Cointegration and the PPP and the UIP hypotheses: An application to the Spanish integration in the EC

The aim of this paper is to find some empirical evidence on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and Uncovered Interest Parity (UIP) in the Spanish case vis à vis the European Community for the period 1980–89. The main contribution of the paper is the aggregation of the variables corresponding to the countries that participate in the exchange rate mechanism of the European Monetary System. The results support the importance of the interest differential as an explanatory variable for the short-term adjustment to the PPP. The results follow from powerful estimation techniques, applied in the framework of a multivariate error-correction model using the maximum-likelihood procedure as developed by Johansen and Juselius (1992).     

International Financial Relations Under the Current Float: Evidence from Panel Data

This paper uses multi-country data for the period 1973–1994 to investigate five key equilibrium conditions in international finance—purchasing power parity, the Fisher equation, uncovered interest parity, and the equity-return analogues of the latter two. The results are largely consistent with theoretical expectations. Over the long run, purchasing power parity, uncovered interest parity and the Fisher effect prove to be rather good first approximations. The equity-return relations, though somewhat less so are nevertheless much better behaved than past studies would lead one to expect. Average rates of equity returns keep pace with inflation within countries in almost all instances; across countries, they are positively correlated with average rates of inflation. This is particularly the case when the data period is extended to include earlier decades.     

金融危机中拉美新兴市场国家货币错配变动分析

文章通过分析阿根延、巴西和墨西哥三个新兴市场国家1990--2010年间的货币错配指数与经济增长率之间的关系,利用非抛补利率平价理论分析得出:货币错配是引起金融危机的重要因素;货币错配的急剧增加,对拉美新兴市场国家经济增长有负面影响,大规模的货币错配会使拉美新兴市场国家的货币政策失效.     

人民币汇率与购买力平价假说

长期以来,购买力平价（以下简称PPP）被视为衡量货币间相对价值的最终标尺。对其实证检验的发展一直伴随着计量经济学的发展,采用的检验技术不断更新。从最开始的简单方程形式检验,到单位根检验与协整检验,直至现在的非线性检验。在本文的传统PPP模型检验中,结果显示,不论在单变量、双变量还是三变量模型的检验结果中,购买力平价都不适用于人民币兑美元汇率。     

Searching Stationarity in the Real Exchange Rates: Application of the SUR Estimator

In the foreign exchange market, all national currencies are priced in terms of a common numeraire (usually the U.S. dollar); hence, cross-currency correlation is likely to be important in the empirical investigation of stationarity. Recently, the SUR estimator is employed to account for the effects of cross-currency correlation on the long-run purchasing power parity. Under the SUR framework, this paper examines the joint unit-root null and the ADF-based panel unit root. Data of 30 currencies, spans from 1980 to 1999, are used for empirical analysis and the results are supportive.     

Asset Market and Balance of Payments Characteristics: An Eclectic Exchange Rate Model for the Dollar,Mark and Yen

In this paper we use an exchange rate model, which combines asset market characteristics with balance of payments interactions, to examine the nominal effective exchange rates of the German mark, Japanese yen and US dollar for the recent experience with floating exchange rates. Our approach may be interpreted as one which attempts to flesh out the missing links that arise in conditioning an exchange rate solely on relative prices, as occurs in a standard PPP analysis. Amongst the results reported in this paper are: significant, and sensible, long-run relationships for the currencies studied; complex short-run dynamics; a variance decomposition analysis which apportions nominal exchange rate error variances into real and nominal elements.     

日元长期升值与日元短期贬值的有效性--一个基于购买力平价的长期分析

以消费者价格指数、批发价格指数和出口品价格指数为基础对日元兑美元的购买力平价进行分析，验证了巴拉萨-萨谬尔森效应(B-S效应)：贸易品和非贸易品的价格差异导致日元兑美元的购买力平价与均衡汇率的结构偏离和日元的长期升值。日元长期升值有国内和国际方面的原因：二元结构、日美经贸关系的扭曲等．日元长期升值导致日本多年的通货紧缩，利率下降，形成当前的流动性陷阱。因此在B-S效应下，政府干预下的日元贬值无助于日本经济，并不能使日本经济最终走出萧条，反而会导致日元长期升值的趋势．进行国内的结构改革，加强与东亚地区的经济合作是日本经济走出萧条的根本出路。     

Purchasing Power Parity: Error Correction Models and Structural Breaks

This paper examines purchasing power parity (PPP) behavior using error correction models (ECM) and allowing for structural breaks. We distinguish four different objectives: first, this paper examines which variable or variables (the exchange rate and/or international relative prices) exhibit a significant error correction mechanism. Second, this paper presents empirical evidence about the adjustment velocity to the long-run equilibrium. Third, it examines the evidence regarding cointegration and the adjustment coefficients parameter instability, and finally, it analyzes whether traded and non-traded sectors exhibit different behavior. The most important results are: (1) the predominant adjustment is in the exchange rate with a larger velocity adjustment than in relative prices; (2) the evidence suggests that when there are strong depreciations or appreciations in the exchange rate, the international relative prices adjust (i.e., there is evidence of pass-through); (3) the dynamic adjustment to equilibrium is, in general, stable.     

