The challenge by domestic enterprises to the transnational corporations' domination: A case study of the Argentine pharmaceutical industry

Given the relative reduction in the rate of innovation of the large TNCs operating in the pharmaceutical field and the reduced interest in the Argentine market by most of the TNCs in the late 1960s and the early 1970s, domestic firms have been able to challenge the domination of the pharmaceutical industry by foreign enterprises. Using the techniques of product differentiation, they have been able to launch more new medicines into the market than foreign enterprises. This was done through transfer of technology agreements in a number of cases, relying on non-patented sources for the provision of active components in other cases and devoting some resources to local R and D. As a result of the challenge, foreign participation in the market for finished products in Argentina was not high by international standards (57% in 1972), the majority of the pharmaceutical sub-markets showed a medium degree of business concentration and the ranking of the leading firms included 6 local enterprises among the 15 leaders of the country.     

Integration, embeddedness and local economic development. The case of the clothing industry in Coventry

This paper examines the ways in which a new sector is linked to a local economy, and the implications for local economic development. The focus is on the clothing industry in Coventry which survey evidence suggests operates independently and in isolation. A major reason is that the sector is only weakly embedded in a social sense. Clothing manufacturers have a low social profile and contribute little to the institutionalised business life of the city. The consequences of low integration are examined, as are the steps necessary to anchor the sector within the local area.     

The limited role of small stock exchanges in economic development: A case study of Mozambique and Swaziland

The establishment of a successful stock market in a developing economy can provide a major source of development finance, both channelling domestic savings and attracting foreign investment. But small markets generally fail. Two micro-markets, Mozambique and Swaziland, provide an interesting case study to examine the features of new markets in sub-Saharan Africa that differ in a number of ways, including colonial legacy, membership of the Common Monetary Area and the dynamics of the political economy that defines the links between the citizens, the local elite and the state. In both countries, the operational aspects of the stock exchange are clearly inadequate as a means of promoting international investment. Thus, gains from regional integration initiatives or foreign investment are unlikely, as the market's small size and incomplete institutions currently offer limited potential for either domestic or international risk diversification. However, the political economy in both countries is the real barrier to growth.     

银行业发展与江苏经济增长

现代金融业已成为社会经济运行中必不可少的一部分，金融与社会经济之间相辅相成，相互促进又彼此制约。银行作为金融业的主体，早已成为关注的焦点。从现实来看，银行业运作效率较高的地区经济就较发达，这已是不争的事实。江苏作为我国经济强省，在社会经济高速运转的同时也提高了对资金配置效率的要求。本文通过横向比较方式发掘江苏银行业的优势和劣势，得出一些有益启示并给予政策建议。     

The world economic crisis and the children: A United States case study

This is a review of the United States experience with issues of child health and services, as they relate to changes in economic trends. No existing data systems are entirely adequate for reporting on the current health status of children, an important consideration for the monitoring of children's health in the United States is the focus on subgroups such as those who are disadvantaged for reasons of poverty, discrimination or geographic isolation. Ample evidence exists that children living in poverty suffer adverse health consequences and that the proportion of children living in poverty in the United States has increased steadily since 1975 and dramatically since 1981. Most measures of health status and health risks for children show steady improvements througout the 1970s. The exercise of public responsibility for financing and providing essential services and supports held constant or improved during this recession period, especially during the recession of 1974–1975. The health status and risks for children since 1981 appear to be adversely affected which must be attributed to a combination of circumstances that include serious recession, increased poverty rates for households with children and diminished health benefits and social support services. These findings suggest that when either local or widespread economic reversals are anticipated, health services and social supports for children need to be expanded rather than contracted.     

Tourism and local economic development: The case of the Highlands Meander

Local economic development (LED) planning is of major policy importance in post-apartheid South Africa. Although issues surrounding LED have attracted considerable policy attention, one neglected theme has been the role of tourism as a lead sector for LED. The aim of this article is to examine the planning and workings of one tourism-led LED initiative in South Africa. The case study is that of the Highlands Meander in Mpumalanga province, where five towns are collaborating in their LED initiatives in order to promote the area's tourism products. A key finding is that this growing tourism initiative is currently not benefiting local black communities. Recommendations are offered for developing a pro-poor tourism initiative.     

The mini farmer approach: A case study of the South African tea industry

This article analyses the concept of mini farming on tea estates in South Africa from the point of view of the farmer and the estate. Although mint farmers who participate in these schemes are subjected to strict controls, they enjoy more freedom than labourers. The article shows the relative merit of the mini farming concept in the tea industry, and thereby contributes to the current debate on agricultural restructuring in South Africa.     

