中国需要什么样的竞争中立(上)——不同立场之比较及启示

竞争中立是确保国家在市场竞争问题上对所有企业一视同仁的一套监管框架。它最初是作为国内改革措施通过国内立法的方式实现的.眼下却日渐成为诘难国有资本在国际竞争中享有不公平竞争优势的理论立足点,其实现方式也演变为国际组织的"最佳实践"或"指南"和区域或自由贸易协定。在竞争中立问题上,中国已经作出一些探索,但是尚未形成有针对性的应对规则。中国可以在国际、国内两个层面作出回应:在国际层面,中国可以秉持"全球价值链"理论寻求全球竞争的"实质公平".指出竞争中立作为"国内改革措施"和"国际约束规则"的不同,在参与自贸协定谈判时提出符合自身需求的竞争中立主张;在国内层面,短期内中国可以借助于国内自贸区的"试验"探索国有企业的竞争中立,长期则需要构建符合自身需求的竞争中立体系。     

自贸协定竞争政策条款研究：现状与应对

以WTO为代表的多边贸易谈判进展缓慢,而以自由贸易协定为代表的区域贸易谈判势头强劲;在WTO框架下陷入“停摆”的竞争政策议题在诸多自贸协定中得以体现。自贸协定竞争政策条款在执法合作、程序正义、国际礼让、国有企业竞争中立等方面规定了成员方的权利和义务,我国应在对自贸协定竞争政策条款分析研究的基础上进行国内竞争法律体系的调整,形成我国自贸协定竞争政策谈判的范本,应对竞争政策对我国经济发展和国企改革的挑战。     

主要发达经济体推进“竞争中立”原则的实践与比较

全球金融危机以来,美国和欧盟等发达国家在双边、区域、国际组织等多个层面推行"竞争中立"原则。"竞争中立"原则是美国等发达经济体维护其在全球竞争地位的新工具;是全球贸易投资规则重塑中美国所倡导的"面向21世纪的、高标准"的一项新规则;"竞争中立"原则是中国国有企业改革面临的新挑战。本文分析、比较主要发达经济体"竞争中立"原则的推进动因、具体原则、法律规则,判断"竞争中立"原则的发展趋势和影响,提出发展中国家的应对措施。     

多边公约与国际投资争议的解决

长期以来,发展中国家和发达国家就解决国际投资争议的途径存在着严重分歧,因此在国际层面上需要中立的形式来调和双方的主张。     

竞争中立:国际市场新规则

"竞争中立"规则强调国有企业和私有企业间的平等市场竞争地位。2011年以来,美国高层多次在外交场合提及竞争中立概念,并积极在经济合作与发展组织(OECD)、联合国贸易和发展会议(UNCTAD)等国际组织中推进有关"竞争中立"框架的制定和推广,试图在双边、多边贸易投资协定中加入有关限制国有企业竞争优势的条款,使得竞争中立规     

《中欧全面投资协定》的公平竞争规则:关切、安排与应对

《中欧全面投资协定》旨在取代中国与26个欧盟成员国之间的双边投资协定,在中欧之间构建全面、综合、高水平、自由化的双边投资制度安排,其谈判完成具有历史性意义。公平竞争规则涉及国有企业、补贴、产业政策等敏感领域,曾一度是谈判难点。竞争中立在一些区域自贸协定中扩展到投资领域,表现为对国有企业的投资母国施加特殊规制性安排。中国对特殊安排做出重要承诺,但并未接受有实质影响的额外约束,既促成谈判收官,也能够保障国有企业海外投资的核心利益。欧盟近期的外资和法律政策呈现阶段性保守的新动态,以国家安全为名的《欧盟外资审查条例》对高科技、战略性领域的关切具有所有制歧视色彩,针对外国补贴可能引起内部市场扭曲的《关于外国补贴方面建立公平竞争环境的白皮书》对国企的海外投资有潜在风险。为此,我们应在国内层面进一步厘清政企关系,对“国家安全”进行清晰界定,在多边、双边、区域层面继续推进新一轮高水平的对外开放,同时加快升级外商投资国家安全审查机制,并完善公平竞争审查机制,标本兼治,内外兼修,趋利避害。     

