后补贴时代新能源汽车产业展望：政策梳理与技术分析

随着2023年补贴完全退出，中国新能源汽车应用推广政策从财政支持转向重点鼓励技术创新。在概述中国新能源汽车产业发展现状的基础上，梳理近年来新能源汽车相关的补贴和技术创新政策，然后使用incoPat专利数据库从多方面分析中国新能源汽车发明专利和技术创新情况。研究发现，中国新能源汽车保持迅猛发展，且在重点企业和发达地区呈现一定的产业集中度，产业政策中更为注重技术创新方面，专利申请数量稳步增长，技术创新对于市场发展有明显的促进作用。但新能源汽车技术创新也存在专利维持时间不长、市场价值不高、地区或申请人不能兼顾专利质量和数量等问题，就此提出国家细化技术创新奖励体系、各地因地制宜制定政策、领头企业示范引领等建议。     

China and India in World Trade: Are the Asia Giants a Threat to Malaysia?1

Abstract

With higher shares in world merchandise trade and improvements in product quality, China is better positioned than India in the near term for influencing global trade. From the Malaysian perspective, China represents a non-negligible share in Malaysia's trade. The trends in bilateral trade with both Giants however suggest that competition has intensified. Relative to India, China appears to promulgate a more influential role on Malaysia via higher commodity overlap in external markets, greater matched trade that is of vertical differentiation, distinct quality shifts and negative adjustment pressures. Within this broad rubric of trade-induced changes, there is no evidence of skill upgrading for Malaysia in trade expansion with both Giants. This mirrors the lack of product quality improvements and the low levels of export values of high quality varieties in matched trade. Hence trade induced changes from the Giants that have been cited to be favourable from the Malaysian perspective in previous studies, may have been grossly overstated.     

基于FAHP-Entropy耦合赋权法的科技成果转化能力评价研究

目前,我国面临经济增速换挡期,提升科技成果转化能力对经济提质增效起到重要作用。从创新能力、支撑能力、转化效果三个维度构建科技成果转化能力评价体系。基于FAHP-Entropy综合权重构建模型,计算得出科技成果转化能力指数。研究表明,2012-2016年绵阳市科技成果转化能力显著提升,其中支撑能力增速明显,而创新能力和转化效果仍有上升空间。未来绵阳应在保持支撑能力优势建设的基础上,积极引导企业加大科研投入,同时构建完善的产业化环境。     

Red Holocaust

ABSTRACT

Reduced transport costs and income growth in industrialising European countries changed the market conditions for European farmers in the late nineteenth century. Grain prices fell while dairy prices rose. It has been claimed that these price changes hit large grain farmers with vested interests in grain trade particularly hard, while owner-occupiers and smallholders fared better and with help of developing cooperative associations, came out as successful commercial agriculturalists by switching to intensive branches, foremost dairying. Recent research on the Danish case, shows, however, that change was initiated on large elite estates with long-term dairy traditions. The literature on the Swedish case indicates, that larger farms switched to intensified fodder production quicker than smaller farms did, while in the early twentieth century smaller farms played an un-proportionally large role on the dairy market. Using individual farm data from two East-central Swedish parishes in 1878/80, 1895/96 and 1910/11, it is shown, that larger farms tended to modernise crop rotations and switch towards dairy production earlier than small farms did. Smaller farms caught up, and by 1910 their land use was about as strongly adapted to commercial dairy production as larger farms’ land use was.     

基于SFA模型的辽宁省装备制造业技术创新效率及影响因素研究

装备制造业很大程度上影响着国民经济发展，掌握其技术创新效率有助于行业和地区的创新发展。基于辽宁省装备制造业最新数据，运用随机前沿法构建技术创新效率测算和影响因素模型并通过假设检验。研究表明：辽宁省装备制造业总体技术创新效率情况稳中趋好，其中7个行业间效率差距较小，且变化幅度相对稳定；同时研发人员专业化程度、企业所有权结构、对外开放度对辽宁省装备制造业技术创新效率起主要促进作用。     

Re-examination of wage, employment, and hours adjustments: what is crucial for differences in the adjustments?

Manufacturing wage, employment, and hours adjustments are significantly different among developed countries, typically between Japan and the US. The problem of explaining the differences is closely related to that of what effect the extent of wage flexibility has on labor market adjustments. However, prevailing theories are invalid or incomplete for explaining the differences. The differences in the adjustments cannot be unrelated with institutional features of the labor market. Indeed, the extent of wage flexibility depends on the differences in the institutional features. Using a new model with such an idea, this paper theoretically re-examines the cause of the differences in the adjustments. The crucial causes are the characteristics of wage flexibility as well as the differences of the institutional features. The characteristics are that wage adjustment is discontinuous, infrequent, and has a lower limit in comparison with changes in demand.     