基于购买力平价理论的人民币汇率的实证检验

购买力平价对人民币汇率虽然具有一定的解释作用,但有很大的局限性。汇率的变动不仅仅与物价水平相关,还与一国的生产力发展水平、利率、资本流动等其他经济变量以及该国施行的货币政策、财政政策和汇率政策有关。因此,必须对购买力平价计量检验模型进行修正,以期更好地解释人民币汇率的变化并指导其调整。     

Asian Currency Crisis and the Generalized PPP: Evidence from the Far East

The present paper investigates the effects of the Asian currency crisis of 1997–1998 on the generalized PPP between several real exchange rates of the Far East countries. Monthly log of real exchange rates of the currencies of Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines and South Korea vis-à-vis the US dollar and the Japanese yen during 1990–2004 are applied in the investigation. Further tests are conducted between exchange rates vis-à-vis the Thai baht. Tests are conducted for periods before and after the crisis. Results from the Johansen method of multivariate cointegration show a substantial change in the relationship between these real exchange rates before and after the Asian currency crisis. This result is found using rates based on three currencies: US dollar, yen and baht.     

Revising price history: consumer price index for Norway 1492–2018

ABSTRACT

The paper presents a new combined annual cost of living and consumer price index for Norway covering 1492–2018, indicating that Norwegian price history has to be revised. The new historical price index is constructed on a significantly richer data material, which also makes it cover a longer period of price history than the existing one. This is made possible by the compilation of quantitative data from numerous sources, mostly originating from the eighteenth, nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, with grain prices stretching back to 1492. The new combined cost of living and consumer price index is constructed by a Laspeyres approach with shifting baskets for commodities and expenditure groups.

The index makes it possible to follow annual inflation and deflation in Norway for a period of 526 years. When comparing to existing indices, the new series reveals that revisions are needed in Norwegian price history. These make the historical price development more in line with those of the neighbouring countries and more in line with the pattern of wholesale prices.     

Study on the Method of Regional Purchasing Power Parity in China

China is a country with great territory and the price level has remarkable disparity among various regions, which affects the accuracy of many economic indexes. Using the calculating way of the purchasing power parity of the United Nations International Comparison Project （ICP）, this paper chooses 127 samples of commodities and services as comparison programs for 31 provinces and calculates purchasing power parity of every province in 2002 by taking Shanghai as a norm. The aim of this article is to study the method of regional purchasing power parity of our country.     

Comparative output and labor productivity in manufacturing between China, Japan, Korea and the United States for ca. 1935 - A production-side PPP approach

Following the standard industry-of-origin methodology to measure production-side purchasing power parities (PPPs), this study for the first time provides a set of unit value ratios (UVRs) of manufacturing products between China, Japan, Korea and the US, based on which it derives PPP estimates for individual manufacturing industries for these East Asian countries with the US as the benchmark for ca. 1935. The estimated PPP for total manufacturing suggests that the relative level of the producer price in China, Japan and Korea was about half to two thirds of the prevailing market exchange rates, respectively. The estimated PPPs are used to calculate comparative output and labor productivity for individual industries of these countries for ca. 1935. It shows that the size of factory manufacturing in Japan was 12 percent of the US level and in China only about one percent of the US level. In terms of comparative labor productivity, measured as PPP$ per hour worked, Japanese and Korean manufacturing was 24 and 23 percent of the US level, whereas Chinese manufacturing was only 7 percent of the US level.     

Pitfalls in Measuring Exchange Rate Misalignment

We evaluate whether the Renminbi (RMB) is misaligned, relying upon conventional statistical methods of inference. A framework built around the relationship between relative price and relative output levels is used. We find that, once sampling uncertainty and serial correlation are accounted for, there is little statistical evidence that the RMB is undervalued, even though the usual regression point estimates indicate substantial misalignment. The result is robust to various choices of country samples and sample periods, as well as to the inclusion of control variables. We then update the results using the latest vintage of the data to demonstrate how fragile the results are. We find that whatever misalignment we detected in our previous work disappears in this data set.