对铁路工程价差系数的探讨

铁路工程目前的价差调整方式主要是采用相对于某种编制办法的基期价每年(或季度)由铁道部发布材料价差系数进行价差调整,本文阐述了铁路工程价差系数的发展过程及其特点,定量地分析了太中银项目"某项目部"铁路价差系数对其工程造价的影响,对铁路工程项目的材料价差调整具有一定的指导意义。     

Reconstructing british rail: In search of a profitable railway

The objective of a profitable British Rail might be achieved by a segregation of its operating services and its permanent way (infrastructure). In the absence of a system of road pricing, only the operating services have the potential to be profitable. A segregation of railway operating services and infrastructure is also supported by an examination of fundamental characteristics of all modes of transport. While operating services exhibit the characteristics of competitive markets, infrastructure tends to monopoly. The reconstruction of British Rail in this way would improve the provision of transport services, by allowing competitive market pressures to be exerted more fully.     

COVID-19 crisis and the efficiency of Indian banks: Have they weathered the storm?

The purpose of this study is to determine whether Indian banks were able to weather the COVID-19 storm. We estimate banks’ deposits-generating and operating efficiencies using a two-stage directional distance function-based network data envelopment analysis (DDF-NDEA) approach and seek to capture the immediate impact of COVID-19 on these efficiency measures by comparing their magnitudes in the pre-pandemic (2014/15–2019/20), just 1-year prior to the pandemic (2019/20), and during the pandemic year (2020/21) periods. The study looks at whether the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic was uniform across ownership types and size classes. The empirical findings suggest that the Indian banking system was resilient and withstood the immediate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. During the study period, however, the large and medium-sized banks experienced some efficiency losses. By and large, regardless of bank group, banks have shown resilience to the shock of the global health pandemic and improvements in efficiency.     

亚马逊开放物流背后的阴影

电商企业在疯狂"烧钱"之后的尴尬,也呼吁其亟需从"做规模"向"做赢利"的转变。3月29日,亚马逊中国宣布,正式推出"全球开店"业务,即亚马逊的物流系统向国内众多电商中小企业开放,为更多的中小型企业提供国际化电子商务解决方案。亚马逊中国称,此举是欲借助其完整的     

Using the social system of a supply chain to improve a focal organization’s operating performance

In this paper, we explore how a large organization, operating in a mature, asset-intensive industry, used the social system of a key supply chain to generate significant improvement in operating performance (e.g., inventory turnover ratio improved from 0.8 to 3.2 in 5?years). A case study approach was used to study a steel rail supply chain involving an Australian railway company as the focal company. This supply chain consisted of two other companies: a steel manufacturer and a bulk transporter. Multiple forms of data were collected and analyzed, including models and process maps of the supply chain, published and internal documents, Enterprise Resource Planning system reports, and in-depth interviews of 31 key personnel involved in the supply chain. We found that the organizations had invested heavily in formal systems, such as governance processes and information technology systems. However, it was the informal mechanisms across and within the social system which made the greatest contribution to the resulting improvements. This suggests that organizations may be able to achieve significant operating performance outcomes at far lower cost and in shorter time frames by working through the existing social systems instead of focusing excessively on formal governance and IT systems.     

商业银行运营特征的DEA估计研究

数据包络分析是一种评价决策单元相对效率的有效工具,商业银行是数据包络分析方法的重要应用领域。之前的文献一般都集中于对商业银行的技术效率评价进行研究,而本文对商业银行的技术效率、纯技术效率、规模效率、成本效率、投入配置效率、收益效率与产出配置效率的评价方法作了系统性的研究。     

Distinguishing external from internal scale effects: The case of public infrastructure

The recent applied production theory literature focusing on the economic performance of firms has increasingly recognized the importance of scale effects on costs and therefore efficiency. These scale effects may include short run returns due to fixity of privately demanded inputs (i.e., capital, long run internal returns to scale, and external factors affecting costs. Since these different types of scale effects can be thought of as shifts in and movements along cost curves, the different cost effects of such factors can be identified in a framework which explicitly takes them into account in the definition ofscale.In this article we formalize such a framework, and then use it to measure short run, long run (internal) and external scale effects from fixity of private capital, nonconstant returns to scale and public infrastructure. We then use these measures to identify the impacts of these different scale factors on productivity growth. The focus on public infrastructure as an important external scale factor is motivated by the current theoretical and policy interest in this issue; we show how a structural production theory model provides a rich basis for the analysis of the cost effects of infrastructure investment.     

