财务会计与税务会计中的公允价值辨析

学术界和实务界对公允价值的争论从其诞生至今就一直没有平息过,从被寄予很大希望到被冠以"金融危机的帮凶",公允价值饱受质疑。财务会计与税务会计在实务中都运用了公允价值进行计量,在某些方面存在着区别和联系。文章从财务会计和税务会计两大会计分支角度对公允价值的定义、运用等方面进行辨析,分析其应用异同及其在财务会计和税务会计中谨慎性的体现。     

Insolvency Reform and the Indonesian Financial Crisis

Treatments of Indonesia's financial crisis customarily focus on exchange rate collapse, neglecting the question of why enterprises were so highly leveraged beforehand. This article reviews controlling shareholder-debtor behaviour both before and during the crisis. It then examines Indonesia's emergency bankruptcy legislation effective August 1998—which enjoys a mixed record in implementation—and articulates bankruptcy policy principles for the replacement legislation now being drafted. Progress on the insolvency front has been limited to a relatively small number of voluntary debt reorganisations. Early indications are that such restructurings largely take the form of debt rescheduling rather than debt-equity swaps, loan write-offs, or other approaches that would lessen enterprises' heavy leveraging. This outcome reflects problems in creditor as well as debtor preferences. What began as a private sector insolvency problem increasingly overlaps with efforts to address general banking sector difficulties. Further, nationalism questions complicate the resolution of insolvencies.     

Auditing and the Purification of Blame

Although public sector special audit and performance audit are frequently involved in blame, very few studies (save for Radcliffe 1997) provide detailed empirical accounts on how auditing participates in blame allocation. This study sets out to study one case of blame allocation by describing and characterizing the origins of failure and antecedents leading to the need for blame allocation, the institutional entities and arrangements that participate in the blame game, and how these entities, including the supreme audit institution, are mobilized in the processes of blame allocation. Applying a case methodology with Actor–Network Theory principles, the study extends Hood's (2002, 2007) research on blame and blame avoidance strategies by showing how a blame‐frame evaluates and allocates blame. The contribution of the paper is in four parts: first, it reveals the mechanisms that cause scapegoating of particular people and the role of auditors as experts in such mechanisms; second, it assists to develop an understanding of some factors at the core of the “accountability paradox” noted by Roberts (2009); third, it contributes to explanations as to why failing public sector reforms survive controversy and scandal since a scapegoating process can “reboot” reforms by erasing the reform's problems; and fourth, it demonstrates that an understanding of blame can be a useful addition to Actor–Network Theory.     

Regulatory Protection and Opportunistic Bankruptcy*

We document controlling shareholder (insider) opportunism in an insolvency regime that uses an accounting rule to determine bankruptcy eligibility. Our study sheds light on managerial incentives induced by weak investor protection laws. Using unique data on bankrupt firms from an emerging market, consistent with our prediction, we show insiders intentionally manage earnings downward to understate firm net worth so as to be able to file for bankruptcy. Downward pre-bankruptcy earnings management is associated with more payments to insiders and weaker performance, post-filing. A battery of tests suggests our results cannot be fully explained as an artifact of financial distress. Rather, they are consistent with insiders exploiting weak investor protection to extract private benefits at the expense of lenders and outside shareholders. Our study serves as a cautionary tale for all insolvency regimes that use a balance sheet test in an environment with weak creditor protection.     

The Use of Debt Covenants Worldwide: Institutional Determinants and Implications on Financial Reporting

This study investigates how the use of debt covenants around the world varies with legal institutions. On the basis of syndicated loans in 36 countries, we find that debt covenants are more prevalent in countries with stronger law enforcement and weaker creditor rights, suggesting that law enforcement facilitates, and creditor rights substitute for, the use of covenants. We also find that the substitution effect between covenant use and creditor rights exists mainly in countries with strong law enforcement, and the effect of legal institutions on covenants is primarily driven by covenants that preserve seniority and capital. In addition, timely loss recognition increases with the use of debt covenants and strong creditor rights attenuate this relation. Overall, our study is the first to provide comprehensive evidence on how the use of debt covenants responds to legal institutions and how it bridges the previously documented link between legal institutions and accounting conservatism.     

