Improving Jurors' Evaluations of Auditors in Negligence Cases*

Prior research indicates that individuals acting as jurors experience outcome effects in audit negligence litigation. That is, jurors evaluate auditors more harshly in light of negative outcomes, even when audit quality is constant. I posit that outcome effects in this setting are caused by jurors using their negative affect (i.e., feelings) resulting from learning about negative audit outcomes as information relevant to auditor blameworthiness. I tested this hypothesis in an experiment in which I manipulated audit quality, outcome information, and provision of an attribution instruction. The attribution instruction was designed to discredit negative affect as a cue to auditor blameworthiness. Consistent with expectations, attribution participants' evaluations of auditors exhibited less reliance on outcome information and more reliance on audit quality information than did evaluations made by control participants. In fact, outcome effects were eliminated for attribution participants. Courts may be able to improve the quality of jurors' decisions in such cases by employing an attribution instruction.     

Auditor Experience and the Timeliness of Litigation Loss Contingency Disclosures*

This paper hypothesizes and finds that firms audited by city‐industry specialists have more timely disclosures of contingent losses from litigation when there is no news coverage relating to the legal case prior to management disclosures. A closer examination reveals that this result is explained by the specialist auditors’ prior experience auditing clients in the same office and industry who are involved with litigation. In our setting, disclosures of litigation‐related contingent losses, we identify two kinds of knowledge generated from experience: industry knowledge and litigation knowledge. Industry knowledge helps auditors detect and correct poor implementation of guidance for litigation loss contingency disclosures. Auditors gain litigation knowledge from auditing clients in a given office and industry with previous involvement as defendants. Thus, the two types of knowledge interact in their effects on reporting outcomes.     

刑法中的共同过失犯罪刍议

随着社会的发展,涉及共同过失犯罪的案件数量也越来越多,其造成的社会危害也越来越大。由于共同过失犯罪在立法上的缺失,造成在司法实践中对共同过失犯罪的定罪处罚失去依据。要对共同过失犯罪的相关问题进行探讨,对完善刑法中共同过失犯罪的规定提出具体的措施。     

Independence Threats,Litigation Risk,and the Auditor's Decision Process*

This study examines the effect of independence threats and litigation risk on auditors' evaluation of information and subsequent reporting choices. Using a Web‐based experiment, I tracked auditors' information gathering and evaluation leading to a going‐concern reporting decision. Specifically, 48 audit managers assessed client survival likelihood, gathered additional information, and suggested audit report choices. I found that auditors facing high independence threats (fear of losing the client) evaluated information as more indicative of a surviving client and were more likely to suggest an unmodified audit report, consistent with client preferences. In contrast, auditors facing high litigation risk evaluated information as more indicative of a failing client and were more likely to suggest a modified audit report. In addition, the association between risk and report choice was fully mediated by final information evaluation. This suggests that it is unlikely that different reporting choices resulted from a conscious choice bias, but rather that motivated reasoning during evidence evaluation plays a key role in the effect of risk in auditor decision making.     

The Interdependent Use of Earnings and Dividends in Financial Analysts' Earnings Forecasts*

