International patent systems strength 1998–2011

In this paper we report on a composite index of international patent systems strength for 48 developing and industrialized countries annually from 1998 to 2011. Building upon earlier indices we develop a conceptual framework informed by transaction cost theory and derive measures which emphasize the importance of enforcement-related aspects of the patent system of countries. Findings reveal harmonization of the regulative aspects of patent protection internationally in the post-TRIPs era but not of overall national patent systems. The index should inform studies on the relationship between national patent systems and a range of international business and other phenomena.     

Patent enforcement across 51 countries – Patent enforcement index 1998–2017

Indices are central for comparing the strength of patent systems across countries in international business research, intellectual property management and policymaking. However, existing approaches rely on book laws while most variance across countries emerges from enforcement. We address this weakness and present the Patent Enforcement Index which tracks differences in patent enforcement for 51 countries between 1998 and 2017. We utilize novel firm-level enforcement data and extend the conceptual framework of the patent systems strength index provided by Papageorgiadis et al. (2014). The new index reveals previously uncaptured volatility in patent enforcement and can be decomposed into three topical sub-indices.     

Formal institutions, culture, and venture capital activity: A cross-country analysis

Why does the level of venture capital activity vary across countries? This study suggests that the variation can be attributed to the different levels of formal institutional development. Further, this study proposes that venture capitalists respond differently to the incentives provided by formal institutions depending on different cultural settings. Analysis of VC activity for 68 countries during the 1996-2006 period shows that formal institutions have a positive effect on the level of venture capital activity, but this effect is weaker in more uncertainty-avoiding societies and in more collectivist societies. This study has useful theory and policy implications for venture capital and entrepreneurship development.     

What does “entrepreneurship” data <Emphasis Type="Italic">really</Emphasis> show?

In this paper, we compare two datasets designed to measure entrepreneurship: The Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) dataset and the World Bank Group Entrepreneurship Survey (WBGES) dataset. We find a number of important differences when the data are compared. First, GEM data tend to report significantly higher levels of early stage entrepreneurship in developing economies than do the World Bank business entry data, while the World Bank business entry data tend to be higher than GEM data for developed countries. Second, we find that the magnitude of the difference between the datasets across countries is related to the local institutional and environmental conditions for entrepreneurs, after controlling for levels of economic development. Our findings suggest that entrepreneurs in developed countries have greater ease and incentives to incorporate, both for the benefits of greater access to formal financing and labor contracts, as well as for tax and other purposes not directly related to business activities.

Lessons learned from Brazilian multinationals’ internationalization strategies

Internationalization of emerging market multinationals is a recent phenomenon gaining importance in the global economy. This foreign expansion of a new breed of companies has challenged established theories and practices in the field of international business (Cuervo-Cazurra, 2007). This article addresses the issue of whether or not there is something to learn from these emerging market companies and their foreign expansion. Focusing on the international trajectories of four Brazilian multinationals (i.e., Odebrecht, Embraer, Stefanini, and Marcopolo), this study analyzes their strategies and managerial processes during and after the recent economic crisis with regards to internationalization. Our qualitative fieldwork suggests that the trajectories of these Brazilian multinationals are quite unstructured and evolve as a reaction to the opportunities they face in international markets. It seems all four companies in our sample shared a strong entrepreneurial spirit and a high motivation to expand their international operations despite the crisis and the obstacles they faced. Our findings and suggestions in terms of lessons learned should provide valuable implications for multinational managers from other emerging markets by providing a better understanding of how Brazilian multinationals expand internationally, deal with economic crisis, and manage relationships with local and foreign institutions.     

国民待遇原则与外贸经营资格——新《外贸法》扩大外贸经营者范围之思考

2004年新的《贸易法》开始实施,新外贸法对1994年《外贸法》与我国加入世贸经组织承诺和世贸组织规则不相符的内容进行了修改;根据我国加入世贸组织承诺和世贸组织规则,对我国享受世贸组织成员权利的实施机制和程序作了规定;同时也根据1994年《外贸法》实施以来出现的新情况和促进对外贸易健康发展的要求对其作了修改。其中最引人注目的是扩大对外贸易经营者的范围;取消了对货物和技术进出口经营权的审批,代之以备案登记。这是我国外贸资格管理方式的又一变革。本文着重分析了国民待遇原则和国家垄断对外贸易的国际规则对我国外贸资格管理方式的影响,并就在现阶段如何规范外贸经营管理方式,使之更加符合国际规范提出了建议。     

全球价值链与国内价值链——基于投入产出表的新方法

价值链作为组织和协调经济活动的微观机制,已使经济全球化和增长模式发生了深刻的变化。本文利用来自投入产出表的新方法,测度了广东省和江苏省全球价值链和国内价值链的水平。结果表明,粤苏两省切入全球价值链的倾向高于切入国内价值链的倾向,而对其它省份关联效应较大的行业基本上是中间品行业,且具有自然资源密集的特征。全球价值链与国内价值链之间的互动关系,则关系到我国产业升级的前景和区域经济协调发展的基础。     

