From the bird's eye to the microscope: A survey of new stylized facts of the intra-daily foreign exchange markets

This paper presents stylized facts concerning the spot intra-daily foreign exchange markets. It first describes intra-daily data and proposes a set of definitions for the variables of interest. Empirical regularities of the foreign exchange intra-daily data are then grouped under three major topics: the distribution of price changes, the process of price formation and the heterogeneous structure of the market. The stylized facts surveyed in this paper shed new light on the market structure that appears composed of heterogeneous agents. It also poses several challenges such as the definition of price and of the time-scale, the concepts of risk and efficiency, the modeling of the markets and the learning process.     

外汇风险传染网络测度与影响机制分析--基于静态和动态的双重视角

国际争端频发及不确定性风险增加的外部环境,叠加经济下行压力增大的内部环境,致使汇率波动变得更加敏感,外汇风险传染危害性提升。基于1999-2018年全球50种主要货币,本文引入复杂网络模型以及静态与动态两类相关系数算法,分析了汇率网络的总体关联性及各货币风险吸收效应和外溢效应。同时,本文采用混合效应面板回归研究了资本账户开放、汇率制度改革等政策因素的作用,在此基础上,分析了外汇风险传染的影响机制。研究发现,考察期内,各货币波动溢出比收益率溢出更平稳,收益率溢出关系稳定性相对较弱、变动幅度更大,这与金融危机和欧债危机爆发有关。全球主要货币总体关联性具有明显的时变特征和区制特征,且波动溢出与收益率溢出存在区制同步性。资本账户开放和汇率制度是外汇风险传染的重要影响因素,汇率市场化改革有助于缓释外汇风险传染,而资本账户开放将扩大外汇风险传染效应。     

Exchange rate exposure and the use of foreign currency derivatives in the Australian resources sector

In this paper, we provide a re-examination of the exchange rate exposure and foreign currency derivative use by Australian resources firms in the 2006–2009 period which is characterized by increased volatility caused by the global financial crisis. In particular, we consider the interaction of a resources firm's exchange rate risk exposures, foreign currency derivative use and the global financial crisis simultaneously. Conforming to expectations, our results indicate that more companies are significantly exposed to exchange rate risk since the onset of the financial crisis. However, there is a lack of evidence that the use of foreign currency derivative is more effective in alleviating exchange rate exposures during the crisis as opposed to the pre-crisis period.     

金融双语

RiskAdjustedReturnOnCapitalRiskAdjustedReturnOnCapital(RAROC)isarisk-adjustedprofitabilitymeasurementandmanagementframeworkformeasuringrisk-adjustedfinancialperformanceandforprovidingaconsistentviewofprofitabilityacrossbusinesses.RAROCismainlyusedwithinbu…     

人民币汇率制度综合改革路径及其对商业银行的影响研究

本文详细阐述了人民币汇率制度综合改革的思路、背景及具体路径，并提出综合改革是一项系统工程，即汇率形成机制改革是核心，外汇管理体制改革和外汇市场改革与建设是前提条件和市场基础，认为应在完善汇率形成机制的同时，加快外汇管理体制市场化进程，并大力培育境内外汇市场，最终建立以市场供求为基础，参考一篮子货币进行调节的有管理的浮动汇率制度。综合改革将对商业银行资产负债、汇率风险、国际化及其业务发展产生重要影响。商业银行必须转变经营理念、风险管理方式以及业务发展战略，以积极应对并把握人民币汇率制度综合改革的挑战和机遇。     

人民币汇率制度综合改革路径及其对商业银行的影响研究

本文详细阐述了人民币汇率制度综合改革的思路、背景及具体路径,并提出综合改革是一项系统工程,即汇率形成机制改革是核心,外汇管理体制改革和外汇市场改革与建设是前提条件和市场基础,认为应在完善汇率形成机制的同时,加快外汇管理体制市场化进程,并大力培育境内外汇市场,最终建立以市场供求为基础,参考一篮子货币进行调节的有管理的浮动汇率制度.综合改革将对商业银行资产负债、汇率风险、国际化及其业务发展产生重要影响.商业银行必须转变经营理念、风险管理方式以及业务发展战略,以积极应对并把握人民币汇率制度综合改革的挑战和机遇.     

