The Nexus of Population,Energy, Innovation,and Complexity

For the past 200 years, humans have benefited from the abundant, inexpensive, and easily obtained energy of fossil fuels. Energy surpluses such as this are unusual in human history. In systems with little surplus energy, population growth is low and complexity emerges slowly due to the energetic costs it carries. On the rare occasions when energy is readily available, societies respond by growing rapidly. They must become more complex in response to the social, economic, and resource challenges of dense population. More complex societies are more expensive, requiring greater energy per capita. The process of increasing complexity necessitates greater energy production, creating a positive feedback cycle. Past societies have collapsed under such pressures. Population and complexity grew rapidly when the Industrial Revolution replaced economies based on annual solar radiation with economies fueled by fossil energy. The Green Revolution of the 20^th century is credited with preventing mass starvation, but it has made food production and sustaining population ever‐more dependent on high‐energy (low‐entropy) inputs. Some believe innovation will overcome the limitations of resources and permit unchecked growth. However, increases in complexity, innovation, and fossil energy are all subject to diminishing returns, and cannot continue to support population at current levels.     

中国区域生态效率评价模型及应用研究

生态效率是基于经济-资源-环境系统相互关系的定量描述,是测度可持续发展的重要标准依据。中国拟将碳排放强度作为约束性指标纳入"十二五"规划中,并逐层分解到各区域,且作为冶金、化工、建材等高耗能高污染行业重大项目上马的评判依据;综合考虑区域生态经济系统中的各项因素,将碳排放影响因素加入生态效率评价势在必行。本文构建了区域生态效率评价模型,以反映一个地区在经济发展中利用自然资源减轻环境压力的效率,并对2005-2008年中国各省发展状况进行验证,以完善区域生态效率研究方法。     

Antecedents of New Director Social Capital

Prior research shows that firms benefit from the social capital of their boards of directors but has not explored the antecedents of new director social capital. We argue that firms can attract directors with social capital by offering more compensation. We also argue that more complex firms (firms with a greater scale and scope of operations) are more attractive to such directors because of the greater experience and exposure that such directorships provide. Similarly, we argue that firms with high‐status directors on their current boards will be more attractive to directors with social capital. We analyse the social capital of new outside directors added to boards of semiconductor firms between 1993 and 2007. Surprisingly, we find no support for the hypothesis that higher compensation is associated with adding directors with high status or board ties. However, firm complexity is associated with the ability to add new directors who have social capital, and the status of current board members is associated with the ability to add new directors who also have high status.     

Leveraging the employee voice: a multi-level social learning perspective of ethical leadership

Extending social learning theory to a multi-level perspective, this study proposes a theoretical model that investigates both individual and team-level mechanisms that mediate the effect of ethical leadership on employee voice. Specifically, in terms of an individual-level social learning perspective, we suggest that an ethical leader acts as a prototype of a moral person (i.e. an ethical role model). From a team-level social learning perspective, we propose that, as a moral manager, team ethical leadership will foster an ethical climate within the team which will create a moral context that impacts employees’ behaviors. In both instances, employee voice behaviors will be enhanced through these mechanisms. Evidencing the importance of the interaction between leader behaviors and context for leader effectiveness, we also show that employees are more likely to regard their ethical leaders as ethical role models in a team that highly values ethical conduct (i.e. high in ethical climate). Results obtained from 47 managers and 211 subordinates in China support our theoretical model. The theoretical and practical implications of our findings are also discussed.     

自组织创新式企业成长模式——基于九阳的研究

以九阳股份为案例，以企业如何通过自组织创新达成高企业成长为核心问题，基于自组织理论，视企业为具有耗散结构的开放系统，不断与外界进行着物质、能量和信息的交换；视企业文化为混沌理论中企业成长的“核”，视成长的各创新要素为创新因子，各创新因子输入系统后，经过竞争协同和过程演化，达到混沌边界，经催化促成企业系统突变，从而实现企业的高成长。     

分段器在配电网馈线自动化中的应用

配电网是各地区接受电能输送的网络结构,其通过电力设备将电能再次传递给不同的用户使用。由于配电网系统在传输电能时会遇到不同的阻碍,国家对配电网自动化建设提出了新的要求。配网馈线自动化是电力系统运行的新模式,对维护社会电力传输有着重要的作用。为了保持配电网馈线的高效率传输,在配网建设时会选择安装合适的分段器进行保护,以更好地检测各类故障的发生。针对这一点,文章主要分析了分段器在配电网馈线自动化中的具体运用。     

Toward the system theory of dependence: Further general theoretical remarks

This paper forms another part of a more extensive study inspired by the authors' aims to contribute to the elaboration of the social systems theory of dependence and to better understand the behavior of the global system of human beings and of its subsystems. The theory of dependence, by elaborating an abstract theoretical model of the dependence space, aims at a better understanding of social change (or resistance to change) on the micro, medium and macro-levels of the social systems. In this paper some features of a crude model have been presented at a high level of abstraction. A minimum set of concepts, such as dependence relation, dependence coupling, dependence boundary, dependence capacity, entropy of behavior, systems need relations and possibilities, etc., have been defined and formalized. Some propositions have been formulated. We hope that, in spite of the high level of abstraction and of an insufficient amount of data supporting our propositions which are based mainly on the general systems taxonomy and on the hypothetical-deductive method, the conclusions will have some heuristic value for further inquiries into the theory of modelling the guidance systems of social processes.     

