Changing food consumption patterns in rural and urban Vietnam: Implications for a future food supply system

Rapid income growth and urbanisation could significantly change the composition of the food basket in many emerging economies. This study estimates a demand system, including 15 major food items in Vietnam, with multiyear household survey data. We find a large variation in the estimated price elasticities (–0.05 to –0.88) and expenditure elasticities (–0.16 to 2.56). Food types, urban status and income groups can explain this variation. We also find that the staple food, rice, is already an inferior good for rich urban households in Vietnam. Moreover, food preferences are evolving away from rice but towards animal proteins (fish, pork, chicken, eggs and milk), fruits and vegetables, irrespective of urban status and income groups. As the Vietnam economy continues to grow with a doubling of gross domestic product (GDP) in the next decade, per capita rice consumption in both urban and rural areas and across different income groups will continue to decline, whereas demand for other high‐value products will rise. Thus, government policy should focus on encouraging demand‐oriented food production. In addition, crop diversification at the farm level needs to improve substantially to meet the rising demand for these food products due to income growth and urbanisation.     

Household Food Consumption in a Developing Economy:

The primary objective of this paper is to describe household rice consumption patterns in Nigeria with evidence from Imo State, determine the nature, magnitude and direction of income, price and cross price elasticities of demand, and examine the factors influencing household rice consumption. A budget survey of 50 randomly selected rural and urban households in Imo State, Nigeria, interviewed. The survey was repeated for 14 months between November 1984 and January 1986, providing the data used for analysis. There were significant differences between urban and rural household per capita daily rice consumption. Income (expenditure) elasticity of demand was greater than unity, and decreased, as expected, from low to high income groups. Household income was the most important determinant of food consumption. The implications of these findings for food and international trade policy are discussed.     

北方牧区居民家庭食物消费结构与特征研究

[目的]文章以内蒙古自治区呼伦贝尔市内鄂温克族自治旗、陈巴尔虎旗、新巴尔虎右旗为典型区域,定量研究我国北方牧区居民家庭食物消费结构及特征,以期丰富我国牧区的食物消费数据库、促进牧区居民食物消费转型升级。[方法]采用分层抽样,通过实地入户3d跟踪称重调研,获取典型区域内204户居民家庭食物消费的一手数据,结合中国居民膳食宝塔推荐值和传统农村(山东省)居民食物消费数据,对牧区家庭食物消费结构进行分析。[结果](1)牧区居民家庭人均食物消费量为495.99g/(人·餐),其中植物性食物消费量是动物性食物的2.4倍;蔬菜消费占比最高(24.43%),其次是面粉(18.39%)、奶类(12.62%)和肉类(11.39%);粮食消费中50%以上为面粉消费,肉类消费中60%以上为牛羊肉消费。(2)不同区域和群体间消费差异明显。收入水平较高的家庭对非主食类食物(肉类、食用油、零食和酒水)的消费量更高,而对薯类的消费量更低;与少数民族相比,饮食主要决定人为汉族的家庭人均食物消费量更低,且对奶类、酒水的消费量明显更低。(3)与中国居民平衡膳食宝塔推荐值相比,呼伦贝尔牧区居民食物消费表现出高油多盐的特征,同时对牛羊肉为主的肉类和谷薯类的消费偏高,而对水产类、水果和奶类的消费明显不足;与传统农村居民家庭食物消费相比,牧区居民的蔬菜、大豆及坚果的消费量更低。[结论]牧区居民食物消费有了主、副食兼用的趋势,且仍能体现地域特色,但饮食结构仍呈现单一化,对牛羊肉等肉类消费过量情况尤为突出。     

Income Growth and International Meat Consumption

With technological adoption and trade liberalization, per capita incomes have grown rapidly in industrialized countries. Income growth has resulted in increased per capita meat consumption. Projecting future meat consumption requires quantifying the relationship between per capita income and meat consumption. This study estimates the relationship between income growth and meat consumption using data from 32 countries. Beef, pork, poultry, and lamb income elasticities declined at different rates as income levels increased. High income countries have experienced relatively constant per capita meat consumption. Low income counmes with low income growth have had stagnant meat consumption. Low income countries with growing incomes have experienced increasing meat consumption. Countries such as China characterized by relatively large income growth and moderate population growth have experienced large increases in total meat consumption.     

