Lead markets, innovation differentials and growth

This article suggests that the specialization of countries in international trade is determined by the lead-lag market pattern of national markets. Many internationally successful innovations have been adopted first in one country while other countries initially either preferred other designs or an established product. A model for the international diffusion of innovations is presented in which nationally preferred innovation designs compete to become a globally dominant design. In this model, there are country-specific market attributes that increase the likelihood that the choice a country makes among alternative technologies is followed around the world. It is argued that technological knowledge gaps are not the origin of an international competitive advantage. Instead, a country gains a competitive advantage because a specific innovation design was adopted earlier than in any other country. This gives local firms a head start in producing, gathering marketing intelligence and securing the property rights of a globally successful innovation. In countries with lag market characteristics, domestic innovations are less likely to get adopted worldwide. Lag markets often switch from a domestic innovation design to a foreign innovation design, which increases imports. The lead-lag market explanation of trade specialization has implications for national policies. In this model domestic innovations do not always foster exports; idiosyncratic innovations induced by lag market contexts can hamper the export chances of local firms and in the end lead to an increase in imports. It is suggested that in order to increase exports, national policies have to distinguish between a domestic lead and lag market context in each industry. While in a lead market context, traditional policy instruments that enhance the rate of innovations are effective, in a lag market situation national follower strategies are more appropriate.     

出口主导型区域服装产业集群发展策略研究

中国凭借纺织业多年的生产优势积淀,形成了以"出口"为主的中小企业服装产业集群,然而受2008年金融危机的冲击,伴随着汇率上调,人民币增值,原材料上涨,人力资源成本优势下降等不利因素的影响,出口主导型服装产业集群的发展遭遇了"瓶颈"。但面对纺织品出口限制配额的取消以及国家"十二五"规划将纺织业作为扶持产业发展所带来的机遇,出口导向主导型区域服装产业集群依然可以在政府"推手"的推动下,通过调整产业结构,构建区域品牌,重铸国际竞争优势。     

与印度纺织服装行业“共舞”之道

印度是世界上第二大纺织服装生产国,从现实与长远发展看,印度是我国纺织服装行业在国际贸易中的主要竞争对手。本文在分析中国与印度在纺织服装国际贸易中竞争地位的基础上,提出中国纺织服装行业应在行业自律、市场策略、产品策略与社会责任等方面加强竞争实力,才能长期保持对印度纺织服装行业的竞争优势。     

承接服务业跨国转移的效应分析——理论与实证

服务业跨国转移掀起了新一轮国际产业转移的浪潮,服务业外商直接投资和外包成为跨国转移的主要方式。本文运用理论和实证相结合的方法,对服务业跨国转移对承接国所产生的效应进行研究。理论上,通过对修正的柯布—道格拉斯生产函数逐步分解,得出承接服务业跨国转移能够为承接国带来技术效应、优化效应、资本效应和就业效应等。实证上,通过协整检验和格兰杰因果关系检验,证明通过承接服务业的跨国转移,能够对承接国的发展带来正面的经济效应。     

国际贸易对中国环境的影响——规模、结构和技术效应分析

本文根据1995～2008年制造业的污染排放和国际贸易数据,从规模、结构和技术效应分析了国际贸易对中国环境的影响。研究发现,虽然在某些污染密集型行业上中国具有出口优势,但随着新型国际分工的深化,进出口贸易结构越来越偏向于具有典型全球生产网络特征的"清洁"行业,使得国际贸易在结构效应上利于中国的环境,而环保技术上的大幅进步(技术效应),却是制造业在进出口贸易量激增的情况下并没有出现污染物大规模排放的最主要原因。     

我国服装出口行业转变发展方式研究——以武汉市为例

服装是我国出口的传统支柱产业，也是在国际市场上有较大比较优势和竞争优势的产业。文章通过对武汉市2006—2010年的服装出口数据的分析，揭示了武汉市服装出口存在的两大问题，并解析出存在问题的三大原因，认为我国服装出口行业亟待转变发展方式，并提出了完善产业链，着力发展自主品牌出口，拓展服装出口市场，培养服装国际经营人才等建议。     