Abstract. This paper examines how analysts combine earnings and dividend information when they predict future earnings. Because both earnings and dividends are noisy indications of future earnings, we posit that analysts use the two corroboratively, to confirm the information reflected in each, and that analysts will substitute away from earnings when it is noisy and toward dividends. Using regressions of analysts' earnings forecast revisions on unexpected earnings, unexpected dividends, and five variables that reflect whether the signs of unexpected earnings and dividends confirm or contradict each other, we find evidence of both corroboration and substitution. Analysts' earnings forecast revisions are significantly related to the five corroborative variables, and this relation has statistically significant explanatory power beyond that in the magnitudes of unexpected earnings and unexpected dividends. Consistent with expectations, we find that the evidence of corroboration varies across the noisiness of earnings information; there is more evidence of corroboration when earnings are more variable. We also find evidence consistent with analysts substituting away from earnings, toward dividend information for firms with noisy earnings information (high variance). Overall, the results imply that analysts use earnings and dividend information interdependently, with some interdependency determined by the noisiness of earnings announcements. Résumé. Les auteurs examinent comment les analystes combinent l'information relative aux bénéfices et aux dividendes pour prévoir les bénéfices futurs. Les bénéfices et les dividendes étant tous deux des indicateurs imparfaits des bénéfices futurs, les auteurs posent l'hypothèse que les analystes utilisent les deux, à titre corroboratif, pour confirmer l'information que livre chacun de ces indicateurs et qu'ils préféreront les dividendes aux bénéfices, si ces derniers se révèlent un indicateur imparfait. En procédant à la régression des révisions des prévisions de bénéfices des analystes sur les bénéfices imprévus, sur les dividendes imprévus et sur cinq variables indiquant si les pronostics de bénéfices et de dividendes imprévus se confirment ou s'infirment les uns les autres, les auteurs enregistrent des données qui vont à la fois dans le sens de la corroboration et de la substitution. Les révisions des prévisions de bénéfices des analystes présentent une relation significative avec les cinq variables de corroboration, relation qui affiche un pouvoir d'explication statistiquement significatif, au-delà de celui de l'ampleur des bénéfices imprévus et des dividendes imprévus. Conformément aux prévisions, les auteurs constatent que la preuve de corroboration varie selon le degré d'imperfection de l'information relative aux bénéfices; les preuves de corroboration sont plus fortes lorsque les bénéfices varient davantage. Les auteurs font également état de constatations conformes à l'hypothèse selon laquelle les ana lystes écartent l'information relative aux bénéfices pour y substituer l'information relative aux dividendes dans le cas d'entreprises dont l'information relative aux bénéfices est imparfaite (variance élevée). Dans l'ensemble, les résultats invitent à la conclusion que les analystes utilisent l'information relative aux bénéfices et aux dividendes de manière interdépendante, une partie de cette interdépendance étant déterminée par l'imperfection de l'information communiquée en ce qui a trait aux bénéfices.     

Discontinuities and Earnings Management: Evidence from Restatements Related to Securities Litigation*

A heated debate exists as to whether discontinuities in earnings distributions are indicative of earnings management. While many studies attribute discontinuities in earnings distributions to earnings management, other studies argue that earnings discontinuities are artifacts of sample selection and research design. Overall, there is limited direct evidence of a connection between earnings discontinuities and earnings management. In this study, we provide direct evidence linking earnings management to earnings discontinuities for a sample of firms that settle securities class action lawsuits and restate earnings from the alleged GAAP violation period. We compare the distribution of restated (“unmanaged”) earnings to originally reported (“managed”) earnings. We find that discontinuities are not present in the distribution of analyst forecast errors and earnings changes using unmanaged earnings but are present using managed earnings. The discontinuity in the earnings level distribution is attenuated, but not eliminated, on an unmanaged basis. These shifts among our sample of firms are caused by earnings management and cannot be explained by sample selection or research design issues. Our findings are important because many studies use earnings discontinuities as a proxy for intentional earnings manipulations and we provide the first direct evidence of a link between these two phenomena.     

The Role of Cost Allocations in the Acquisition and Use of Common Resources*

Abstract. For a common resource, we suggest that the benefits of fixed cost allocations lie not in inducing optimal utilization of available capacity but in deciding how much capacity to acquire. In the presence of sequential information asymmetry between the owner and two symmetric users of the resource, we show that cost allocations form a part of the optimal incentive contract. We derive an optimal cost allocation scheme and provide an explicit link between the allocated costs under this scheme and the fixed costs of the resource. Résumé. Selon les auteurs, pour une ressource commune, les avantages de la répartition des coûts fixes résident non pas dans l'induction d'une utilisation optimale de la capacité disponible, mais dans la décision relative à la capacité devant être acquise. En présence d'asymétrie de l'information séquentielle entre le propriétaire et deux utilisateurs symétriques de la ressource, les auteurs démontrent que la répartition des coûts est un élément qui entre dans le contrat d'intéressement optimal. Ils dérivent un plan optimal de répartition des coûts et établissent un lien explicite entre les coûts répartis au moyen de ce plan et les coûts fixes de la ressource.     