Rice Consumption Patterns in Kuwait and Its Future Market

Abstract

With changing demographic patterns in the State of Kuwait, the per capita consumption of rice in Kuwait is decreasing over time. It seems that the Socio-Economic changes taking place in the country have affected the tastes and preferences of the Kuwaities with regard to the consumption of rice versus other competing Western starch dish products such as breads, pastas, and potatoes. This paper tests several hypotheses about the relationship between demographics and rice consumption, and examines rice-related buying and consumption behaviors of Kuwaities. Implications of the findings and recommendations are given. A general marketing strategy is also suggested regarding future implications of rice and rice products within the Kuwaiti society.     

乌蒙山会泽片区旅游扶贫效应及提升研究

[目的]乌蒙山会泽片区属于连片集中特困地区,文章分析其旅游扶贫效应,以期为其他贫困地区的旅游扶贫开发提供参考和借鉴,对于丰富和发展区域扶贫理论具有重要的指导意义。[方法]该文采取文献分析、实地调研、建立片区农民人均纯收入与片区游客人均消费的计量经济学模型,对乌蒙山会泽片区客源人次、综合收入、游客人均消费、农民人均收入进行分析。[结果]农民人均纯收入与游客人均消费呈现高相关关系;乌蒙山会泽片区无论是旅游人次还是综合收入占曲靖市的比重不高。[结论]乌蒙山会泽片区旅游扶贫带动农民收入的经济效应呈现逐年持续增加的态势,但乌蒙山会泽片区旅游扶贫的经济效应总体不是很高,还有进一步提升的空间,应利用丰富的自然生态资源与深厚的历史文化资源,加快现有旅游景区转型升级步伐、依托旅游培育增收产业、提升群众参与度、加大宣传推介提高片区知名度,将吸引更多的游客前来观光、休闲、康体养生,带动旅游相关产业的发展,旅游扶贫的经济效应将会得到进一步提升。     

Consumption of dairy products in urban China: results from Beijing, Shangai and Guangzhou

Using urban survey data collected by the authors in 2001–02, this paper analyses demographics, cultural factors and purchasing behaviours influencing the consumption of fresh milk, yogurt, ice cream and powered milk in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou, China. Results from estimation of a double-hurdle model of consumption show that income and marketing channels are the key determinants of milk consumption levels; however, education, advertising and convenience play a more important role in consumption of other dairy products. There is some evidence that milk powder, as a consumer good, may be becoming an inferior product in urban China. Finally, the survey data suggest that the growing sophistication of China's retail sector is influencing consumption of dairy products.     

全面建成小康社会对农村居民肉类消费的影响——基于中国农村微观经济数据的实证研究

[目的]基于中国农村微观经济数据,分析全面建成小康社会对农村居民肉类消费的影响。[方法]文章运用恩格尔模型和考虑"零消费"问题的近乎理想需求系统模型(AIDS)的两阶段模型,对全国8个省份的农户数据进行实证分析。[结果]首先,肉类食品的需求收入弹性均为正值,农村居民肉类需求随着收入增长而增加。其次,肉类食品需求收入弹性存在差异,其中,禽肉收入弹性最大,牛羊肉收入弹性最小。再次,不考虑"零消费"问题时,牛羊肉的需求弹性被高估0.12～0.29,猪肉的需求弹性被高估0～0.02。最后,到达全面建成小康社会的标准时,目前低于收入标准的农村居民人均猪肉、禽肉和牛羊肉消费量将分别增加3.42kg、1.86kg和0.57kg,消费结构将进一步优化。[结论]全面建成小康社会将促进农村居民人均收入增长,进而扩大人均肉类消费量、优化肉类消费结构;农村家庭户主受教育程度与肉类消费具有正向相关关系。     