International comparisons of money demand

Many studies of the demand for money, covering a wide variety of economies, have demonstrated the importance of financial innovations and shifts in monetary policy regimes, but they have also illustrated the difficulty of measuring and assessing such changes. Because innovations and regime shifts have differed markedly across countries, international comparisons can help identify their effects. This paper reviews the literature on money demand comparisons, focusing primarily on industrial countries. It finds that innovations have had widespread effects, but also that the demand for money is not generally less stable now than it was before those changes occurred.     

旅游产业技术效率:总体测量与国别比较

近年来我国旅游业的快速发展取得了举世瞩目的成就,旅游业在国民经济中的战略地位得以确立,国际影响地位不断攀升。这一背景下,构建以产业技术效率为核心的国际竞争力成为建设旅游强国面临的重要议题。本文在回顾国内外相关文献的基础上,采用数据包络分析法(DEA)对30个旅游目的地大国旅游产业的技术效率进行了测量和比较研究,并对标杆国家进行了竞争优势分析,研究表明30个世界旅游大国中我国的技术效率水平相对落后,在纯技术效率和规模效率两方面都有较大改善空间。当前我国旅游业的竞争优势地位主要来自于资源禀赋优势和相对价格优势,而基于制度和技术创新的产业技术效率改善才是未来实现旅游经济可持续增长,构建国际旅游目的地核心竞争力的关键所在。     

Appropriate policies towards multinational hotel corporations in developing countries

Despite the prevalence of international hotel chains in the tourism sector of developing countries, little research has been carried out on the structure of the industry, the sources of the competitive advantages of the hotel chains over indigenous hotels, reasons for the alternative forms of involvement of the hotel chains and deriving from this, their potential and actual impact on host countries. This article applies theories developed for the multinational enterprise in the manufacturing sector, to original data and observations on the international hotel industry. Given the state of the art and the limited information on the impact of MNE hotels, the paper is principally concerned with generating potentially useful hypotheses for consideration by host governments and to provide a framework for further research. Certain policy conclusions however, are drawn from the analysis, especially regarding the appropriate from of involvement by the international hotels.     

Trade Policy Issues in the Asian-Pacific Region:

Throughout the 1980s the Asian-Pacific region (and especially fast Asian countries) has achieved rapid economic growth accompanied by drastic changes in industrial production and trade. In the textile and clothing industry (‘textile’ industry hereafter), exporting countries display the ‘flying geese’ pattern. The first-tier exportec Japan, had retreated by the mid- 1970s. The second-tier exporters, the East Asian newly industrializing economies (NIEs, consisting of South Korea, Taiwan and Hong Kong), are now being replaced by the third-tier, ASEAN and Chinese exporters. The drastic changes in production and trade have resulted from the spread of modern textile production techniques in response to changing comparative advantage. This has been caused by increased labour costs and exchange rate alignment in the first-and second-tier exporters, but it has also been affected by the trade policies of industrial importer countries. The textile industry trade has been tightly managed under the Multi-Fibre Arrangement (MFA), and individual trade flows have been restricted by quota allocation under the MFA. At the current GATT Uruguay Round negotiations the major contracting parties agreed, in the Dunkel text of December 7997, on the gradual phasing out of the MFA restrictions over ten years. How will textile industry trade develop in the absence of the MFA restrictions? This paper focuses on the trade and production of textiles and clothing, but the case of this industry exemplifies important trade policy issues arising from the rapidly changing industrial structure in the Asian-Pacific region. In discussing textile trade policy issues, economists often focus on the MFA. However, the MFA has not produced a watertight regime. Textile production and trade have changed through product and process innovation, new management styles, and the ever-changing tastes of consumers. The MFA restrictions have effected these innovative changes, but the policy issues need to be discussed in this context of industrial change. ¹ 1 The author has published two papers on this issue (Yamazawa 1983, 1989). This paper is a follow-up of earlier discussion. As in past studies, the author has benefited from discussion at the Textile Advisory Committee meetings of Japan's Ministry of International Trade and Industry (MITI) and from a field trip to northern China in early 1903.
     

