基于消费者视角的茶叶企业品牌资产模型构建和实证研究

采用问卷调查的方式,参考国内外学者的研究成果,提出了基于消费者视角的茶叶企业品牌资产的概念模型,在理论和实证相结合的情况下,得出茶叶企业品牌资产由品牌知晓度、品牌形象、感知质量和品牌忠诚度4个维度构成,非货币性销售促进方式对茶叶企业品牌资产的建立更有利。品牌资产是茶叶企业最重要的战略资源,企业应加强这四个维度的建设管理,并在营销活动中开发和应用更多的非货币性销售促进工具,从而茶叶企业才能在日益残酷的竞争环境中占有优势。     

Meat demand in China: to include or not to include meat away from home?

This study examines meat consumption in China, the world's largest meat consumer and producer, by considering both meat consumed at home and away from home based upon a diary‐based household survey. The results indicate that income growth leads to beef, poultry, other meat and pork away from home consumption to grow more than proportionally to total meat consumption. We also find that meats consumed away from home grow faster than at home counterparts due to higher income elasticities, suggesting that ignoring meat away from home could significantly underestimate current and future meat consumption.     

The Significance and Insignificance of Demand Analysis in Evaluating Promotion Programs

The estimated effects of promotion on demand are often small and insignificant. Yet, the estimated effects of promotion on industry profit are often positive and large. This puzzle is explained by demonstrating that (in)significance of promotion in a demand equation does not imply, and is not implied by, (in)significance of promotion in an industry profit equation. A Monte Carlo example is provided. The econometric modeling implications are discussed. The short-run marginal effect of a dollar of generic beef promotion on slaughter cattle industry profit is estimated to be about $9.84 with a standard error of 3.77 for 1997.     

Promotion and Fast Food Demand

Many believe that fast food promotion is a significant cause of the obesity epidemic in North America. Industry members argue that promotion only reallocates brand shares and does not increase overall demand. We study the effect of fast food promotion on market share and total demand by estimating a discrete / continuous model of fast food restaurant choice and food expenditure that explicitly accounts for both spatial and temporal determinants of demand. Estimates are obtained using a unique panel of Canadian fast food consumers. The results show that promotion primarily increases demand and has a smaller effect on restaurant market shares.     

Brand-Supermarket Demand for Breakfast Cereals and Retail Competition

The Berry, Levinsohn, and Pakes (1995) market equilibrium model is extended to the supermarket chain level to examine consumer choices and retail competition for thirty-seven brands of breakfast cereals in Boston. Estimated taste parameters for product characteristics vary significantly across consumers. Although consumers are price-sensitive with respect to their chosen cereals, they exhibit strong brand and supermarket loyalty. Retail markups increase and marginal costs decrease with grocery market shares, attesting to oligopoly power with efficiencies. Markups decrease with the own-price elasticity of demand, with Corn Flakes having the highest markups. A detailed picture of consumer response and supermarket competition is provided.     

Factors Determining Joint Venture Formation in the Agribusiness Sector of Sub-Saharan African Countries

This paper reviews the definition and the importance of joint ventures (J.V.'s) as well as the determining factors for their formation with particular reference to agribusiness in sub-Saharan African countries. The study provides evidence to show: · that African countries have increasingly attempted to create an attractive environment to encourage foreign investment in general, and J.V.'s in particular; · and that where J.V.'s have been successfully established the host countries have benefited substantially. The paper concludes that while the various reforms underway in terms of political changes, liberalisation of regulations, privatisation, and other measures taken by African countries should encourage J.V. formation, much remains to be done as regards proper implementation of policies, promotion of entrepreneurship, strengthening regional markets, overcoming the debt crisis, and improvement of the infrastructure, all of which would require substantial support from the international community.     

威海市海参终端营销模式问题研究

威海凭着资源区位优势快速发展,其中海参市场的发展成为其重要的推动力量。越来越多的经营者意识到海参作为一种高档消费品正在逐步得到人们的青睐。这就引发了海参市场尤其是终端营销环节的相互竞争。海参的终端经营者该如何在竞争中提高产品占有率,已经成为人们所关注的问题。通过分析消费者和商家的调查问卷数据,发现威海海参市场终端营销模式的发展具有明显优势,但也存在发展瓶颈。因此,需要通过创新海参终端营销模式,同时改进完善现有终端营销模式的管理和服务,以推进威海海参终端营销模式体系的良性发展。     