改革开放以来中国企业技术融合模式的演进

技术融合是企业技术创新活动中的基本行为,它是技术引进的后续环节,对提升企业的技术能力有着重要的作用。技术融合是技术学习的过程,是从技术引进到自主创新的过渡环节。改革开放以来,中国企业的技术发展经历了由引进到创新的过渡。这个过程中,技术融合起着重要的作用。30多年来,中国企业的技术融合模式发生了阶段性的变化,本文从技术融合的相关理论入手,分析了30年来我国企业技术融合的演变模式,分析了不同技术融合模式下的问题。     

Technological Change and Returns to Education: The Implications for the S&E Labor Market

Abstract

This paper analyzes the earnings effect of skill-biased technological change (SBTC), focusing on the comparison of science and engineering (S&E) and non-S&E occupations. In the analysis, we assert that S&E occupations and non-S&E occupations differ in the nature of skill requirements and their susceptibility to technological change; and consequently the earnings effects of SBTC also demonstrate a similar impact. For the empirical analysis, the modified Mincerian earnings equations are estimated by quantile regressions as well as the ordinary least squares (OLS) and two-stage estimation method.

Fitted to Korean panel data, the earning-enhancing effect of SBTC is observed for male workers, not only for those in S&E occupations but also for those in non-S&E occupations. Such an effect is not observed for women in S&E occupations, and rather turns even negative for women in non-S&E occupations; envisaging a relatively large occurrence of work interruption of married women in Korea, we conjecture that this may reflect women workers’ skill deterioration taking place during a work interruption. The earnings effect of SBTC is most apparent for male workers in the higher quantiles of earnings distribution, implying that those who are highly educated and have high unobserved ability gain most from SBTC.     

Modern theories of regulation: An old story. Danish gasworks in the nineteenth century

Abstract

The Great Northern Telegraph Company was established in 1869 and enjoyed a very successful era thanks to a de-facto monopoly on the telegraph lines from Northern Europe to the Far East. After 1945 the Company changed its focus from telegraphy to wireless communication and electronic equipment. This article presents an analysis of the dramatic developments in the decades following the Second World War.

The relationship between the changing strategies and the established structure is analysed using Alfred D.Chandler Jr's well-known Strategy and Structure concept. After 40 years this concept still seems relevant to the understanding of the peculiar capacity for survival and growth demonstrated by old, well-established firms. In the conclusion it is argued that the post-war growth of the Great Northern Telegraph Company was based on several factors. These were the fortune originating from the Company's golden age in the 1910s and the 1920s, the industry investment strategy during and after the Second World War and finally, the changes of the organisational structure in the 1970s, which created the vital correspondence between strategy and structure.     

Espen Moe,Governance, Growth and Global Leadership: The Role of the State in Technological Progress, 1750–2000

Abstract

The concept of the ‘dissolution of estate society’ (standssamfunnets opplesning) has not been much used in Norwegian historical research. The great process of social change which took place in the 19th century, the main features of which have their counterparts in the social development of the other Scandinavian countries, has been discussed within other conceptual contexts. Norwegian historians have often stressed the contrast between an urban society and an agricultural society based on self-sufficiency, or between the people and their administrators. In economic history the changes which came with industrialization, and the shift from an agricultural economy based on self-sufficiency to an agricultural economy based on buying and selling, have been the subject of much research. In social and political history the subjects which have aroused the greatest interest have been the struggles of the farmers as well against the bureaucracy as against the commercial capitalism of the towns, and the role of the farmers in the movement towards political democracy.     

Taxes,Health Care Provision and Aggregate Hours of Work†

Abstract

A recent literature has studied the role of increases in labor taxes and transfers on the evolution of hours of work across OECD countries. Much of this literature studies this issue in a one sector model. This paper develops a two sector model in order to assess various features of health care financing on aggregate hours of work. A key result is that when health care is publicly financed but rationed, the distortion on aggregate hours of work is large and independent of the tax required to finance the system. Moreover, this effect increases over time as aggregate income increases.     

Remittance Income Volatility and Labor Supply in Mexico

Using the 2000 through 2008 waves of the Encuesta Nacional de Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares (ENIGH), Mexico's income and expenditure survey, we estimate the way in which volatility surrounding the inflows of international remittances impacts male and female labor supply. We find that male and female labor supply decreases with higher levels of remittance income. Additionally, increases in remittance income volatility raise the employment likelihood of men and women, as well as the hours worked by employed women. Since men are more likely than women to be employed full‐time, women may be better suited to respond to increased volatility in remittance income by raising the number of hours worked. Overall, the findings are suggestive of labor supply being used as a buffer against income shortfalls and increased volatility in remittance inflows.     