The impact of information and communication technology on international trade in fruit and vegetables in APEC

The global food marketing network is being constantly reshaped, providing opportunities and challenges for information and communication technology (ICT) to develop and improve international trade in food products. A gravity model of international trade is employed to see if ICT positively affects bilateral international trade in fruit and vegetables between member Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies. We examine if the use of the Internet, mobile telephones, and fixed telephone lines determine the value of bilateral trade. Empirical results for the importance of ICT differ markedly between importing activities and exporting activities in the international value chain of fruit and vegetables in APEC countries. Changes in ICT levels in the import sector of the value chain have no effect on international trade in fruit and vegetables. However, in the export sector, growth in some ICT products has significant positive effects on trade in fruit and vegetables between APEC countries. Surprisingly, the strongest impact was discerned for the traditional form of ICT, fixed telephone lines, but this impact probably reflects the fact that fixed telephone lines are a proxy variable for the general level of infrastructure development. Of the two digital ICTs, mobile telephony and the Internet, only the Internet had a significant impact on trade levels. The further development of the Internet and its diffusion should make exporters in APEC countries more competitive in the fruit and vegetables value chain, and boost their trade values in these products.     

澜湄流域制造业生产阶段数测算及其影响因素研究

在全球投入产出模型框架下,测算澜湄流域制造业生产阶段数,并对影响澜湄流域制造业生产分割程度的因素进行实证分析。结论为:澜湄流域制造业生产阶段数整体上呈上升趋势,生产结构复杂度明显增加,国际和国内外包呈互补关系;经济规模、研发强度及劳动力水平对澜湄流域制造业生产分割长度具有显著促进作用,资本化率、服务业增加值比重、FDI流入及私营部门的国内信贷量占GDP的比重,对澜湄流域制造业生产分割长度具有负面影响。因此,澜湄流域国家应积极改变参与全球分工的方式,提高金融市场开放程度,吸引外资的同时注重外资质量,并加大教育经费投入,增加研发创新和人才培养,提高劳动力水平,加快发展交通运输业和信息技术服务业。     

Intensive judicial oversight and corporate green innovations: Evidence from a quasi-natural experiment in China

The deterioration of pollution problem has increased environmental disputes. However, little is known about the relationship between intensive judicial oversight and corporate green innovations. Regarding the establishment of environmental courts in China as an almost ideal quasi-natural experiment, this paper identifies the impact and mechanism of environmental courts on corporate green innovations. We find that: (1) environmental courts have a significant positive impact on green innovations. However, by employing instrument variable (IV) strategy to alleviate the endogenous issues, we find environmental courts mainly promote the quantity of green innovations; (2) the positive effect on green innovations is more salient for firms in the industry with high pollution intensity, state-owned enterprises, and firms in regions with stricter mass supervision; (3) environmental courts can improve the efficiency of dealing with environmental disputes and alleviate the collaboration between government and firms. Therefore, it could promote corporate green innovations with the increasing pressure for pollution abatement; (4) environmental courts could cause additional costs to firms, such as crowding out non-green innovations and decreasing corporate TFP in the short term. Meanwhile, the establishment of environmental courts could also achieve specific social welfare effects, which is conducive to improving local environmental quality. This paper provides implications for judicial oversight of regulators on environmental protection.     