我国用水总量确定的方法与结果

根据1980—2015年中国用水总量与主要影响因素的系列数据,建立经过统计检验的中国用水总量预测模型,对中国用水总量极值及出现的时间进行预测。为了验证模型预测结果的正确性,提出利用中国人均综合用水量预测中国用水总量极值的方法,在对比国外近几十年人均综合用水量的趋势及中国人均综合用水量特性的基础上,预测了未来中国人均综合用水量的趋势。再根据中国人口峰值及出现的时间,预测出在2030年前后中国用水总量极值达6 500亿m3,之后与中国总人口一起下降,这个结果与模型预测的结果一致,说明该确定中国用水总量极值的模型、方法与结果是合理的,可在其他区域(省、市、区等)借鉴与使用。     

Market access,organic farming and productivity: the effects of Fair Trade affiliation on Thai farmer producer groups*

The study analyses the impact of Fair Trade (FT) and organic farming on a sample of FT rice producers in Thailand. It finds that per capita income from agriculture is positively and significantly affected by years of organic certification and FT affiliation. The estimated FT and organic certification contributions to producers’ economic well‐being are higher when account is taken of the relatively higher proportion of self‐consumption among affiliated farmers. But the per capita income effect does not translate into higher productivity owing to a concurrent increase in hours worked.     

贸易自由化对中国食物消费不平等的影响与路径研究——基于多元多重中介效应模型的检验

随着经济发展,人们生活水平不断提高,中国人均食物消费量不断提高,但食物消费不平等问题依然比较突出.本文基于贸易自由化的角度,引入价格和收入两个中介变量,利用中国家庭收入项目调查数据及其他相关数据,通过多元多重中介效应模型,从理论和实证上分析了贸易自由化对中国食物消费不平等的影响.研究发现,贸易自由化不仅可通过提高中国居...     

A NOTE CONCERNING THE EFFECT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION ON DEMAND

This note attempts to develop a method of measuring the impact of changes in income distribution on future demand, an important consideration when a country is experiencing a rapid rise in per capita income. Cross-sectional analysis utilising the Lorenz coefficient focuses on the impact of income inequality on the demand for mutton in urban Iran. It is hypothesised that long-term projections of demand using traditional methodology will over-estimate future consumption as a result of failure to consider deterioration in income distribution. The hypothesis is substantiated for this example. It is concluded that current income distribution and the alterations in income inequality which may accompany increased per capita income must be taken into account when estimating changes in aggregate future demand.     

河北省农民收入影响因素分析

2019年中央一号文件提出,2019—2020年是全面建成小康社会的决胜期,"三农"领域有不少必须完成的硬任务,必须坚持把解决好"三农"问题作为全党工作的重中之重不动摇。而解决"三农"问题的核心是增加农民收入,增加农民收入是河北省经济发展中的一个重要问题。本文首先通过观察2003—2018年河北省农民人均可支配收入状况,收集基本数据,确定城镇化水平、农产品人均占有量、农产品生产价格指数和农村人均消费支出四个影响因素;其次运用计量经济学模型和Eviews8.0软件进行分析和检验;最后根据拟合后的计量模型,得到农民人均可支配收入与农村人均消费支出和城镇化水平两个指标都成明显正相关关系:在其他指标不变时,农村人均消费支出每增加1元、城镇化水平每提升8%,农民人均可支配收入就分别增加0.88元和129.11元。本文根据所得结论提出了对策及建议,并结合实际为河北省农民增收探索新途径。     

Demand for food in Myanmar (Burma)

Aggregate quarterly time series data from 1975 to 1987 on government procurement prices and open (black) market prices were used in estimating an almost ideal demand system (AIDS) and double-log models for consumption of foodstuffs in Myanmar. The results from the AIDS model were superior to those from the double-log models. The estimated income elasticity of demand for non-meat foodstuffs was high, even for low-quality rice, which has been shown to be an inferior good in other Asian countries. The income elasticities for the non-cereals (groundnut oil, sesame oil, pulses, potato and onion) are positive and less than one. Contrary to expectation, the income elasticities for all meat items are low. Own-price elasticities for most foodstuffs were less than one. The estimated cross-price elasticities indicate the complementary nature of the basic food items to rice. A brief analysis of the effects of taxing Myanmarese rice exports and subsidising consumers indicated that there are net costs to government, unevenly distributed welfare gains to consumers and welfare losses to farmers.     