Estimating the benefits of effectively and proactively maintaining infrastructure with the innovative Smart Infrastructure sensor system

An innovative sensor system, designated ‘Smart Infrastructure,’ is being developed jointly by Cambridge University in the United Kingdom and Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States. This system provides real-time wireless information about the state of critical infrastructure. The Smart Infrastructure sensors are designed to monitor infrastructure, such as water pipelines, as well as to increase their capabilities for purposes of efficient maintenance. This paper presents a forecasting model that assesses the possible impacts of Smart Infrastructure technology currently being applied to the British water pipe market. In doing so, we identify key benefits of proactively managing infrastructure with such new technology. A probabilistic cost benefit analysis, which takes into account future uncertainty, is conducted using a Monte Carlo simulation. Our findings suggest that if the Smart Infrastructure sensor system is applied to water pipelines in the British market, there are likely to be significant economic benefits. They could be realised by avoiding disruption and damage costs (including water loss) due to water pipe bursts, as well as by reducing annual operating and maintenance costs. The mean cumulative net present value of savings derived from the case scenario for the period through year 2056 was estimated at US$ 23.7 billion.     

简论我国铁路物流产业政策体系

阐述了我国铁路物流产业政策体系的基本内容;分析了我国铁路物流产业的主要缺陷;提出将我国铁路物流产业政策体系按照政策调整对象分为铁路物流基础设施与物流网点政策、铁路物流设备与工具政策、铁路物流效率化政策等方面,并提出相应的完善措施。     

The impact of technological change on bank performance

Quarterly call report data for 225 banks over twenty-six quarters are used to estimate a quadratic cost function to provide a measure of technological change within the banking industry. The nature of the relationship between technological change and bank performance is then examined. A logit model is formulated to estimate the likelihood that banks will display a positive level of technological development. Return on assets and return on equity are selected as measures of banking performance. The results suggest that technological change is significantly related to over-all banking performance. Finally, a significant relationship is indicated between bank size and profitability and the rate at which banks implement technological change.     

NEW LABOUR, PUBLIC–PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS AND RAIL TRANSPORT POLICY

The New Labour government has favoured the deployment of Public–Private Partnerships (PPPs) to provide investment in transport infrastructure. The results of this policy on the railways have, however, been disappointing in terms of cost and efficiency. Public transport PPPs require complex contracts underpinned by regulatory mechanisms in order to maintain performance and safety standards. Moreover, risk transfer is difficult to achieve, as essential infrastructure cannot be left to the ultimate market discipline of bankruptcy.     

高速铁路低压供电系统漏电保护浅析

分析了高速铁路低压供电系统漏电保护装置的分类、基本原理、主要技术参数,以及在运行维护中应注意的事项;便于提高铁路供电系统的可靠性,减少安全事故,提高运行单位的经济效益和社会效益。     

铁路建设项目投资的博弈分析

论文主要研究在没有直通铁路的两地之间，以BOT方式投资修建铁路线路时，投资者与铁路运输客户之间的博弈分析。作者采用完全信息动态博弈模型，通过分析铁路建设成本、运营成本、安全成本等因素，计算新建铁路可能的吸引运量，由此推导投资者的最优投入资本量和铁路建成后的最优运价。论文还依据以上博弈分析过程，得到了关于铁路项目采用BOT方式建设的一些重要结论。     

铁路工程架子队管理模式存在的问题与对策

为适应大规模铁路建设需要,进一步规范铁路建设项目施工用工行为,杜绝铁路建设项目"违法转包、分包",确保铁路工程的质量和施工安全,创新劳务管理模式,自铁道部《关于积极倡导架子队管理模式的指导意见》(铁建设【2008】51号)文发布以来,笔者所在的项目部通过在项目上的推广和实施,对架子队的标准化建设进行探索与研究,指出架子队管理模式中存在的难点及在实施过程中存在的问题,并对架子队管理创新的进行了研究。     

Productivity and efficiency dynamics in Indian banking: An input distance function approach incorporating quality of inputs and outputs