The Negligence Rule in the Presence of Judicial Corruption and Social Norms

This paper investigates the phenomenon of judicial corruption and incorporates it into Polinsky, A. M. (1980). Strict liability vs. negligence in a market setting. American Economic Review, 70, 363–367 framework so as to analyze the efficiency of the negligence rule. By shedding light on the role of social norms in regard to the phenomenon of judicial corruption, this analysis provides implications for policy. First, more prevalent corruption at the status quo tends to intensify the extent of the corruption itself and, as a result, the effectiveness of the government’s corruption enforcement is greatly lessened. This implies that an excessively lenient policy of corruption may result in an uncontrollable consequence; once corruption becomes rampant, it is costly to bring it down. Of great importance, in the presence of such a corruption effect, the social optimum cannot be achieved based on the negligence rule and the equivalence between the strict liability and negligence rule fails. Secondly, the attitude of the society toward a corrupt judge plays a crucial role in governing the effectiveness of an efficient wage arrangement. If the society can fully accept a corrupt judge, corruption will never be controlled even with the incentive wage scheme.

Analysts’ Use of Nonfinancial Information Disclosures*

In this study I examine how analysts process nonfinancial information and how this is affected by the patterns of firms’ nonfinancial information disclosures. More specifically, I examine the association between analyst earnings forecast errors and the persistence of nonfinancial disclosures, both across information content and over time. The study focuses on firms in the wireless industry for the period 1997–2007. The results show that analysts tend to underreact to the information contained in customer acquisition cost, average revenue per user, and the number of subscribers. These are the performance measures that have significant predictive ability for future earnings of wireless firms. Distinguishing between firms on the basis of their nonfinancial disclosure patterns reveals that the above findings are driven primarily by firms with irregular disclosures. There is no evidence of analysts’ inefficiency in evaluating the content of nonfinancial metrics provided by persistently disclosing firms. This implies that the lack of systematic disclosures of performance measures restricts financial analysts’ ability to fully analyze the contributions of these metrics for future earnings.     

Commercial Lenders' Use of Accounting Information in Interaction with Source Credibility*

Abstract. The credibility of individual commercial borrowers, which lenders refer to as “character,” affects lenders' use of accounting information. This effect of source credibility is subtle compared to the effect of external audits on the use of financial statements in other contexts. It is hypothesized that accounting facts must be positive (supporting loan approval) for character facts to influence lenders' judgments and loan decisions. Character facts will not affect judgments or loan decisions significantly when accounting facts are negative (supporting loan denial). This accounting/character interaction is predicted to become stronger as lenders gain experience and develop criteria for evaluating character. In an experiment, lenders read a loan application that contained facts concerning accounting, character, and other information; the accounting and character facts were manipulated to be either positive or negative, resulting in four versions of the application. The lenders recommended approval or denial of the loan and estimated the likelihood that the loan would be fully repaid (a risk estimate). Interactive effects of accounting and character facts on lenders' loan decisions and risk estimates were found, but the accounting/character interactions generally did not vary with experience level. One notable difference was that experienced lenders never approved loans when accounting facts were negative, but inexperienced lenders sometimes did.     

