that inflation imposes on the holders of government bonds. Both adjustments are important, even when looking at year-to-year changes in the structural deficit. When the stance of fiscal policy is measured by the structural deficit as a percentage of gross domestic product, four years stand out as years of major changes. In each of the years 1973-74, 1979-80 and 1987-88 the stance of fiscal policy was substantially tightened with the abrupt tightening in 1979-80 being the largest change, though not much larger than that in 1973-74. By far the biggest change relaxing the stance of fiscal policy was in 1983-84, and the change in this year was the biggest of any change in either direction in the period.     

积极财政政策与私人投资关系的区域差异——基于中国东、中、西部面板数据的检验与分析

本文利用面板数据模型分别考察了积极财政政策对我国东、中、西部私人投资增长和差异的影响.分析表明,积极财政政策对东、中、西部的私人投资具有一定的正向影响,从而证实了积极财政政策的有效性.本文通过地方财政各项支出对私人投资产生的影响分析,表明东、中、西部要根据自身的经济发展水平来安排财政支出的结构.     

Fiscal Policy, Monetary Policy and the Exchange Rate

Domestic fiscal and monetary policy settings can influence the strength of the Australia dollar in a number of different ways.     

创新激励:公共财税政策的工具选择

自主创新是一国兴旺发达的不竭动力,是国与国之间科技竞争的焦点。由于技术创新存在市场失灵,所以政府有必要利用政策工具实施干预,以促进本国自主创新事业的发展。从我国实施自主创新政策选择的必要性分析入手,通过对技术创新的理论剖析,得出政府必须运用财税政策实施干预,以及如何进行自主创新导向的财税政策选择。     

全球金融危机下我国公共就业政策的取向与改进策略

失业是宏观经济学研究的重要问题。传统失业理论关于应对外部冲击的研究主要集中在商业周期与劳动力流动性的关系上,缺乏对就业政策是通过何种路径来对冲击做出反应的分析及对策研究。当前,在全球金融危机条件下,受到出口需求大幅减少和经济增速减缓等因素影响,外部冲击对我国就业的影响十分显著。研究显示,就业政策应对危机的重要路径和传导机制是优化劳动力市场环境,提高匹配效率。因此,就业政策应向积极的就业政策转变,提高职业指导、就业培训水平和改善劳动力市场的效率。     

Sovereign Risk, FDI Spillovers, and Growth

This paper studies the effect of sovereign risk on capital flows from rich to poor nations in the context of a two-country model, where Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) creates positive externalities in domestic production. We show that if externalities are large, a developing country never expropriates foreign assets, and behaves as under perfect enforcement of foreigners' property rights, jumping to the steady state in one period. If externalities are absent, a developing country always expropriates foreign assets and, then, there are no capital flows in equilibrium, as occurs in autarky. If externalities are of a medium size, our model can account for scarce capital flows from rich to poor nations, as well as other key features of the data, such as rising-over-time patterns of foreign capital and FDI in developing countries. In addition, the model offers an economic rationale for the FDI restrictions observed across nations.     

我国财政农业投入的理论阐释与政策优化

农业是国民经济的基础,是关系国计民生的重要部门。鉴于农业的基础性和弱质性决定了财政在必要时给予农业的支持和保护,我国在总体上已经进入以工促农、以城带乡、工业反哺农业的历史阶段,农业的稳定发展是国民经济持续、稳定发展的重要因素。勿庸置疑,农业仍然是我国国民经济的弱势产业,农业与国民经济整体发展不协调的矛盾日益凸显。如何解决这些矛盾,促进农民增收,缩小城乡差距,是＂十二五＂时期乃至今后很长一段时期的重要任务。如何进一步扩大公共财政覆盖农村的范围,建立财政农业投入资金稳定增长机制,是财政农业投入政策的关键所在。本文首先对我国财政农业投入的必要性进行理论探讨;其次,分析我国财政农业投入存在的主要问题;最后,提出未来一段时期我国财政农业投入的政策取向。     

积极财政政策的风险问题探讨

积极财政政策的风险问题是政府利用扩张性财政政策干预经济过程中必须注意解决的一个重要问题。积极财政政策可能产生的风险类型主要有债务风险、通货膨胀风险和体制风险。我国目前所实行的积极财政政策在短期和长期内都存在一定的风险,应尽早采取措施以防其危害我国的经济发展。     

Investment Cycles and Sovereign Debt Overhang

We characterize optimal taxation of foreign capital and optimal sovereign debt policy in a small open economy where the government cannot commit to policy, seeks to insure a risk-averse domestic constituency, and is more impatient than the market. Optimal policy generates long-run cycles in both sovereign debt and foreign direct investment in an environment in which the first best capital stock is a constant. The expected tax on capital endogenously varies with the state of the economy, and investment is distorted by more in recessions than in booms, amplifying the effect of shocks. The government's lack of commitment induces a negative correlation between investment and the stock of government debt, a "debt overhang" effect. Debt relief is never Pareto improving and cannot affect the long-run level of investment. Furthermore, restricting the government to a balanced budget can eliminate the cyclical distortion of investment.     

财政政策调整对私人部门投资的影响——基于政策需求和供给管理更迭的思考

本文梳理了中国近20余年来财政政策调整及其与私人部门投资之间的内在联系。在应对两次金融危机时,中国实施的积极财政政策以需求管理为主,通过扩大财政赤字、增加政府投资等总量刺激政策改善市场需求拉动企业投资。2011年经济进入增速放缓期后,财政政策逐渐侧重供给管理,但在一定时期仍采用供需两端双管齐下的模式进行调控。除受市场整体需求收缩影响外,中国金融机构存款余额与社会融资规模存量之间差距扩大,以及企业二元产权结构内生出的融资成本分化现象逐步成为制约总量性财政政策效应发挥的关键。2016年后因结构性问题凸显,财政政策偏向以供给管理为主,如实施税收改革、减税降费等政策。在"十四五"这一重要战略机遇期,财税体制改革的发力点仍在于稳定总量与结构调整并行,采取加强政府债务融资管理、进一步调整减税方向、平衡不同所有制企业的投资结构等措施,激发微观主体投资活力。     

试论积极财政政策的体制风险

积极财政政策的运用存在着影响市场经济体制正常运行的风险。这种体制风险有三种表现形式。财政扩张过程主要在政府资源占有规模、作用范围及财政决策等层面对市场体制产生不利影响。对我国1998年以来积极财政政策的体制风险进行分析，并通过对财政规模的迅速扩张、财政支出结构的非公共化以及收入分配政策公平与效率偏差等问题的分析，可以说明积极财政政策体制风险的现实存在及其原因，并能有针对性地采取防范体制风险的有效措施。     

我国积极财政政策风险及其防范

积极财政政策实施近3年来,在拉动经济增长方面起了一定的积极作用,但其风险也逐渐凸现出来.在发挥积极财政政策作用的同时,应积极有效地防范财政政策的风险一是在积极财政政策目标上要从片面追求年度经济增长转移到确保国民经济可持续发展上来;二是积极财政政策着力点应从拉动需求转移到改善供给上来;三是对财政政策工具的运用必须注意协调配合,同时要注意财政政策与其他经济政策及经济制度的密切配合,并处理好财政政策作用与市场机制作用的关系.