Banking technology is typically characterized by multiple inputs and multiple outputs that are associated with various attributes, such as different types of deposits, loans, number of accounts, classes of employees and location of branches. These quality differentials in inputs and outputs are mostly ignored in empirical studies. These omissions make the practical value of productivity studies in organizations like banks questionable because quality is a key component of performance. This paper proposes using hedonic aggregator functions (as a tool of aggregating inputs and outputs with quality attributes) within an input distance function framework and analyzes the impact of banking deregulation on efficiency and total factor productivity (TFP) change in the Indian banking industry using panel data for the period 1996–2005. Empirical results indicate that banks have improved their efficiency (from 61% in 1996 to 72% in 2005) during the post‐deregulation period, and the gain in efficiency of state‐owned banks has surpassed that of private banks. Improvement in capital base, as indicated by increased capital adequacy ratio, played an important role in ushering efficiency gain. The return to scale estimate suggests that state‐owned banks are operating far above their efficient scale and cost savings can be obtained by reducing their size of operations. Overall, TFP growth was above 3.5% annually. Both technical progress and technical efficiency change consistently played an important role in shaping TFP growth. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

上市公司资本结构与业绩相关性的实证研究

上市公司资本结构与业绩之间存在双向互动的相关关系。现有研究大多都是在一组样本中只选择一个业绩指标来检验上市公司资本结构与业绩之间的单向相关性。本文在同一组样本中选取了包括每股收益、加权平均净资产收益率、主营业务利润率和总资产利润率在内的多个业绩指标同时对上市公司资本结构与业绩的相关性进行双向回归分析,得出了“资本结构与多个业绩指标之间的双向相关关系均为负相关关系”的结论,并在对这个结论产生的原因进行分析的基础上,提出了在优化我国上市公司资本结构的同时提高公司业绩的对策建议。     

An Assessment of the Performance of Indian State-Owned Enterprises

We examine the determinants of performance of 68 Indian state-owned enterprises in the manufacturing sector for a five-year period: 1987 to 1991. Relative performance is determined using data envelopment analysis, with variations in performance patterns subsequently explained using regression analysis. We note that the performance of firms in the Indian state-owned sector is characterized by both, low performance, as well as significant and systematic variations in the performance parameters. Size is positively associated and age negatively associated with efficiency. Further, economic liberalization and reforms aimed at improving the performance of state-owned firms induces efficiency gains over time. This heterogeneity within the state-owned sector has policy implications, which we discuss. In countries which have privatized large numbers of their state-owned firms, it is often the larger establishments which have been sold to the public. The state-owned firms in the manufacturing sector that can be candidates for privatization are the smaller and older manufacturing firms. These firms may also be easier to dispose of to private investors. This finding reinforces our central thesis that firm-level analysis within the state-owned sector is useful and important for generating pragmatic policy guidelines.     

铁路物流企业经营效益提升的路径探究

自我国实施铁路体制改革后,铁路物流市场的竞争愈加激烈。跨国物流企业逐步融入我国的运输、仓储和货运代理等行业,对铁路物流企业的成长带来了极大的挑战。随着国家铁路体制的不断变革,体制性的活力不断释放,这又给我国铁路物流企业的发展带来了较多的机遇。在铁路物流企业经营效益提升过程中,要以服务质量提升为根本,树立良好的企业形象,以扩充多种经营为关键,不断增加各项收入。     

对高速铁路成本研究管理的若干思考

本文站在施工单位的角度,针对高速铁路工程项目成本管理,通过成本动因分析、责任成本分析、涉法性成本分析三方面的分析,指出在高速铁路建设过程中出现的一些问题,并据此提出相关的建议和对策,使高速铁路工程项目成本可以有效"受控"。     

Assessing the efficiency of secondary schools: Evidence from OECD countries participating in PISA 2015

One of the most important issues accompanying the publication of the main results of the well-known Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) is the classification of countries according to student attainment. However, this ranking does not take into account some highly relevant factors, such as the different resource endowments of each education system or the heterogeneous context in which schools operate. This study aims to provide a fuller picture of education system operation worldwide by assessing the managerial efficiency of secondary schools in a cross-country framework. To do this, we use data from OECD countries participating in PISA 2015 and apply a robust nonparametric approach that accounts for the fact that schools were operating under heterogeneous conditions before the efficiency measures of performance were estimated. Our results suggest that the consideration of both school resources and environmental factors significantly modifies the country ranking based solely on student results.