Allocating job losses: the mass layoffs at the Swedish Tobacco Monopoly in 1921

Abstract

This article analyses the mass layoffs carried through by the Swedish Tobacco Monopoly in 1921. As a state-owned enterprise, the Tobacco Monopoly was expected to treat its employees with particular care but was not restricted by formal rules regarding the order of selection. Drawing on both qualitative and quantitative evidence, it is shown that the company's layoff policy shifted dramatically over the course of the year. In the spring, the company acted according to existing praxis and applied the seniority principle when releasing workers. In the autumn, when machines for cigar production were about to be installed, the same principle was abandoned. This policy shift should be seen in the light of technological change. As cigar machines were introduced, the company no longer needed experienced workers for training new workers. The seniority principle for layoffs was never applied again in the industry for the rest of the inter-war period.     

Structural Changes in the Demand for Labor

This paper investigates why labor demand has shifted away from low-skilled toward high-skilled labor in The Netherlands. We focus on the role of changes in relative wages and technological progress. A flexible functional form, proposed by Diewert and Wales, the Symmetric Generalized McFadden cost function, is estimated for the exposed and sheltered sectors. The estimates are based on time-series data for the period 1972–1993, which recently became available. Labor-saving technological change explains most of the displacement of low-skilled workers. The computed elasticities suggest that substitution between labor as a whole and capital is small. However, substitution plays a modest role in the shift from low-skilled toward high-skilled labor, especially in the sheltered sector. Skill-capital complementarity seems relevant in both sectors.     

Liner Shipping and Technological Innovation: Ostasiat and the Container Revolution, 1963–75

Abstract

This article examines the implications of technological innovation on liner shipping. In the 1960s and early 1970s, containerisation revolutionised liner shipping. The article asks how a well-established liner company, AB Svenska Ostasiatiska Kompaniet, responded to the challenges of the container revolution. Despite being a late mover, Svenska Ostasiatiska Kompaniet nevertheless successfully adapted its liner network to the container technology. The basic argument is that organisational changes paved the way for Svenska Ostasiatiska Kompaniet's successful transition from conventional liner shipping to container shipping. Before the container revolution, Svenska Ostasiatiska Kompaniet had gained valuable cooperative experiences in a joint venture with a Norwegian and a Danish liner company. These organisational experiences were crucial to the survival of the Scandinavian lines in liner shipping in a time of technological change.     

Eli Heckscher and natural monopoly: The nightmare that never came true

Abstract

In Eli F. Heckscher's conception of the world, what he called “distributary systems” (ledningssystem) played a dangerously crucial role. He used this term to denote the means of transport, communications and power transmission, that is, in substance those activities which are commonly termed natural monopolies. Until the 1920s he believed that these monopolies could be held in check by potential competition and technological change. During the 1930s and 1940s he feared that the state would seize control of the distributary systems and develop a power unparalleled in history. He was afraid that the state in fact would be able to strangle technological progress and so eliminate any change that might conceivably threaten its power. Heckscher's nightmare was one of total dictatorship and utter stagnation.     

Foreign Investment and Technological Spillovers in Kenya: Extent and Mode of Occurrence

This paper uses a uniquely designed analytical framework based on technological learning and capability development to examine the extent of multinational company spillover occurrence in the Kenyan manufacturing industry. Using a firm‐level survey data, we examined the kind of spillovers occurring, extent of occurrence as well as the channels through which such spillovers occurred. The results obtained showed that the main kinds of spillovers occurring were product and process spillovers followed by marketing, management and organisation. Results of t‐tests analysis showed significant differences between competition and demonstration, and linkage and labour mobility implying that the first two mechanisms were extremely important in spillover occurrence compared with the latter two in the Kenyan context. These have implications that linkage and labour mobility have weaker learning effects, hence weak in stimulating capability building. T‐test analysis showed that more spillovers occurred from foreign firms than from locally owned firms. The results also showed that spillovers were likely to occur due to foreign presence, firm and machine age, skill level, research and development, training and participation in imports. Based on the results generated, the paper portends that foreign direct investment can play an important role in the country's manufacturing industry by stimulating learning and capability development via spillover occurrence.     

产业集群推动企业技术创新的机理研究

企业技术创新与产业集群有着明显的互动机制,产业集群是技术创新的有效载体和组织形式,而技术创新导致了产业集群竞争力的进一步提升.文章就产业集群对企业技术创新的机理进行了研究.     

企业持续技术创新机遇及价值评价分析

在企业持续技术创新实现模型中,机遇是除了持续技术创新动力、能力以外的促进企业持续技术创新实现的第三要素,机遇对于企业持续技术创新实现起着重大的促进与支撑作用。基于此,文章探讨企业持续技术创新机遇的概念及特性,构建基于时间和风险的企业持续技术创新机遇价值评价模型,并以联想集团为例进行评价,得出机遇价值越大,对企业持续技术创新的促进作用就越强的结论。     

沙特阿拉伯科技发展情况及对比分析

近年来,随着沙特阿拉伯"新政"的实施和国家政策的调整,对科技创新的重视程度也在日益增加.随着R&D投入的增加,沙特的科技产出和知识创造能力有了大幅提升.但从对比数据来看,沙特的科技创新投入和产出有巨大差距,与其他高收入的阿拉伯世界国家相比差距较大,有很大上升空间.