The school as a social system: Indicators for change

In systems analysis, the school may be viewed as a functionally differentiated subsystem of the broader social system in which it is embedded. To maintain a viable relationship with that social system, the school is subject to continual changes to meet the shifting social, economic, political, and technological forces in its environment. However, the more successful the school organization is in assessing accurately changing environmental forces, and in making appropriate adjustments to those forces, the more successful will it be in resisting temporary pressures and transitory movements and in controlling its own directions.

A major research problem is to identify those organizational properties that enable the school to assess accurately new demands and to adjust appropriately to those demands. Theoretically, those properties might be expected to include: (1) operationalized statements of instrumental goals; (2) a work structure that involves interdependence in task performance; (3) participation in decision making; (4) an incentive system that utilizes performance criteria rather than expressive relationships; (5) personnel practices that encourage a cosmopolitan orientation; and (6) institutionalized provisions for change advocacy.

The specification of the relationships among these properties, or variables, and the determination of means for assessing them quantitatively, are tasks that remain to be accomplished.     

RFID在电能计量系统中的应用

在市场经济下,人们对电能的计量要求准确度越来越高,而对用电的管理要求实现智能化、自动化。而RFID作为一种非接触式的自动识别技术,它通过射频信号自动识别目标对象并获取相关数据,识别工作无须人工干预,将RFID应用到电能计量系统,通过信息载体-射频卡,实现信息的双向传递,电能表用户与预付费管理系统之间通过射频卡建立联系。文中提出了一种应用RFID的电能表的计量与管理方案,并且介绍了电能表对射频卡进行读写操作的硬件及软件设计,这种预付费电能表充分发挥了射频卡无需电源供给、非接触、大容量、高安全性的优点。     

Distance Association Models for the Analysis of Repeated Transition Frequency Tables

The present paper is concerned with the analysis of repeated transition frequency tables, for example, occupational mobility data measured in different cohorts. The association present in such a table will be modeled by a distance in Euclidean space. A large distance corresponds to a small association; a small distance corresponds to a large association. A more direct interpretation is that more transitions occur between categories that are close together in a social space. It is assumed that the same social structure (space) exists for the different slices (cohorts/time points) of a table, but that the dimensions of this space are weighted for the different slices, i.e., for each slice the dimensions are stretched or squeezed. We will propose a model, discuss an algorithm to obtain maximum likelihood estimates and apply the model to an empirical data set.     

地质环境利用与地质灾害防治研究

当前,人们正面临着地质灾害频发的现状,出现这一问题的主因是伴随社会经济的快速发展,资源开采量逐步增加,而随着开发工作的推进,人们往往会忽视地质环境受损情况。地质灾害会给人们的正常生活以及社会经济的发展带来极大危害,甚至导致人员伤亡。所以该现象需要得到高度关注,人们要提高对地质环境利用以及地质灾害防治工作的重视程度,并将二者整合起来,构建更加完善的灾害防治体系。     

Irregular Connections: Everyday Energy Politics in Catalonia

While questions of energy and energy transition have become hotly contested, the abstract and fetishized conception of energy that dominates contemporary political debates occludes connections to everyday life. By tracing the activities of Catalan activist network Alianza contra la Pobreza Energética (Alliance against Energy Poverty or APE), this article seeks to excavate the political possibilities opened up by a more everyday energy politics. The article addresses the practice of illegal utilities connections among the urban poor of Catalonia, arguing that this constitutes a form of makeshift urbanism resonant of that conceptualized from within ‘Southern’ cities. These ‘irregular connections’ to urban infrastructure networks are then distinguished from the ‘irregular connections’ formed between people within the collectivized social infrastructure of APE. APE, I argue, translate ‘energy’ as social reproduction, framing their struggle for the right to energy around the right to sustain life with dignity. This, I suggest, is the starting point for a feminist praxis capable of creating new and unruly subjectivities, reconfiguring reproductive relations in more caring and collective directions, and ultimately challenging the violence of the commodity form.     

A review of business models for decentralised renewable energy projects

The diffusion of renewable energy technologies has often been suggested as a means to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases, but emphasis tends to be placed on large scale projects. Adoption of renewable energy at the local level provides opportunities for both distributed energy schemes and domestic microgeneration. However, alternative models of ownership, governance and operation are not well developed. Locally managed energy solutions need to respond to varied end users' requirements to ensure that needs are met, so understanding of different types of end users is a prerequisite to the development of robust business models. This paper presents a review of existing models of decentralised energy generation in which actors such as community groups, energy cooperatives, charities and municipalities participate as owners and coproducers. End users can become involved in the design, development and delivery of energy services in a variety of ways. The focus is active user engagement through coconstruction, coproduction and coprovision of energy services. The following categories will be reviewed with reference to current understandings of both sustainable entrepreneurship and social enterprise: (a) energy service companies (ESCos) as commercial actors that undertake management of these projects, (b) energy cooperatives and (c) municipal energy. This analysis is used to reflect on and refine understanding of the relationship between technical, financial and operational constructs in models of decentralised energy generation which can contribute to social and environmental gains.     