Mineral resources and economic development: A survey

The contradictory effects of the presence of a dominant mining sector have stimulated an intense debate in the literature, with these effects being seen either as a blessing or as a curse for economic development and policy‐making in a developing economy. The direct or indirect implications concern aspects such as inflation, employment, and exchange rates. This article reviews some major studies on the subject and examines their contending hypotheses and empirical findings. The differences can be explained partly by objective differences in the minerals, countries and periods analysed. Particular attention is paid to South Africa and Africa, and to the preconditions for an effective use of mineral endowments.     

Domestic tourist spending and economic development: The case of the North West Province

Globally, tourism is the largest and fastest growing industry, outpacing all other industries. In South Africa, tourism is widely regarded as a growth catalyst, able to generate much-needed income and employment opportunities. The market potential of domestic tourism has, however, been downplayed in favour of international tourism. This research argues that tourism – especially domestic tourism – can contribute significantly to regional growth and development in South Africa. A survey was carried out among domestic tourists in the North West Province, one of the poorest provinces in South Africa. This survey was used to draw up a demographic and spending profile of the average domestic tourist in the province, and to determine the possible implications of this spending on different macroeconomic variables in the province.     

Engineering and the First World War: A case study of the Lancashire cotton spinning machine industry

This paper investigates the impact of the First World War on one of the major British engineering industries - that of cotton textile machinery. From 1915 all the important firms came under direct Government control and were required to give priority to munitions manufacture. The consequent decline in machinery output combined with the disruptions to international trade drastically reduced exports. Since Britain was the foremost supplier to the world market, the growth of cotton manufacturing was directly affected. The varied response to this in the different markets forms the central focus of our study.     

中国经济发展及其对国际海运业的影响

一、中国经济正处在快速发展的时期 改革开放25年来,中国坚定不移地推进改革开放,生产力得到了极大解放,国民经济持续快速健康发展,国内外贸易增长迅速,市场规模不断扩大.经济运行呈现出以下几个特点.     

专业型经济开发区管理体制和产业发展模式比较分析

我国的经济开发区大体上可分成综合型经济特区（包括深圳等五个特区和浦东新区等）和各类专业型的经济开发区（这里指为实现特定目标而被赋予特殊功能的经济开发区）。由于各开发区的基础条件，起步时间和政策目标的不同，从而形成了不同的产业特色和特色产业，也形成了不同的管理体制模式。     

Forecasting the impact of economic sanctions on the development of the Russian aircraft industry

The article has analyzed the prospects for the development of Russia’s aircraft industry in the context of international economic sanctions. It has been shown that the forced localization of the entire technological chain of aircraft production in Russia may lead to the increase in the contribution of the industry to Russia’s GDP. However, since the national labor productivity is lower than the world average, the development of the industry’s production potential would require a significant rise in investment.     

Developers, property cycles and local economic development: The case of Sheffield

The interaction between the property market cycle and the development industry at the local level is examined. The Sheffield office market is used as an example. Market trends result in limited periods of development profitability. Developers therefore face a difficult operational environment and adopt different tactics to cope with it. Some are more successful than others. The implications for the development sector and for the local economic development process are considered.     

Appraising the distributional aspects of rural development projects: A Kenya case study

Based on a case study of alternative farming systems for settlement projects in Kenya, this study demonstrates different approaches for the weighting of income changes attributable to a project. Income changes to the new farmers are first estimated and weighted according to various approaches, especially through the use of a constant-elasticity social welfare function. The substantial amount of income changes that would ensue outside the farms following the implementation of either type of settlement approach are then assessed and weighted. On balance their aggregate value was negative at low elasticity values. Finally, reversing the normal cost-benefit sequence of efficiency appraisal followed by distributional evaluation, all non-income costs and benefits are shadow-priced to give an aggregate measure which shows the superiority of one farm system over the other at any elasticity value of the social welfare function.     

An economic evaluation of tourism: A case study of accommodation facilities in southern Maputaland

This article presents the most relevant findings of a case study on tourist accommodation facilities in the Southern Maputaland Biosphere Reserve. The aim of the study was to gather information on the benefits and costs associated with the operation of existing tourist accommodation in the subregion. Twenty private tourism operations ranging from upmarket game lodges to bed and breakfast facilities were sampled. The results present a comparison of indicators of the economic impact and efficiency of tourism, such as revenue generation, annual rates of return on investment, employment creation and wage levels between various types of tourism operation as well as between tourism as a land use option and the alternative of agriculture. They also highlight the economic importance of the protected areas to the local tourism industry.