异质预期条件下中央银行沟通对人民币汇率波动的影响

在外汇市场交易者预期异质性的假设条件下,以2005年7月至2015年12月中国人民银行沟通频数和人民币汇率数据为样本,采用异质预期汇率模型考察中央银行沟通对人民币汇率波动的总体影响。研究发现：在异质预期条件下,中央银行沟通通过信息机制和协调机制影响外汇市场交易者的异质预期,从而对人民币汇率波动产生较为显著的影响,但由于我国外汇交易者预期向基本面预期转换的发生概率小于技术分析交易者预期,中央银行沟通对人民币汇率波动的平稳作用效力受到一定的局限。     

Behind the scenes of abandoning a fixed exchange rate regime

This paper explores the process of abandoning a fixed exchange rate regime during sudden stops in a small open economy. The Bank of Korea’s exchange rate policy reports during the East Asian crisis suggest that its fixed exchange rate regime was forced to collapse due to the depletion of usable foreign reserves, which resulted from the credit policy of the Korean central bank to support domestic banks in need of foreign currency liquidity. To capture the Korean crisis experience, I build a quantitative small open economy model in which, in response to the country risk premium shock, the foreign-currency credit policy of a central bank under fixed regime leads to the exhaustion of international reserves and consequent exchange rate regime shift. This model does well at replicating the observed contraction in Korean aggregate variables.     

投资者关注会影响个体投资者的汇率预期吗?--基于银行代客结售汇数据的实证分析

为考察个体投资者汇率预期的非理性及形成机制,本文基于外汇市场异质主体理论和行为金融学观点,构建了包含投资者关注的个体投资者汇率预期形成模型,并采用远期和即期银行代客结汇售汇比作为个体投资者汇率预期的替代指标,进行了实证分析。结果表明,远期结售比受到前一期汇率变动和境内外利差的影响,而即期结售比受前一期汇率变动影响。进一步引入投资者关注,采用MS-FTP和MS-TVTP模型的实证研究表明,投资者关注对远期和即期结售比的影响是时变的。在人民币贬值阶段,投资者关注对结售比存在显著的负向冲击,会导致更大的结售汇逆差;而在人民币升值阶段,投资者关注对结售比则无显著影响。本文的结论表明,个体投资者汇率预期具有显著的非理性特征,符合动量原则和套息规则,同时还受到投资者关注的影响。央行在人民币处于持续贬值区间时,应通过汇率沟通作用于投资者关注,稳定汇率预期。     

人民币汇制改革对我国商业银行风险管理的挑战

国际银行业在长期浮动汇率的实践中积累出一套成熟而完善的防范汇率风险的经验做法。与此形成鲜明对照的是，长期稳定的人民币汇率使得国内商业银行缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能。而2005年7月以来央行出台的改革人民币汇率形成机制、发展外汇市场的举措使商业银行的信用风险、流动性风险、会计风险及外汇交易风险随之增大，对商业银行的经营机制和风险管理带来了新的挑战。商业银行既要采取积极措施，化解因人民币升值而引起的信用风险、流动性风险等，更应借鉴国际银行业的先进做法，尽快建立完善的风险管理体系，以应对更富弹性的人民币汇率。     

What lies beneath: Foreign exchange rate exposure,hedging and cash flows

This paper presents results from an in-depth analysis of the foreign exchange rate exposure of a large nonfinancial firm based on proprietary internal data including cash flows, derivatives and foreign currency debt, as well as external capital market data. While the operations of the multinational firm have significant exposure to foreign exchange rate risk due to foreign currency-based activities and international competition, corporate hedging mitigates this gross exposure. The analysis illustrates that the insignificance of foreign exchange rate exposures of comprehensive performance measures such as total cash flow can be explained by hedging at the firm level. Thus, the residual net exposure is economically and statistically small, even if the operating cash flows of the firm are significantly exposed to exchange rate risk. The results of the paper suggest that managers of nonfinancial firms with operations exposed to foreign exchange rate risk take savvy actions to reduce exposure to a level too low to allow its detection empirically.     

人民币汇制改革对我国商业银行风险管理的挑战

国际银行业在长期浮动汇率的实践中积累出一套成熟而完善的防范汇率风险的经验做法。与此形成鲜明对照的是,长期稳定的人民币汇率使得国内商业银行缺乏必要的外汇风险管理的经验和技能。而2005年7月以来央行出台的改革人民币汇率形成机制、发展外汇市场的举措使商业银行的信用风险、流动性风险、会计风险及外汇交易风险随之增大,对商业银行的经营机制和风险管理带来了新的挑战。商业银行既要采取积极措施,化解因人民币升值而引起的信用风险、流动性风险等,更应借鉴国际银行业的先进做法,尽快建立完善的风险管理体系,以应对更富弹性的人民币汇率。     

A model of medium term exchange rate forecast in an open economy The case of the mexican peso

Keynes (1930) and Samuelson (1965) proposals open the possibility of matching predictability and efficiency, as evidenced by the seminal study by Fisher (1930). Recent findings suggest that the foreign exchange market gradually incorporates relevant information allowing the formation of prices in a rational manner but not randomly. Models of exchange rate by term based on asset valuation suggest that the inclusion of risk in the spot rate increases the degree of predictability. The results show that after incorporating an accurate measure of risk, predictability of medium term foreign exchange rate increases.     