中国造纸产业国际竞争力评价与发展对策研究

首先,基于国际市场占有率、显示性比较优势指数、贸易竞争力指数定量评价中国连续8年的国际贸易竞争能力及变化趋势,得出中国造纸产业国际竞争力虽然在不断增强,但总体竞争力低,与世界造纸强国的差距大的结论;其次,分析导致中国造纸产业国际竞争力较低的原因;最后,从政府和企业两方面对如何提升中国造纸产业的国际竞争力提出建议。     

劳动力资源对中国人造板产业国际竞争力的影响分析

人造板产业是劳动密集型产业,劳动力资源要素对一国人造板产业国际竞争力具有重要的影响。通过国际比较方法,分析劳动力资源对中国人造板产业国际竞争力的影响。研究结果表明:与其它人造板出口强国相比,中国的劳动力资源十分丰富,劳动力价格低廉,这是形成目前中国人造板产业国际竞争优势的重要源泉;但是中国人造板产业的劳动生产率较低,其主要原因在于劳动力整体素质不高,缺乏高级的技术性工人,不利于产业国际竞争力的持续提升。     

基于竞争优势的组合旅游产品链研究

近年来旅游业的发展非常迅速,成为当今世界最大的经济部门之一,许多国家都将旅游业作为其主导产业,致使旅游业的国际竞争非常激烈。文章分析了旅游产品的特征和组合旅游产品的构成,从提升旅游业国际竞争优势的视角,研究和构建组合旅游产品链,进而探讨组合旅游产品链对于优化旅游产品结构、增强旅游产业国际竞争优势的意义。     

Dynamic products in world exports

The values of three product categories have grown most rapidly in world exports during the period 1980–2000: electrical and electronic goods (including parts and components for such goods), goods from other technology-intensive industries, and labour-intensive products, particularly clothing. A strong geographical concentration at both regional and country levels is discernable regarding the origin of these products from developing countries. There appears to be a sustained movement in world exports towards the growing significance of a limited number of products and it would seem that there has been a rapid and sustained technological upgrading in the export composition of developing countries. However, since the involvement of developing countries is usually limited to the labour-intensive stages in the production process of technology-intensive goods in the context of international production sharing, simple measures of growth in gross export values are poor guides for an assessment of the nature of participation of developing countries in world trade.     

基于“钻石模型”的中国电视娱乐产业竞争力研究

电视娱乐产业是文化产业的重要组成部分,其强劲的发展势头和巨大的经济潜力已经为世界上所有国家认同。现阶段,中国电视娱乐产业的发展尚不完善,产业的各个环节中仍存在许多问题。文章从管理学的"竞争战略理论"角度,运用迈克尔·波特的"钻石模型",对我国娱乐产业的国际竞争力进行了评估,并与韩国的电视娱乐产业进行对比,得出了一套合理提升我国电视娱乐产业竞争力的对策。     

The determinants of competitive success in the interwar British radio industry1

This article discusses the sources of competitive advantage in the interwar British radio industry. Specifically, it examines why sections of the industry that reaped substantial monopoly rents from the downstream value chain failed to dominate the industry. During the 1920s Marconi (which controlled the fundamental UK patents) had a key cost advantage, as had other members of the ‘Big Six’ electrical engineering firms which formed the BBC and were granted preferential royalties. Meanwhile the valve manufacturers' cartel was also able to extract high rents from set manufacturers. The vertical integration literature suggests that input monopolists have incentives to control downstream production. Yet—in contrast to the gramophone industry, which became concentrated into two huge companies following market saturation in the 1930s—radio retained a much more competitive structure. The Big Six failed to capitalize fully on their initial cost advantages owing to logistical weaknesses in supplying markets subject to rapid technical and design obsolescence. Subsequently, during the 1930s, marketing innovations are shown to have played a key role in allowing several independents to establish successful brands. This gave them sufficient scale to provide strong bargaining positions with input suppliers, negating most of their initial cost disadvantage.     

基于国际产业转移的上海制造业发展战略研究

当前新一轮的国际产业转移,给上海制造业带来新的发展机遇。上海制造业应以自主创新提升产业的技术水平,以信息化推进产业结构的升级,以产业集聚提高产业的整体竞争优势,而以发展跨国投资带动制造业结构的调整。