Cross-Sectional Dependence and the Use of Generalized Least Squares*

Abstract. This paper provides additional evidence on the relation between the actual and asymptotic standard errors under generalized least squares (GLS). Simulations are conducted in the event-study framework using both daily and weekly returns. The case of simultaneous calendar time and industry clustering is also considered. The major finding is that the asymptotic standard errors under GLS can significantly underestimate the true standard errors when the number of parameters estimated is not small compared to the number of observations available to estimate them. To minimize the possibility of incorrect inferences, use of GLS should in general be combined with standard errors obtained from other techniques such as bootstrap. Résumé. L'auteur apporte de nouvelles preuves de la relation entre les erreurs-types réelles et asymptotiques dans le cadre de l'utilisation des moindres carrés généralisés. Il procède à des simulations dans le contexte d'une étude d'événements, en utilisant les rendements à la fois quotidiens et hebdomadaires. Le cas de simultanéité de la date et du groupage par secteur d'activité sont également pris en considération. Principale conclusion de l'auteur: les erreurs-types asymptotiques dans le cadre de l'utilisation des moindres carrés généralisés peuvent entraîner une sous-estimation importante des erreurs-types véritables lorsque le nombre de paramètres estimés n'est pas restreint par rapport au nombre d'observations disponibles pour formuler ces estimations. Si l'on veut réduire au minimum le risque d'inférences inexactes, l'utilisation des moindres carrés généralisés devrait, de façon générale, être combinée aux erreurs-types obtenues à partir d'autres techniques comme celle de l'amorce.     

论面向新世纪的中国农业发展策略

随着中国加入ＷＴＯ步伐的加快,中国农业面临着新的机遇与挑战。本文从中国农业发展的现状出发,分析了我国农业国际市场竞争能力方面的优势与劣势,提出中国农业发展的相应对策。文章重点探析了农村上城镇化政策的推行,农产品营销方式的改善与农业比较优势的发挥等战略措施的实施。     

新时期企业人才管理的策略探讨

企业的发展是国家和地区经济发展的动力。企业的良好运行和发展离不开企业人才的有效管理。要密切关注当今人才资源管理的五大趋势和人才资源管理的基本理念,制定企业人才管理的策略。     

中日经贸往来存在的问题及改进措施

中日邦交正常化已经度过了29个春秋，这期间，中日关系可以说是历经风雨，但作为中日关系重要组成部分的经贸关系却是风调雨顺，获得了长足的发展。当然其中也不乏问题重重，尤其是近几年来经贸纠纷有愈演愈烈之势。在这种情况下，中国加入了世贸组织，中日如何进一步趋利弊害，使两国的经贸关系更上一层楼，就成为中日学者当前最为关心的热点问题。而从目前的现状入手，分析现存的问题，进而提出具体的改进措施，以推动双方经贸交流与合作的进一步发展，则是双方所必须共同努力的一大课题。     

论民事诉讼上自认的性质

自认的性质问题一直在大陆法系国家和英美法系国家存有较大争议。一般英美法系国家将自认规定为传闻证据,认为它是证据的一种;大陆法系国家普遍认为自认是一种诉讼行为。我国学者对此也存在较大分歧：有的认为自认是当事人陈述,有的认为自认是证据规则,有的认为自认是一种诉讼行为。目前国内外学者的争论主要从两个方面介入：一是根据自认与证据的关系来分析自认的性质;二是把自认分为诉讼上的自认与诉讼外的自认,并对自认的性质进行分析。在介绍各种主流学说的基础上,分析自认的性质。     

企业品牌延伸策略及其选择

自20世纪70年代末以来,品牌延伸作为重要的一种品牌营销策略,越来越受到企业的重视。随着市场竞争的加剧,更多的国内企业将步入品牌延伸的行列。文章就品牌延伸动机及影响品牌延伸成功的因素进行了分析,并进一步提出企业实施品牌延伸策略的对策。     

渭南市旅游业发展对策研究

渭南市地处陕西关中平原东部,是西安大都市圈的东部门户,具有丰富的自然资源、人文资源,发展旅游业很有优势。目前,渭南市旅游业发展上还存在着认识不高、投资不足、经营机制不活、基础设施薄弱等问题,应整顿旅游经济秩序,加强环境、文物保护,加大投入,促进渭南市旅游业的发展。