我国利用外国直接投资中的环境污染问题分析

随着外商在中国投资密度的增大,外商投资企业对中国环境必然产生一定的影响。中国在吸引外商投资的同时,不能只看到外商投资企业对中国带来的正面影响,还必须正视其所带来的环境污染问题,制定相应的对策,保护中国的环境。     

当前外商投资的五个取向

外经贸部部长助理徐秉金在“大连迈向２１世纪经济论坛”上说，各国愿意来中国投资的企业家，完全可以在五个方面大有作为。这五个方面是：参与国企改革、改组和改造；参与高科技产业的发展；参与中西部地区的开发和建设；参与基础设施建设；参与服务业的发展。他说，这五个方面应是当前和今后一段时间外商投资的重要取向。在今后相当长一段时间内，国企改革都是我国的一项重点工作。为此，吸收外商投资并运用外资流入所带来技术和管理等优势是我国要采取的重要措施之一。此外，在发展高科技产业方面，我国政府鼓励外商特别是跨国公司投资于…     

论入世后中国关税措施的定位

从1947年起GATT到现在的WTO并不禁止对国内工业的保护，但均主张各成员（GATT体制下称缔约方）应主要通过关税措施来保护国内工业，可以说进口关税是各成员保护国内工业唯一合法的贸易限制手段。这是因为首先，在市场经济制度下的贸易管理中，关税占重要地位；其次，关税比其它贸易措施给进出口带来的损失较小；第三，关税制度具有非歧视性，对来自不同国家和地区的商品一视同仁；第四，通过关税，可以较容扩大了出口贸易，为国家增加外汇收入做了新贡献。近几年、三资企业产品出口额都在大幅度增长。外商投资企业已成为我国外资出口创汇的主力军。最后，进一步扩大外商投资领域，特别是逐步吸引外商在第三产业投资，包括金融业、商业、房地产业、旅游业等领域的投资，会极大地促进服务行业的发展。     

风标

国务院：坚决遏制固定资产投资过快增长；央行思路：宏观调控以微调为主；QFII拟开设多账户投资A股市场；民政部拟推捐款免税；出口退税政策酝酿调整；银监会支持商业银行投资设保险公司；中国经济15年后有望赶上日本；商务部新规放宽外商投资权限.     

建立面向社会总资产的政府管理体制

目前,我国广泛开展的产权制度改革给政府管理的客体带来了深刻的变化。 首先,政府管理的宏观经济环境发生了巨大的变化。在宏观经济参数中,影响社会总需求与社会总供给的不再只是国有资产一家,而是包括外商投资和国内民间投资在内形成的多元资产主体。     

外资企业产品出口持续增长

(本刊讯) 今年上半年,我国外贸出口面临国际国内诸多不利因素,特别是国内非典疫情的爆发和蔓延等,但这并没有对外商投资企业的产品出口造成重大的影响。今年1-6月,外商投资企业产品出口继续保持较高的增长。据海关统计,外商投资企业机电产品出口额达664.87亿美元,同比增长49.02     

我国引进外商直接投资中的环境污染特征与对策

通过对外商直接投资对我国环境带来的影响分析看出,我国引进外资的发展水平还远没有达到可持续发展所需要的水平。只有从调整引进外商投资的战略入手,健全环境税征收机制、对外商投资进行合理产业指导、完善环境保护法律法规,才能真正实现我国利用外商投资的可持续发展。     

我国引进外商直接投资中的环境污染特征与对策

通过对外商直接投资对我国环境带来的影响分析看出,我国引进外资的发展水平还远没有达到可持续发展所需要的水平。只有从调整引进外商投资的战略入手,健全环境税征收机制、对外商投资进行合理产业指导、完善环境保护法律法规,才能真正实现我国利用外商投资的可持续发展。     

“入世”后长春市加快利用外资的对策研究

“入世”后我国将进一步开放市场,外商投资的领域扩大,投资方式多样化,有些行业将逐步减少对外商投资的股权限制。随着国民待遇的实施,现在对外商投资企业的当地     

外商直接投资与产业结构调整:预期、实效及新问题

1992年,中国吸收外商直接投资进入新一轮高潮,外商直接投资协议金额达575亿美元,实际使用111.6亿美元,分别比上年增长3.8倍和1.6倍;外商投资企业出口大幅度上升,全年出口额174亿美元,比上年增长44.1%,占出口总额的比重由上年的16.8％提高到20.4％。外商直接投资不仅数额增长快,还呈现出外资来源多样化、投资区域扩大、单项投资规模增大、投资的产业范围扩大等新的特点。外商投资热潮至今仍在持续。可以说,经过这一轮外商投资热潮,外商直接投资对中国经济发展和体制改革各个方面的影响将显著增强,以往存在的一些问题也将有所变动。本文将从外商直接投资对中国产业结构调整和产业政策效果的影响的角度,分析中国吸收外商投资过程中出现的一些有争议的问题,并就可能的改善途径提几点建议。     

近代外国在华投资:规模与效应分析

传统观点认为,近代外国在华投资不仅盈利极其丰厚,而且还严重抑制了中国本土企业的成长与发展,成为阻碍近代中国经济发展的一个重要因素。本文通过对近代外国在华投资的规模、利润率以及外国投资与日俱增背景下中资企业成长、发展情况的分析,发现传统观点是值得商榷的,文章认为近代外国在华直接投资的正效应是非常明显的,不仅没有成为中资企业发展的阻碍,而且还刺激并促进了中资企业的成长与发展。当然,至于外国间接投资的效应则需要进行具体分析。     

Domestic R&D,Foreign Direct Investment and Welfare

This paper provides a new rationale to examine the two‐way relationship between domestic research and development (R&D) and foreign direct investment (FDI), as well as their impacts on domestic welfare. Our analysis is based on the strategic interaction in cost‐reducing investment decisions between domestic firms and a foreign firm, which is different from the common factors that are discussed in the literature such as spillovers and technology sourcing. Our results are as follows. We show that domestic R&D investment may either increase or decrease the foreign firm's FDI incentives. Further, depending on the marginal cost of domestic firms, domestic R&D incentives can always increase regardless of the effects of domestic R&D investment on the foreign firm's FDI decision. Finally, we find that domestic welfare improves under domestic cost reduction if the slope of the marginal cost of domestic R&D investment is sufficiently small.     

