Efficiency in the Degree of Compromise: A New Axiom for Social Choice

We introduce a social choice axiom called efficiency in the degree of compromise. Our axiom is based on the trade-off between the quantity and quality of support that an alternative receives. What we mean by the quantity of support is the number of voters behind an alternative, while the quality of support is about the definition of being behind depending on the rank of an alternative in voters' preference orderings. Naturally, one can increase the quantity of support of an alternative to the expense of giving up from its quality. We say that an alternative is an efficient compromise if there exists no other alternative with at least an equal quantity of support with a higher quality. Our efficient compromise axiom is based on not choosing inefficient compromises. We introduce it and show that many standard social choice rules of the literature, such as Condorcet-consistent rules, plurality with a runoff, the Borda count and the single transferable vote, may choose inefficient compromises.     

The effects of emotion and need for cognition on consumer choice involving risk

Building upon previous research, this article proposes that the effect of mood on risk-taking is moderated by the individual’s need for cognition. The hypothesized effect of mood and the need for cognition are tested with different types of consumer choices in three studies. Consistent with the hypotheses, the results indicate that the subjects in happy mood tend to be risk-aversive while the subjects in sad mood incline to take risks. Furthermore, the mood affects risk-taking behavior more for the low-NFC subjects than for the high-NFC ones. Finally, implications of the findings and suggestions for future research are discussed.     

顾客参与新产品开发的绩效影响:产品创新类型的调节效应

顾客参与企业新产品开发对新产品开发绩效有着重要影响,在处于转型经济背景下的中国进行相关研究更有着极为重要的战略意义。文章以B-B市场中的制造企业为研究对象,构建了以产品创新类型为调节变量的顾客参与对新产品开发绩效差异化影响的调节效应模型。研究表明,顾客参与对新产品开发时间绩效与创新绩效的积极影响会受到产品创新类型的调节作用;但产品创新类型对顾客参与和财务绩效关系的调节影响不显著。     

The effect of culture on consumer choice: the need for conformity vs. the need for uniqueness

This paper investigates whether East Asians are more likely than Westerners to purchase a brand presented as a best‐seller given that East Asians tend to have a higher need for conformity and Westerners tend to have a higher need for uniqueness. Results show that East Asians are more likely than their Western counterparts to purchase such brands when the perceived risk is low. However, when the perceived risk is high, both East Asians and Westerners tend to prefer a brand presented as a best‐seller. Results also show that, in a three‐option set in which the C option is dominated by the B option but not by the A, both East Asians and Westerners are more likely to select option C when it is presented as a best‐seller than when it is not. Managerial implications and the study's limitations are also discussed.     

An Examination of the Effect of Consumer Personal Traits on Show Rooming Behavior: The Effect of Product Type

The rapid growth of online commerce and spread of mobile devices have created various trends in product-purchasing behaviors of consumers. Especially in online-to-offline commerce, “showrooming” has increased. This involves searching for products offline but purchasing them online. Among theories of consumer buying behavior based on traditional consumer characteristics, this study empirically analyzes whether there are group-specific differences in showrooming. The results show that innovative consumption tendencies are significantly related to push, pull, and mooring factors. The findings also elucidate the role of showrooming buying behavior in these relationships. In terms of push and mooring factors, these relationships are strengthened by showrooming purchase experience. This study divides products into electronic products and apparel and analyzes the effects on purchase experience using a moderator.     

Occupational Choice: The Influence of Product vs. Process Innovation

Prior studies have found that knowledge gained from work experience is a way to gather insights for business opportunity recognition. However, little is known about the specific types of knowledge that lead to business founding. Utilizing concepts from knowledge spillovers and from the opportunity recognition literatures, this paper argues that an organization’s technological innovation activities can help its employees develop specialized knowledge that provides them with the entrepreneurial opportunities to found new businesses. Besides highlighting the positive relationship between technological innovation activities in organizations and the propensity of individuals leaving the organizations to start new businesses, this paper also provides a more fine-grained explanation of the types of technological innovation activities that can lead to business founding. We argue that knowledge acquired through product innovations is more easily adopted by individuals for commercial uses, while knowledge acquired through process innovations must be integrated with other parts of the organization to be valuable. This study proposes that product innovation activities in an organization, more so than process innovation activities, are related to new business founding. Implications for opportunity exploitation and ways to exploit knowledge spillovers are discussed.      