From Bismarck to Maastricht: The March to European Union and the Labor Compact

This paper considers the likely impact that European Union (EU) will have on the labor compact. It is argued that, despite increased economic integration in Europe, countries will still be able to maintain distinct labor practices if they are willing to bear the cost of those practices. The incidence of many social protections probably already falls on workers. In addition, it is argued that imperfect mobility of capital, labor, goods and services will limit the pressure that integration will place on the labor compact. Evidence is presented suggesting that labor mobility among EU countries has not increased after the elimination of remaining restrictions on intra-EU labor mobility in 1993. Moreover, immigration from non-EU countries, which is much larger than intra-EU migration, has declined since 1993. Evidence is also reviewed suggesting that the demand for social protection rises when countries are more open, and therefore subject to more severe external shocks. This finding suggests that increased economic integration and European Monetary Union (EMU) could lead to greater demand for social protection. The U.S. experience with state workers' compensation insurance programs is offered as an example of enduring differences in labor market protections in highly integrated regional economies with a common currency.     

医院制氧机系统空压机余热的可行性

制氧系统空压机作为医院中应用较为广泛的设备,其消耗的电能大部分都转化为压缩热,再由冷却系统带走。如果能够经过由空压机回收余热,必将节省大量能源,而且降低了二氧化碳或一氧化碳在空气中的排放,实现了节能减排目标,对于医疗领域资源的回收利用大有裨益。本文详细探讨了医院制氧空压机余热回收技术的发展历程、特殊要求及其改造过程和在实践中的应用效果,这一技术在医院系统进行推广,必将产生良好的经济与社会效益。     

长三角地区城市平稳增长下能源碳排放需求估计

探讨了城市能源碳排放需求预测的研究方法,采用最优增长率模型,研究了经济平稳增长条件下,长三角地区各个城市未来的能源碳排放需求。结果显示,长三角地区大部分城市碳排放需求的高峰值都出现在2025年以前,只有上海出现在2040年,这将使上海面临较大的减排压力。南京、苏州、宁波和无锡的能源消费需求、能源碳排放需求都较高,人均碳排放也超出全国平均水平,因此,未来这些城市也将面临较大的减排压力。     

企业税收保值信息披露与社会责任履行的实证分析

公司治理结构是决定企业行为最重要的影响因素,公司治理结构是实现社会责任分担的微观基础。本文选取代表企业社会责任和公司治理两个范畴的若干指标作为代理变量,通过这些代理变量之间的相关性对我国企业社会责任履行进行实证分析。研究发现:我国上市公司国家股、法人股比重与其税收、保值等社会责任履行有显著的正相关关系,与公司违规行为有显著的负相关关系,高管持股比重增加有利于公司履行法定社会责任,抑制违规等不良企业行为;公司董事会规模结构状况与其税收、保值和信息披露等社会责任履行有显著的关系,董事会中独立董事的人数及比重增加有利于公司社会责任的履行和抑制公司违反社会责任的行为。     

电力系统中谐波对继电保护的影响

在我国经济社会快速发展的形势下,企业生产和居民生活对电力的需求越来越大,安全用电显得更加重要,如果发生大面积的停电事故,将给企业造成巨大的经济损失,影响百姓的正常生活,同时还会影响社会稳定。因此,相关部门必须重视保障电网安全与稳定运行的继电保护技术。文章分析了电力谐波对继电保护的影响,并提出消除影响的措施,以期为电网保护工作提供借鉴。     

Trust in the supervisor and the development of employees’ social capital during organizational entry: a conservation of resources approach

Abstract

This article aims to understand how trust in the supervisor contributes to the development of employees’ social capital using Conservation of Resources theory as a theoretical framework and networking ability as an indicator of social capital development. We hypothesize that the relationship between newcomers’ trust in the supervisor and networking ability will be mediated by feedback seeking from the supervisor and moderated by emotional exhaustion. Based on a three-wave time-lagged study of newcomers (N = 224), we found trust in the supervisor to be indirectly and positively related to networking ability through the mediating influence of feedback seeking from the supervisor. In addition, feedback seeking interacted with emotional exhaustion in predicting networking ability such that it was more positively related to it at high levels of emotional exhaustion. The indirect relationship of trust to networking ability as mediated by feedback seeking was also stronger at high levels of emotional exhaustion. We discuss this study’s implications for our understanding of supervisors’ role and newcomers’ experience during entry, as well as for social capital research.     

科技社团社会公信力影响因素研究

近年来受某些不良事件的影响,科技社团社会公信力不高的问题不断引起关注,对科技社团社会公信力进行系统研究并建立一套指标体系进行评价势在必行,但国内外学者在这方面鲜有涉及,尤其是评价指标体系在国内尚属空白.将主要探讨科技社团社会公信力的主要影响因素,进而为评价指标体系的建立提供依据。