Separating the Political and Technical: Accounting Standard‐Setting and Purification

The U.S.‐based Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) emphasizes that accounting standard‐setting is not and should not be regarded as a “political process.” Employing the case of accounting for stock compensation, I examine a recent debate in which FASB appears to have successfully established and maintained a boundary between a technical accounting process and politics. This case is interesting because an earlier, failed effort to expense stock compensation was described as highly politicized. However, the boundary between technical and political processes was maintained in the more recent episode. I find that a focus on due process, characterizations of existing accounting requirements as anomalous and available measurement methods as reliable, and warnings about the dangers of injecting “politics” into standard‐setting were important to this boundary work. I also find that the boundary work required considerable interpretive flexibility in selecting (or ignoring) the evidence to be used in justifying the standard‐setting project and its conclusions. I conclude by suggesting that a different understanding of what it means to be involved in a “political process” might help all parties understand more fully what is taking place during the accounting standard‐setting process. Attention could be turned to developing processes to facilitate debates over which values should guide decisions occurring throughout the standard‐setting process. To this end, an enhanced standard‐setting process might allow for increased participation in agenda setting, in framing and scoping standard‐setting projects, and in providing opportunities for nonexperts to participate.     

从债权国到债务国——美国国际债务模式转变的逻辑分析

国际债务危机最初都是起源于发展中国家,发展中国家是国际债务人。进入21世纪,国际债务模式呈现出新的变化,国际债务危机从"外围"向"中心"扩散;债务危机的形式由公司债务危机向主权债务危机转变,美国由原来世界最大债权国转变成为世界最大债务国,中国作为发展中国家已成为世界债权大国。美国国际债务模式转变的内在逻辑直接反映出发达国家利用债务对实施开放经济的发展中国家进行利益转移。中国作为债权国面临着诸多挑战,维护债权国利益是当务之急。     

流动性危机与政府救助——全局博弈的解释

短期债权人之间的协调失败和债务挤兑会导致金融机构甚至金融系统发生流动性危机,而当金融机构发生流动性危机时,政府通常会采取救助行动。本文通过全局博弈模型来考察流动性危机与政府救助的有效性及道德风险含义。本文的研究发现,旨在降低事后无效的政府救助政策有时会提高金融机构采取有成本的调整努力的动机。这一模型有助于我们理解关于政府救助政策的讨论。     

Understanding the role of leadership in economic policy reform

A demand for coherent policy leadership characterized by its commitment to advance a consistent set of policy principles arises from the various sources of “governance failure” that account for the observed unevenness in implementing the “Washington consensus.” This paper examines how a “conspiratorial” network established itself as a collective source of such leadership in New Zealand by interacting in a way which developed a high level of mutual trust and by penetrating and reconstituting a fragmented structure of insulated policy networks.     

INDONESIA'S BANKING CRISIS: WHAT HAPPENED AND WHAT DID WE LEARN?

This article traces the stages of the Indonesian banking crisis of the late 1990s. Almost every stage of the handling of the crisis was complicated by governance issues. Beyond these, among the lessons identified are how quickly things can get out of hand in an apparently strongly performing economy; that at the outset of a crisis information will be very limited; and that management of a crisis will be an evolving process. A blanket guarantee covering all bank liabilities may be indispensable; however, the authorities are 'buying time', and the more time that has to be bought the more expensive the process will be. Transparency too is indispensable, to generate public trust and support, and to ensure that actions taken by the authorities are irreversible. Overall, while not everything was done right, the strategy put in place had positive elements that have served to protect a core banking system and establish conditions for recovery.     

Vernacular Models of Development: An Analysis of Indonesia Under the “New Order”

Official development discourses often differ from the everyday discussions and activities of development agents. If the former reflect an official model of development, then the latter could be said to reflect a “vernacular” model. The latter model is the focus of this analysis, taking as a case study development in Indonesia during the “New Order” regime (1966–98) of former President Suharto. Resource relations between the Indonesian state center and rural periphery are examined along with the norms that govern the flow of resources as well as information on resource-use. This vernacular model of resource and information flows helps to explain the economic, political, and environmental crisis that befell Indonesia in the late 1990s and is relevant to understanding the development dynamics of a number of other nations.     