守住底线

竞争是发展的动力,但突破最基本的底线,往往会适得其反,国家如此、企业如此、个人亦如此——成功转型为商品社会的中国,竞争已成为一种全民信仰,几乎被不加选择地渗透到社会各个层面,以至于被学者发掘出“社会达尔文主义”这样的时髦词汇。其实,竞争再残酷,只要是公平的、符合罗尔斯主张的“形式正义”,总是利大于弊;最可怕的是突破了最基本的底线,变异为所谓的“竞次”、其外在表现和结果就是“劣币驱逐良币”。     

浅析中国与新西兰建立FTA产生的贸易效应

近年来,随着世界经济一体化的加快,区域间自有交易协定（FTA）快速增长。为了缓解“十一五”期间国内经济发展面临的资源和市场的双重压力。也为了营造更为公平的国际经济环境,中国在积极参加WTO多边自由镀锡谈判的同时,也开始逐步重视双边自由贸易协定的作用,这大大加快了区域经济一体化步伐。在2008年4月,我国与新西兰正式签署“中国-新西兰自由贸易协定”,这也是中国与发达国家签署的第一个自由贸易区协定。本文将对我国货物贸易产生的影响,并提出应对FTA签订后两国贸易新局面的一些建议。     

我国企业应对补贴与反补贴的策略

㈠熟悉《补贴与反补贴措施协定》(以下简称《SCM协定》) 这一方面可以充分有效地监督另一成员方政府或企业的补贴或反补贴行为是否合乎《SCM协定》的规则,另一方面也可便利掌握和充分运用《SCM协定》赋予自身的权利. ㈢用好补贴措施 补贴措施实质上是政府承担了国内企业产品的部分成本,从而使相关产业赢得结构调整和升级的时间和空间,以提高竞争力,并最终使本国(地区)企业在国际市场上无需补贴,即可参与竞争和持续发展.《SCM协定》对补贴进行规范的宗旨是限制或取消对国际贸易产生扭曲作用的补贴,允许为企业或产业进行公平竞争创造条件的正当补贴.因此,企业应审时度势,充分利用可用的补贴来培育和提升竞争力.     

《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》的经济效应及产业产出分析

为进一步推进《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》进程,东盟及中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰、印度等亚太地区的各个经济体通过“抱团”的方式增强亚太地区的经济实力,提高国际贸易的话语权。本文分析《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》成员在亚太地区的经济规模以及各个成员经济体的产业竞争优势,运用GTAP9.0数据库和一般均衡模型,以逐步降低《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》内部成员之间关税水平的方式,探讨《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》成员的宏观经济及产业产出情况。随着《区域全面经济伙伴关系协定》成员内部关税水平的逐步降低直至零关税水平,成员经济体的进出口贸易、福利水平等方面都有不同程度的增加,中国、日本、韩国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国的国内经济产出增加、贸易条件得到改善,而印度和东盟的国内经济出现一定程度的负效应、贸易条件出现小幅恶化现象;同时,各个成员方的产业互补优势更加明显。     

Brown＇s Blossom in Britain-China

The overall strategic relationship between U.K. and China is ＂better than ever＂, China- Britain relations have maintained good momentum, with increased high-level exchanges and the reinforcement of strategic mutual trust, with more room for growth in the future.     

Challenge and Opportunity Go Hand in Hand——What Global Economic Agitation Brings to the China's Economy?

Domino effects of the global finance agitation As the origin of the subprime crisis,US financial institutions lost USS45 billion last year,accounted for over half of the total US,EU & Japan loss.Since January 15th,Chtigroup released its financial statement of the 4th quarter,showing a net deficit of USS9.83 billion,which marked the hisoric high of its quarterly deficit.     