进口中间品质量对企业生产率的影响——基于影响渠道的分析

通过使用2000~2013年中国工业企业数据库和海关数据库测算出企业进口产品的质量,分析进口产品质量对企业生产率的影响以及影响渠道,结果显示:企业进口高质量的资本品、中间品以及消费品能够提升企业生产率;企业进口高质量产品能够通过加剧行业竞争,促进企业提升生产率,提高竞争力;企业进口高质量产品的技术创新效应不同,资本品和消费品的技术创新效应为正,中间品为负;中间品技术创新效应为负的原因是加工贸易中的来料加工占据中国中间品进口的大部分且其技术创新效应为负。     

Currency of Search: How Spending Time on Search is Not the Same as Spending Money

Search theories suggest that a decline in search costs increases search behavior. This relationship has been well supported by prior experimental research but not by studies conducted in retail settings. Our review of the literature suggests that this discrepancy might be driven by the fact that prior experiments typically involve money-based search whereas actual search in retail settings is usually time-based. We argue that the currency of search plays a moderating role. We find that when participants spend money on search, a decrease in search costs has a significant effect on search decisions but, when they spend time on search, a decrease in search costs either has a relatively weak effect (Experiment 1) or no effect at all (Experiment 2). Furthermore, this insensitivity in time also emerges for search payoffs (Experiment 3). We also offer evidence for the processes underlying these effects. Our results provide a new lens to examine inconsistencies in the search literature, and present a view of search that is more applicable to the retail context.     

Signaling Quality and Credibility in Yellow Pages Advertising: The Influence of Color and Graphics on Choice

Abstract

This research investigates the ability of color and graphics to convey information about quality and credibility and their influence on choice in Yellow Pages advertising. In Experiment 1, participants exposed to Yellow Pages ads across three product categories had more favorable attitudes toward the advertisement, advertiser, and quality for ads in color than for noncolored ads. Attitudes about the advertisement, advertiser, quality, and credibility were more favorable for ads with photos than for ads with line art. In both cases, results varied by product category. Experiment 2 tested the effect of color and graphics on selection of a Yellow Pages advertiser across eight product categories. Selection from a 32-page, simulated Yellow Pages booklet was made by 384 subjects. A significant effect for process (full) color and photographic-quality graphics on choice of an advertiser from Yellow Pages was found and varied across product categories. The results also highlight the impact of other variables that are controlled by the advertiser.     

The Effect of Interpersonal Influence on Softlifting Intention and Behaviour

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of interpersonal influence on personal software piracy, also known as softlifting. A laboratory experiment with 54 subjects was conducted, in which each subject was told to participate in a software quality evaluation exercise. However, a ploy was carried out to measure the subjects intention in software piracy under different levels of group pressure and financial gains. The results are interesting. On the intention of softlifting, both group pressure and financial gains are significant determinants. The interaction of group pressure and financial gains is also significant: when group pressure is toward pirating software, financial gains is not a relevant factor; whereas when group pressure is toward purchasing, financial gains becomes a dominant factor in softlifting intention. A further survey (with 216 college students from two public universities in Taiwan) designed to investigate the relationship between consumer susceptibility to interpersonal influence (Bearden et al., 1989) and softlifting intention/behavior. A path analysis demonstrated that normative influence was related to softlifting intention, yet information influence effect was marginal. The effect of normative influence on softlifting behavior was mainly mediated by softlifting intention. Implications are also discussed.     

The Influence of Regulatory Focus on the Effect of Product Cues

The purpose of this study is to explore the extent to which informational cues interact with individuals’ motivational states during their evaluation of a product. This article confirms the interaction effects between informational cues and motivational states by examining product attributes and advertising appeals as informational cues, and regulatory focus as a motivational state. The results from three studies indicate that consumers with promotion focus find extrinsic cues as more important and have more favorable evaluation toward a product with superior extrinsic cues. Prevention‐focused consumers, however, perceive intrinsic cues of a product as more important, and thus have more favorable evaluation toward a product with superior intrinsic cues.     

The Moderating Effect of Product Category Knowledge and Attribute Importance on the Attraction Effect

This paper explores the moderating effect of product category knowledge and attribute importance on the attraction effect. The results of our study point to several boundary conditions of the effect. For consumers who have a moderate level of product category knowledge, and for consumers who assign more importance to one product attribute over the other, the attraction effect was strongest. In contrast, the attraction effect was diminished, in some cases to insignificant levels, for consumers with a high or low level of product category knowledge, and for consumers who consider both product attributes about equally important.     

The Influence of Nutrition Information on Choice: The Roles of Temptation,Conflict and Self-Control

This study investigated the impact of nutrition information on consumers' choice of a cake and examined the roles of key psychological decision factors. Based on a generalized linear model, results of an experiment on 299 female consumers in the United Kingdom showed that the presence of nutrition information in the form of Guideline Daily Amount (GDA) had a direct impact on food choice. GDA information had a moderating effect on the relationship between two psychological factors (conflict and self-control, but not temptation) and consumer choice. Temptation, conflict and self-control had direct effects on choice.     