经济林产品消费行为研究——以福州市居民为例

以经济林产品市场消费的实地调研为主:在相关经济林产品消费理论的基础上结合本课题实际设计出了一份消费者调查问卷,对市场经济林产品的消费情况、品种、动因及月消费额进行了统计分析。通过对调查数据和样本的分析,得出目前大众对经济林产品的消费量还比较少,对其营养价值的认知还有待提高,其中木本水果的消费意向最高,而木本油料的消费意向相对比较低,公众对木本粮食的消费因性别和收入水平有所差异。总的来说,公众对经济林产品的消费意向有增大的趋势。     

The Impact of Negativity on Separability Testing

During separability testing, it has not been common practice to verify if the data satisfy the negativity condition. The impacts of imposing negativity on separability test results are examined for two groups of commodities using Barten's generalized demand system and with Monte Carlo simulations. Results indicate that imposing negativity did not alter model estimates when negativity was spontaneously satisfied. Also, imposing negativity rarely altered separability test results when the data did not spontaneously satisfy negativity.     

Books Reviewed

Books reviewed:
Stroup, Richard L., and Roger E. Meiners, eds. Cutting Red Tape: Toxic Pollutants, Environmental Regulation and the Law
Bardhan, Pranab, and Christopher Udry, Development Microeconomics
Véron, René, Real Markets and Environmental Change in Kerala, India: A New Understanding of the Impact of Crop Markets on Sustainable Development
Wettestad, Jørgen, Designing Effective Environmental Regimes: The Key Conditions
Starrs, Paul F., Let the Cowboy Ride     

Empirical Specification Requirements for Two-Constraint Models of Recreation Choice

Two-constraint models are common in recreation-demand analysis because of the important role time can play in consumer choices. Two versions of Roy's identity hold for these models and imply coefficient restrictions on empirical demand functions. The two-constraint restrictions are fully observable and can be expressed in a form analogous to the Slutsky–Hicks equations in single-constraint consumer models. Empirical specifications that use full prices and full budgets can be consistent with the two-constraint models, both when the marginal value of time is exogenous and is endogenous, but models with full prices and money income alone are not.     

Brand Inertia in U.S. Household Cheese Consumption

To analyze U.S. consumers' brand choices for cheese purchases, we derive a set of discrete-choice models from dynamic utility maximization. ACNielsen Homescan Survey data on U.S. households is used to estimate a dynamic probit model for each of the top brands for cheddar, shredded, and sliced cheese in four U.S. regions. We find that households have strong brand inertia, a result robust across alternative specifications. Predicted probabilities confirm greater inertia in the top brands and consumers are more likely to switch into them. Brand inertia is relatively larger in cheddar and sliced cheese especially in the Central and Southeast regions.     

The Influence of Consumer Characteristics and Attitudes on the Demand for Organic Olive Oil

Abstract

The aim of the present study is to examine consumer factors that affect the demand of organic olive oil (socioeconomic characteristics as well as attitudes towards organic products, food safety and the environment). Heckman approach for single equation procedure was applied in order to (1) identify the profile of regular buyers of organic olive oil based on the aforementioned factors and (2) to estimate income elasticity for the same product. Results indicate that the demand for or ganic olive oil is strongly affected by socioeconomic characteristics such as income size and occupation status, and to a lesser extent by attitudes towards organic products, food safety and the environment.     

Capturing structural changes in French meat and fish demand over the period 1991 2002

A time-varying coefficient demand system, the Markov switchingalmost ideal demand model, is proposed to shed new light onchange over time in the structure of French meat and fish demand.The main feature of this model is that the switching mechanismfrom one structure of demand to the other is controlled by anunobserved variable that follows a Markov chain. Our model accuratelycaptures the two Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) crisesof recent years. We estimate that the 1996 BSE crisis lastedalmost three years, whereas the second BSE crisis for just lastedfive 4-week periods.     

隆林各族自治县林业技术推广工作现状及对策

改革开放以来,我国的基层林业技术也得到了长足的发展,获得了较好的成绩。不过在基层林业技术的推广应用中,依然有不少问题,远远不能满足林业经济发展的需要。因此,要想让基层林业有更好的发展,必须尽快解决这些问题。,本文以广西区隆林各族自治县林业技术推广为例,探讨我国基层林业技术推广工作中存在的普遍问题,并提出解决对策,以期为我国基层林业的可持续发展提供一些有建设性的意见。