Flows of direct investment and their effects on investment in Canada

An accelerator-flow of funds model of investment is used to estimate the effects of direct investment abroad by Canadian firms and direct investment by foreign firms on domestic investment in Canada for the period 1957.I–1971.IV. The results show that direct investment abroad has a negative effect, whereas foreign direct investment has a positive effect on domestic investment. The latter results confirm earlier findings by Caves and Reuber (1971).     

我国FDI和OFDI技术溢出效应的实证检验

对国内外有关国际直接投资渠道的技术溢出的研究文献进行了梳理,测算了1994—2008年我国以外商直接投资和对外直接投资反映的外国R&D资本存量,并建立了R&D溢出回归模型,对其进行回归分析。研究结果显示:国内R&D资本和外商直接投资对我国全要素生产率的提升具有促进作用,且国内R&D资本的作用更大;对外直接投资对我国全要素生产率的提升有微弱的阻碍作用。因此,在政策层面上应继续加大国内R&D支出,加强外商直接投资,积极开展对外直接投资,以推动我国技术进步。     

The Real Effects of Transnational Activity upon Investment and Labour Demand within Japan's Machinery Industries

This paper attempts to estimate the real effects of transnational activity upon both investment and labour demand, within each of the five industries that comprise Japan's domestic machinery sector. The study uses a standard model of investment and labour demand, which is augmented to include foreign wages. It is argued that this approach is the most suitable for capturing the real effects of transnational activity, since foreign wages indicate the attractiveness of alternative sites for investment, production and employment. A simultaneous equations estimator is employed and, for each industry, there is evidence that both the behaviour of investment and labour demand are sensitive to foreign wage conditions. The results indicate the extent to which transnational activity has had a real effect upon Japan's domestic machinery sector.     

The impact of multinational entry on domestic market structure and investment

We model the impact of different modes of multinational entry on the choices of domestic firms. Focusing on the competitive effects of foreign entry for the host country we demonstrate that greenfield investment will increase competition only if it is not countered by anti-competitive reactions on the part of the domestic firms. Together with cross-border mergers and acquisitions the model, thus, provides two alternative explanations for the increase in concentration ratios in industries with mostly horizontal foreign direct investment. Moreover, foreign presence is shown to raise total investment in the local industry at the cost of crowding out domestic investment.     

Managing Foreign Direct Investment: Commitment, Deterrence, And Diversion

The paper models the multinational choice between foreign direct investment in and exporting to a domestic market as an equilibrium outcome of strategic play between domestic and foreign firms. Two cases are considered, one in which the domestic firm can precommit to output levels (as, for example, through investment in a distribution network), and one in which such precommitment is not possible. The domestic firm's strategy in the case of precommitment includes aggressive efforts to deter or divert foreign investment and results in fewer observed equilibria with foreign investment than would otherwise occur. Tariffs designed to switch the foreign decision from exporting to direct investment may lead instead to monopolization of the market by the domestic firm.     

Flows of direct investment and their effects on U.S. domestic investment

Based on the ex post patterns of direct investment, separate hypotheses are offered on the effects of the outflows and inflows of direct investment on U.S. domestic investment. The outflows of capital will stimulate domestic investment and the inflows will displace this investment. Applying an accelerator-flow of funds model of investment with Almon lags for 1959I–1971IV, the results mildly support the hypothesis on the effect of capital outflows, whereas they clearly support the hypothesis on the adverse effect of foreign direct investment in the U.S.     

Foreign Debt,Foreign Direct Investment and Volatility

We investigate how foreign debt and foreign direct investment (FDI) affect the growth and welfare of a stochastically growing small open economy. First, we find that foreign debt influences the growth of domestic wealth by lowering the cost of capital, while FDI affects the country's welfare by providing an additional source of permanent income. Second, a decline in domestic investment may improve domestic welfare as FDI replaces the gap. Even when the welfare deteriorates, its magnitude is mitigated, leaving more room for discretionary fiscal policy. Third, a fiscal policy aimed to stabilize domestic output fluctuations needs to be conducted not to crowd out the welfare benefit of FDI too much. Fourth, an economy with both types of foreign capital experiences wider welfare swings by external volatility shocks than the one with foreign debt alone, while the welfare effects from domestic volatility shocks are mitigated. The welfare effects of fiscal shocks are much smaller with both types of foreign capital. Lastly, the first-best labor income tax covers the government absorption by the labor's share of total output, and the capital income tax covers the rest. Investment is penalized or subsidized depending on the social marginal cost-gain differential.     

Foreign Direct Investment and the Political Economy of Protection

This paper makes the point that an import-competing industry may not want maximal protection. The reason is that a high level of protection encourages inward foreign direct investment, which could be even less desirable than import competition. A government captured by the domestic import-competing industry consequently will set the level of protection low enough to limit direct foreign entry. This paper also establishes results regarding the form of protection. Voluntary export restraints are shown to be the domestic industry's desired means of protection, because leaving export rents with foreigners inhibits foreign direct investment.