国内价值链是否对接了全球价值链——基于联立方程模型的经验分析

作为发展中的转轨大国,中国在全球化进程中的产业升级和地区差距问题必须考虑价值链分工这一国际分工新格局。本文利用1997年、2002年和2007年广东省和江苏省的投入产出表与行业层面的数据,通过建立联立方程模型进行实证检验后发现,中国目前形成的全球价值链和国内价值链之间存在着负相关关系,国内价值链并没有成功对接全球价值链。进一步地,不论是从行业来看、时间来看,还是从地区来看,随着切入全球价值链程度的上升,全球价值链对外部价值链的弹性都会上升;而国内价值链对外部价值链的弹性则会下降。利用大国优势和在位优势延长全球价值链在国内的环节,培育其与国内价值链之间的关联对接,构建链条对链条的竞争,可能为中国产业升级和区域经济协调发展提供坚实的分工基础。     

对国家创新能力的再认识

国家创新能力理论认为,创新环境是政府制定创新政策的基础,是企业创新活动投入的重要依据。国家创新能力理论是波特的国家竞争优势理论的扩展。本文着重描述了国家创新能力理论的框架及其衡量体系,阐释了创新的基础设施和产业集群之间的相互联系;对经济合作与发展组织成员国的创新能力与其他国家和地区的创新能力进行了对比分析;解释了地域性因素对企业创新的影响;进而对如何提高一国的创新能力提出了政策建议。     

平方根变步长lp范数LMS算法的稀疏系统辨识

针对稀疏未知系统的辨识问题,提出了一种基于p(0相似文献   

Where does ESG pay? The role of national culture in moderating the relationship between ESG performance and financial performance

This study investigates the moderating role of a country’s culture as an external contingency factor in the relationship between a firm’s environmental, social, and governance (ESG) performance and financial performance. Using ESG performance data of 4978 firms from 48 countries for 17 years, we argue that the financial return from engaging in ESG varies depending on the countries’ cultural aspects because stakeholder evaluations and appreciations for a firm’s ESG performance differ across nations. We find that a country that espouses a culture of high individualism or masculinity tends to appreciate and reflect on this more explicitly, strengthening the relationship between a firm’s ESG performance and financial performance. Contrastingly, in a country with a culture of high power distance or uncertainty avoidance, firms’ ESG efforts are less likely to be associated with financial performance. Our findings have important implications for multinational enterprises facing various cultural environments when dealing with heterogeneous stakeholder demands across countries.     

民族的力量——1912年--1949年中国品牌发展

民潮时期,中国的民族资本主义如雨后春笋般地破土而出,成为了支撑国家力量的支柱之一,那些成长于19世纪末20世纪初的民族资本家在与外资的资本搏杀中逐渐强大起来,凭借着实业救国的决心,在不断的失败与探索中摸索出一套适合近代中国的商业制度和产业模式,最终夯实了中国制造业的基础,为近现代中国打开了现代化的商业传播大门。     

发挥“国家重点实验室”优势，构建资源勘查专业综合实践教学体系

通过对资源勘探工程专业（石油方向）实践教学环节的现状分析．提出了构建资源勘察工程专业实践教学体系,制定详实实践教学大纲与内容。把实践教学规范化、制度化;建设完善资源勘查工程教学实验标本库、完善教学实验项目．充分利用“油气藏地质及开发工程国家重点实验室”与能源学院石油地质及工程专业实验室仪器资源构建综合实践教学体系。以校外专家与校内师资（专业教师与实验老师）以及研究生辅助教学相结合的形式。加强实验教学师资力量。对学生采用基本教育与重点教育相结合的方式．在完成大纲规定的实践教学基本内容基础上,为“学术型”与“领导型”潜质的学生提供实践训练平台。     

试论信访制度改革的深化

我国新颁布的《信访条例》向法治方向迈进了一大步,但信访机构的责任追究主体依然是上级行政机关,监督者与被监督者都缺乏独立性,仍有进一步改革的必要。可以借鉴北欧国家的议会监督专员制,完善我国现有的信访制度,在制度设计层面理顺民意表达与政治监督的关系,实现公民政治参与的制度化和有序化,并最终建立符合我国国情的人大监察专员制度。     

综合利用电离层残差法和载波相位变化率法探测并修复周跳

针对参考站单站静态双频的特点,提出一种周跳检测与修复的新方法,根据接收机提供的锁定时间信息,综合利用电离层残差和载波相位变化率准确探测并修复周跳。检验证明该方法能够准确可靠地探测并修复失锁 3秒以内的周跳,避免了周跳对载波相位平滑伪距的影响。     

The evolution of strategic asset-seeking acquisitions by emerging market multinationals

We study the extent to which emerging market multinational enterprises (EMNEs) engage in strategic asset-seeking acquisitions in advanced countries in relation to the strength of their home- and host-country national innovation system (NIS). We suggest that early acquisitions by EMNEs were used to compensate for the EMNEs relatively weak home NIS, and targeted weaker host NIS to limit the cognitive gap EMNEs would need to address. Instead, more recent acquisitions by EMNEs are supported by a stronger home NIS, and target firms in stronger host NIS. We also propose that acquisitions by high-tech (versus non-high-tech) EMNEs need a stronger home NIS due to the technological complexity of the industry, and are limited when the complexity of a stronger host NIS adds to the industry context. We find support for most of our arguments on 179 acquisitions in the Triad by Brazilian, Russian, Indian and Chinese multinationals.