基于虚拟水视角的中国城乡居民消费特征分析

以2004—2015年我国各食物产品的虚拟水消费量为基础数据,从虚拟水消费量、消费结构和消费水平地域差异三方面分析我国的虚拟水消费特征。结果表明:农村居民食物产品的人均虚拟水消费总量整体呈下降趋势,城镇居民则相反,且农村居民的动物性食物虚拟水消费量增长幅度大于城镇居民;农村居民的粮食虚拟水消费量高于城镇居民,动物性食物的虚拟水消费量低于城镇居民,但两者之间差距在减小;城镇居民的虚拟水消费相比农村居民更趋多元化,消费水平相对较高;各食物产品的人均虚拟水消费结构存在明显地域差异,不同种类的食物虚拟水消费均存在地域性。     

On the resurgent population and food debate

Since Malthus wrote his famous Essay on Population , the world has witnessed great improvements in numerous measures of well–being — life expectancy, infant mortality, incidence of famines and plagues, per capita food consumption as well as real per capita incomes. These improvements have come about during rapid population growth in both industrial and developing countries. Food demand and supply projections suggest that growth of supply will fully meet growth of consumption while grain prices continue to decline. While China may increase grain imports early next century, Central and Eastern Europe is likely to emerge as a major grain exporter and thus help to meet the increase in China's imports.     

中高收入阶段农民增收的国际经验及中国农民增收趋势

本文总结了工业化国家(地区)促进农民增收的主要经验并得出对中国的重要启示。中高收入阶段中国农民增收将面临经济发展方式转变、区域经济增长新格局涌现、劳动年龄人口趋紧、农村综合改革继续深化等因素影响,到2020年中国农民人均纯收入有望达到1万元,工资性收入成为农民增收主力,农民收入的区域差异将缩小。     

Do the BRICs and Emerging Markets Differ in their Agrifood Imports?

This study develops an import demand model to explore the role of income in explaining the trade performance of low‐, middle‐ and high‐income countries with a special emphasis on Brazil, Russia, India and China – the BRIC economies. The study estimates the impact of the growth in per capita income on the trade of agrifood products using data from 52 countries and 20 agrifood products for the years 1990–2006. The results suggest that China, Russia and Brazil now have more income elastic import demands than other middle‐income countries. Conversely, the income elasticities of import demand in India are similar to other low‐income countries and for the most part statistically equal to zero.     

At‐home meat consumption in China: an empirical study*

The remarkable economic changes occurring within China since 1978 have resulted in a striking alteration in food consumption patterns, and one marked change is the increasing consumption of meat. Given China’s large population, a small percentage change in per capita meat consumption could lead to a dramatic impact on the production and trade of agricultural products. Such changes have major implications for policy makers and food marketers. This paper concentrates on meat consumption patterns in the home in China. A censored linear approximate almost ideal demand system model was employed in the study, and major economic parameters were estimated for different meat items. Data used in this study were collected from two separate consumer surveys – one urban and one rural in 2005.     

加强科技创新 提高农业用水生产力

随着我国人口增长和经济发展,农产品消费需求将呈刚性增长。与此同时,耕地减少、水资源短缺、气候变化等因素对农业生产的约束日益突出,特别是水资源短缺问题将成为对我国农业可持续发展的严峻挑战。提高农业用水生产力,要发展生物性节水技术,开发旱作节水技术,发展现代节水灌溉技术,解决水质性缺水问题,提高节水装备水平,加强管理制度和机制创新。