Sinosteel：Extraordinary Moves in Industry Chess

Among the Fortune 500 firms,more and more images from China emerge out.On the 2008 list,Sinosteel Corporation,a landmark group of China industries quietly squeezes into the candidate line.As the largest steel service ＆ trade enterprise,its sales reached at RMB 111.24 billion,with a year-on-year increase of 83.03 percent,and the profit grew by 180.03 percent.On the Sinosteel 2008 Work Meeting,the president Huang Tianwen uttered,＂In the coming year,we will work for US$20 billion sales,and look forward to getting a position in Fortune 500 firms for ourselves.＂     

Walk Through Unusual Five Years—— An Exhibitor＇s Canton Fair Course

When the 103rd Canton Fair is approaching, an old friend of Canton Fair, Li Ying from Jiangsu prov-ince recollected his past five years＇ experiences to the grand trade meeting. Each year is special, with some unforgettable memories colored by the year.     

Jean-Pierre Duprieu： Willing to Be A Legate of Sino-French Business

Estaing, former French president, Valery Giscard d＇Estaing attended Sino-French Economic Seminar held in Shanghai in early April and said that the world center has shifted from the west to the east with many European and US companies entering into Asia, and China has the ability to play an important role in the world stage. Estaing, naming himself＂French Confucian＂, then said in Chinese that a cook-group includes 10 people in ancient Chinese soldier system and the cook is in charge of cooking for them. And people who belong to the same cook are actually ＂Partners＂.     

China''''s Stock Market Wave

The annual meeting of the World Economy Forum was held in Davos,a little town in Switzerland,on January 23rd to the 27th this year,with the theme"the Power fo Collaborative Innovation",over 2500 celebrates from ture political and cconomic circles of more than 80 countries and challengred logether to talk about the future of the global economy in 2008,A Forum for the problems and challenges that face whole world,some of the keywords which drew attention during the event were:the U.S.subprime mortgage crisis,soaring energy prices,the economic slowdown in the U.S.ermerging economic bodies,authority funds and the general unpredictable nature of the global economy.     

Trade Promotion from Neighborhood

If you are considering to trade with companies in Japan or expanding your .business to Japan, we are ready to help from the very beginning.＂ You will find this greeting at the first sight on the Chinese website of Japan External Trade Organization （JETRO）. JETRO has committed itself in delivering highly efficient and quality services to meet the demand of internal and external customs including Japanese companies, hence winning a good reputation in the international trade arena. In recent years, with its priority in advancing business cooperation in South and East Asia, JETRO has made great achievement in promoting trade between China and Japan. Therefore, China＇s Foreign Trade interviewed Mr. Yoichi Maine, Deputy Director General of JETRO BEIJING.     

Auto Parts Market Potential Coming into Surface

Looking at the increasingly fierce competition in the world auto market. global automobile manufacturing industry, taking Europe, the U.S. and Japan as representatives, is gradually forming a new type of relationship, mutual cooperation between whole vehicle and parts manufacturers. We can clearly see that auto parts manufacturers have become independent from the whole vehicle manufacturing companies, which means that the former structure of auto industry has greatly changed, and a new relationship,     

Domino Effect on Electricity and Coal Prices

In the middle of last December, the key purchase contracts for coal used in power generation in 2008 were signed, reflecting a demand for more than 1.085 billion tons. It is important to note that the country＇s five biggest power producers, China Huaneng Group, China Guodian Corporation, China Power Investment Corporation, China Huadian Corporation and China Datang Corporation, had settled on the prices on their purchase contracts, and they are expected to consume 290 million tons of coal for generating electricity,     

Slimmed May Day Holiday

Last November the State Council of China decided to renew its holiday system by reducing the seven-day May Day holiday to three days and introducing three new one-day public holidays, namely the Qingming Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Moon Festival. By doing so, the three golden-week holidays that were introduced in 1999, namely the Spring Festival, May Day and National Day, could be better distributed.