货币错配与经济金融稳定:亚太经验比较分析

中国的汇率制度改革使得在盯住汇率制度下积聚的巨大货币错配风险逐渐暴露出来.货币错配是否会影响经济金融稳定,本文通过对亚洲金融危机、日本经济衰退以及本世纪以来亚洲新兴市场国家的累积的新风险进行梳理、比较与分析,得出净外币负债型货币错配与净外币资产型货币错配在一定的条件下都会影响经济金融稳定.     

汇率风险对冲如何影响企业并购行为——基于自由现金流的视角

本文基于2001—2019年上市公司年报中关于外汇衍生品的使用信息,研究发现,使用外汇衍生品的上市公司相比未使用的公司发起并购的概率更低,但并购的市场和经营绩效有所提高。主要原因在于,中国上市公司进行并购通常以企业自有资金进行现金支付,外汇衍生品的使用大幅降低了公司出于预防性动机而持有的现金,从而降低了公司发起并购的概率。此外,进行汇率风险对冲可避免公司因持有大量自由现金流而发生的过度投资行为,从而提高了公司的投资效率。总体而言,使用外汇衍生品进行汇率风险对冲可使上市公司更注重并购质量而非并购数量,从而实现“少而精”的投资策略。本文研究对进一步厘清企业使用外汇衍生品的相关影响提供了一定参考。     

内地与香港股票市场信用风险的比较

我国股市近几年一直在低谷中徘徊,其根本原因在于市场的各个主体—从上市公司、中介机构到监管者都存在不同程度的信用缺失,从而导致了投资者对股市信心的丧失。如果不消除股票市场的信用危机,那么投资者对内地股票市场长期稳定发展的信心就难以恢复。信心不恢复,股市就没有活力,就不会成为一个健康的、可持续发展的资本市场。内地股票市场的信用风险主要表现在上市公司信用危机和投资者信心危机这两个方面,而信用危机和投资者信心危机分别是由上市公司股权结构不合理和股票市场自身结构的不健全所造成的。因此,解决股票市场信用风险问题是我国股市健康发展的关键。     

Are global shocks leading indicators of currency crisis in Viet Nam?

This paper aims to identify leading indicators of a currency crisis in Viet Nam based on an early warning system for the period 1996–February 2016. This paper found that global financial shocks (e.g., regional and global financial crisis, unexpected changes in monetary policy of largest economies such as the United States and the People’s Republic of China), and domestic credit growth rate are leading indicators of a currency crisis in Viet Nam in all three models. Deficits in trade balance, international reserves, and overvaluation of the dong are also good indicators. In addition, a model in which a currency crisis or turbulence in the foreign exchange market is defined based on the exchange market pressure and parallel market premium, with window length of 2 months, outperformed for predicting a currency crisis in Viet Nam. Empirical results suggested that probability of predicting a true currency crisis was 77.5%.     

Currency Crisis in Korea – When and Why It Happened

Two possible causes of the Korean financial crisis are examined: (1)deterioration of the macroeconomic indicators andinconsistent policies and (2) sudden shifts in the market expectation andconfidence. Although the truthseems to lie between these causes, we conclude that the Korean currency crisisresulted from aserious mismanagement of foreign exchange rates and foreign currency reservesas well as theaccumulation of short-term foreign debts. Although it is generally believedthat the exchange rate ofthe won started depreciating drastically on 8 November 1997, depreciationstarted three monthsearlier when the international market conditions put the pressure on the won.     

次贷危机后中国外汇储备资产的风险及优化配置北大核心

次贷危机爆发后,国际金融市场动荡,中国巨额外汇储备资产面临着严重亏损风险。本文首先分析了我国外汇储备以美国国债为主而隐含的信用风险、汇率风险、流动性风险以及投资收益损失风险。长期来看,要逐步减持美元资产,优化外汇储备资产配置。然后,本文从金融资产和非金融资产两个角度对中国外汇储备的资产优化配置问题进行了研究。     

汇率形成机制与做市商制度:动因、成本分析

人民币汇率形成机制问题成为近年来国际经济事务中的焦点.中国外汇交易中心2005年5月推出8种外汇交易品种以及引入外币间交易做市商制度,这一举措成为观察、试验做市商制度的序曲.本文研究认为,外汇市场引入做市商制度有利于改善人民币汇率形成机制,但是由于我国外汇市场还不完善,引入做市商制度也会带来一定的成本.为了全面推广做市商制度,多方面配套问题尚待解决.