中国水产品出口增长因素的恒定市场模型分析

本文采用恒定市场份额模型(CMS)对中国水产品的出口增长因素进行分析。结果发现,中国水产品的出口增长是进口市场的结构效应、本身的竞争力效应以及结构与竞争力的交互影响的次级效应共同作用的结果。其中,竞争力效应起到了最为关键的促进作用,表明中国水产品是一个具有竞争力的出口行业。     

The Effects of Social Information Cues Featured in SNS Ads on Unfamiliar Product Adoption

This study tests the effects of social information cues on ad responses and consumer decision making processes in the domain of unfamiliar product adoption. The findings show that participants having a huge size of the social network are particularly responsive to social information cues featured in the ads, showing an inverted U-shape pattern of purchasing intentions as the number of prior product purchasers increased. Findings suggest targeting and marketing strategies on social network service platforms.     

基于关系视角的农产品渠道模式选择研究

本文在国内外学者对渠道关系类型研究的基础上,依据一定的变量构建了基于农户——龙头企业——分销商的不同阶段的农产品渠道关系模型和渠道关系选择模式。在农户——龙头企业阶段,依据外部环境的不确定性、农户规模、龙头企业品牌知名度三个变量,渠道关系有四种可选择的模式;在龙头企业——分销商阶段,依据外部环境的不确定性、分销商对下游渠道创造增加值的能力和龙头企业品牌知名度三个变量,渠道关系也有四种可供选择模式,但这些不同的渠道关系模式承诺水平表现出一定的差异。     

The Moderating Influence of Country of Origin Information Seeking on Homophily and Product Satisfaction

ABSTRACT

The purpose of the research was to investigate when consumers concurrently select a range of retail products online, what percentage of products need country of origin (COO) identification. Moreover, will COO information seeking positively moderate the relationship between homophily and product satisfaction. Participants were recruited through an online survey platform (MTurk). The results appear to be the first to quantify the number of retail products within a basket that need some form of country of origin (COO) identification. Electronic word of mouth (eWOM, e-reviews) has become an important factor in the purchasing process for consumers. When COO information is unavailable, consumers will search online reviews to determine the COO of products. When reading the e-reviews, consumers will also evaluate the reviewer and the similarities they share. If they are not similar (low in homophily) their satisfaction with the product is low. By contrast, when homophily is high, product satisfaction is high. Specifically, as homophily increases, an individuals' need for COO information seeking has a positive moderating effect on their perceived product satisfaction. Online retailers promoting their products could benefit from sales increases due to their ability to provide COO information at a low cost, which in turn, provides ease, peace of mind and purchase satisfaction for consumers.     

反倾销保护引致的市场转移效应分析——基于中国彩电出口的实证分析

针对特定出口国的反倾销保护会带来两种贸易转移效应:进口国的进口转移效应和出口国的市场转移效应。本文通过简单竞争模型以及统计分析和描绘性分析着重考察了反倾销保护对出口国的市场转移的影响,分析结果表明,欧盟对中国彩电的反倾销保护导致了中国对其彩电出口量的大幅度下降,并进而引起了中国的彩电出口向未提起反倾销诉讼的其他国家(地区)转移,即反倾销保护导致了出口国的市场转移效应。     

The Interaction Between Individuals and Information Systems: Organizations and Individuals on the Same Side

This article presents the results of a research project aimed at understanding under what circumstances the social construction process of information systems (IS) in the banking sector in Brazil takes place. It presents an analysis of the implementation, use, and procedures for the improvement of three systems used in two banks. The data were collected through 46 semi-structured interviews and documental analyses. The data analysis revealed that system assimilation was influenced by training and by the confluence of individual and organizational objectives, following a structure of conformity and conformism to what was previously implemented by the organizations.     

中国工业制成品贸易条件影响因素探析

当前,我国工业制成品贸易条件不断走低.贸易条件的变化由进出口商品价格的变动决定,而价格变动除受供给和需求变动支配外,还直接受汇率、关税水平的影响.此外,国家的货币和财政政策、对外贸易政策、经济周期及通货膨胀率、世界市场需求的变化及世界经济周期的波动、各种非关税壁垒等,也会影响贸易条件的变动.其中,经济增长、外商直接投资、产业结构、关税及汇率是影响我国工业制成品贸易条件变动的主要因素.而经济增长、产业结构、外商直接投资通过影响供求关系来影响贸易条件;产业结构、关税及汇率通过价格机制直接影响贸易条件.改善贸易条件必须从多方面入手,才能有效与长久.