INCOME ELASTICITIES OF DEMANDS FOR FOODS IN GREAT BRITAIN

This paper describes analysis of data from the National Food Survey to determine the influences of household income and composition on household demand for foods in 1974, 1979, 1980 and 1982. The paper focuses on fats, cheese and carcase meats. The analysis uses household level data, regarding zero expenditures as arising because of infrequent purchasing and the expenditure-income relationship used in the Almost Ideal Demand Model. This is in contrast with the analysis reported by the National Food Survey Committee which uses a constant elasticity model and averaged income and expenditure data.     

TESTING FOR CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE DEMAND FOR MEAT IN AUSTRALIA

Quarterly data from 1962 to 1983 for beef, lamb, mutton, pig meat and poultry were used to test for constancy in the structure of meat demand in Australia. The cumulative sum, cumulative sum of squares and Farley-Hinich tests were applied to a range of models to ensure that any rejection of stability was not due to an inappropriate functional form or omitted dynamics. Little evidence was found of a marked swing away from consumption of any meat, with the exception of mutton. The results suggest that changes in prices and in total consumer expenditure are far more important than changes in tastes as determinants of meat consumption.     

FROM CONSUMER CHOICE PROCESS TO AGGREGATE ANALYSIS: MARKETING INSIGHTS FOR MODELS OF MEAT DEMAND

The presence or absence of structural change in meat demand is critical to marketing decision making. If change is present, marketing bodies need to know what underlies the change so that the most appropriate response can be identified. Marketing theory is considered as a possible source of more explicit models of demand which may lead to a better understanding of consumption patterns and structural change.     

ECONOMICS,POLITICS AND POTATOES-THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE POTATO MARKETING BOARD IN GREAT BRITAIN

This paper describes briefly arrangements for marketing potatoes in Great Britain. It discusses the ways in which the Potato Marketing Board has sought to influence the market and argues that in current circumstances it cannot insulate British growers from the effects of trade within the European Community. It may now be appropriate to look towards modified forms of operation in order to help the industry to compete.     

A MODEL OF THE DISAGGREGATED DEMAND FOR MEAT IN AUSTRALIA

The focus of this study is the estimation of the Australian demand for meat between 1967 and 1990, employing a demand systems approach which uses the linear approximate, almost ideal demand system (LA/AIDS) model. Two demand systems are estimated by maximum likelihood methods, one for aggregate types of meat and one for disaggregated meat products. After correcting for serial correlation in the two demand systems, restrictions from utility theory are imposed and tested for their appropriateness. By using a new data set on the Australian retail price and consumption offresh pork, ham and bacon, the results from the disaggregated model provide the first estimates of the own-price, cross-price and expenditure elasticities for these commodities.     

QUARTERLY ESTIMATES OF THE DEMAND AND PRICE STRUCTURE FOR MEAT IN NEW SOUTH WALES

Multiple regression estimates of demand and price relationships for fresh beef, lamb and mutton in the N.S.W. livestock auction, wholesale, and retail markets during the period from January 1951 to June 1963 are presented. The results show that direct price elasticities of demand were negative, and of greatest absolute value in the retail market. Mutton is shown to have been a close substitute for beef and lamb, but the latter were not close substitutes with respect to price.     

WEAK SEPARABILITY AND A TEST FOR THE SPECIFICATION OF INCOME IN DEMAND MODELS WITH AN APPLICATION TO THE DEMAND FOR MEAT IN AUSTRALIA*

Most studies of the demand for meat in Australia have used some measure of total income or expenditure, but two recent studies have assumed weak separability of a meat group and used expenditure on the meat group instead. These specification differences are of interest to the extent that they affect the economic interpretation, goodness-of-fit, elasticity estimates, predictive performance or hypothesis tests in empirical demand equations. In this paper, non-nested hypothesis testing procedures are used to test the alternative specifications of the income variable and the hypothesis of separability. The results favour the use of the expenditure variable implied by separability but are mixed concerning whether separability holds.     

20世纪90年代以来中国粮食生产的区域格局变动

该文对20世纪90年代以来的粮食生产变化态势做了简要回顾,并从生产和消费角度,分别基于粮食总产量与人均占有量分析了我国粮食生产的区域格局变动特征,结果验证了粮食生产"北上西进"的变动格局。按照比较优势理论,即使区域粮食作物总产量在全国没有优势,但仍有具备比较优势的可能性。基于比较优势模型和GIS方法,该文分析了主要作物(稻谷、小麦、玉米、豆类)的区域比较优势,为全国层面粮食作物优势产业区的划分提供依据。     

中水集团远洋公司在新形势下如何做大做强

中国水产(集团)公司总经理刘身利在中水集团远洋公司的工作会议上提出,发展远洋渔业前景依然美好,所以中水集团要继续突出主业,多元发展的战略,继续保持在全国远洋渔业中的龙头地位,为推动全国远洋渔业发展作出新的贡献;要通过抓好科技投入、实施产业化、创知名品牌和搞好企业内部改革等措施,促进内涵优化、业绩优良、机制先进、竞争力强,以带动本集团的可持续发展.     

CHANGES IN THE TERMS OF TRADE FOR AGRICULTURE: NEW PLATEAU OR NEW PRECIPICE*

This paper looks at the recent boom in agricultural commodity prices to see to what extent the changes these prices reflect are of a structural rather than short term nature. It concludes that they are essentially short term: a lagged supply response to the agricultural depression of 1970 and 1971; the coincidence of normal commodity cycles for several commodities; an unusual coincidence of adverse seasonal conditions in major producing areas, particularly the U.S.S.R.; and an unprecedented upswing in world economic activity. Nevertheless, there are a number of factors which suggest that, other than possibly in short term disequilibrium situations, agricultural commodity prices will not decline to previous levels: worldwide inflation; redirection in world agricultural support policies; and the energy crisis. Many of these factors win also influence prices of manufactured goods and hence the terms of trade. After considering the problems of world food supplies and continued growth in world population, the paper suggests that there is little evidence of a major structural change in the market for agricultural commodities. Rather, it points to a return to the previous situation where there is a slight tendency for the terms of trade to move against agriculture.     

入世后国内外农产品市场变化前景

首先分析了国际农产品市场发展变化的8个方面主要特点,由此进一步论述了我国农产品贸易格局的变化趋势,具体分析了对我国未来农产品贸易格局产生影响的6个方面的因素：一是本国经济的增长速度;二是国际市场需求;三是我国扩大农产品出口面临的障碍因素;四是农产品进口方面的影响因素;五是农产品供给的变化前景;六是国际市场环境国素。最后提出了我国农产品市场的发展前景与对策。     

印度加入WTO后农业产生的变化及若干启示

中国与印度的人口和资源状况类似,加入WTO对印度农业产生了一定的影响,印度政府也采取了一些相应的政策措施,中国可以从中得到部分启示和借鉴。