C2C电子商务的信任危机及其化解方式

互联网的普及推动了电子商务的兴起。由于互联网的信息屏障作用,C2C电子商务中存在严重的信息不对称,进而产生了信任危机。化解信任危机既可以借助市场机制的力量,也可以借助科层组织的功能从政府管理和行业规制的角度来考虑。本文主要分析了这两种方式的作用原理及相互关系。     

新《企业破产法》的修改完善及破产审理面临的挑战

新的《企业破产法》为企业提供了一个有效的市场退出机制,加速了中国市场经济的发展,它的通过在立法目的、适用范围、破产申请、受理程序、金融机构破产、管理人制度、债权人会议制度、重整制度、破产的域外效力以及破产企业的职工权益保护等方面都有很大的改善与突破,但是在破产案件的审理中留下了很多挑战,特别是在破产清算、跨境破产、政策性破产、金融机构破产时担保权益保护等方面有待进一步研究。     

Hukou identity and trust—Evidence from a framed field experiment in China

Social integration between migrant and local populations is a major social issue in the development of Chinese society. The most direct impact is reflected in trust and trustworthiness between the local household registered population and the nonlocal household registered population. In this paper, using the framed field experiment method with local and nonlocal hukou pupils as subjects, hukou identity is exogenously introduced into the trust game through information disclosure and “priming” technology to investigate whether hukou identity affects trust between the two hukou identities. The experimental results show that the concept of hukou identity and its characterized cognition of different treatments have been implanted in people since childhood, thereby affecting their trust and trustworthiness in the process of social integration. Subjects will show more trust (more investment) towards local hukou pupils compared to nonlocal hukou pupils, and subjects will show higher trustworthiness (more return amount) towards partners who share hukou identity than those with a different hukou identity.     

Contracting and Reporting Conservatism around a Change in Fiduciary Duties*

We exploit an influential 1991 Delaware court ruling to examine simultaneously two types of conservatism that play important roles in resolving creditor–owner agency conflicts: contracting conservatism and reporting conservatism. The ruling expanded managerial fiduciary duties in favor of creditors for Delaware-incorporated firms in the vicinity of insolvency. In those firms, following the ruling, debt contracts are less likely to include conservative adjustments to accounting numbers used for covenant compliance (i.e., contracting conservatism decreases), while public financial reporting becomes more conservative (i.e., reporting conservatism increases). The decrease in contracting conservatism is concentrated in firms that exhibit a greater increase in reporting conservatism, suggesting that reporting conservatism is more cost-effective in resolving agency conflicts. In addition, the substitution effect is more pronounced in firms facing greater business uncertainty and firms with greater board independence.     

代理人会计诚信的异化与会计诚信的缺失:委托代理关系下的视角

不少文献提出了委托代理问题是会计诚信缺失的一个重要原因 ,但都没有作具体深入的分析 ,特别是在会计人员、注册会计师方面。本文试图从委托代理关系的角度来认识诚信与会计诚信问题 ,认为由于会计诚信是由包含多重委托代理关系的诚信链来提供的 ,在各诚信链上 ,代理人的会计     

An Important Field： Environmental Accounting

With the environmental crisis, the government has issued many regulations, and the importance of environmental accounting also become more and more attached. This paper will focus on the standards and information of environmental accounting.     

“金税三期”税收征管对上市公司审计费用的影响

税收征管作为公司外部治理手段,能够作用于公司经营环节,进而影响审计师面临的业务风险和审计风险,由此影响到公司的审计费用。但目前鲜有文献研究税收征管对公司审计费用的影响。本文借助"金税三期"工程这一"准自然实验",以2010—2019年A股上市公司为样本并使用双重差分法,研究发现"金税三期"工程提高了上市公司的审计费用。机制分析表明,"金税三期"工程推高了上市公司实际税率,降低了上市公司的盈利水平,提高了审计师的业务风险,进而提高了审计费用。同时,"金税三期"工程强化涉税信息监管,提高了上市公司会计信息质量,降低了审计师的审计风险,从而降低了审计费用。综合来看前者对审计费用的影响大于后者,导致了上市公司审计费用的提高。进一步分析发现,"金税三期"工程对审计费用的这一影响,在非国有上市公司和由非国际四大会计师事务所审计的上市公司中更为显著。     

Accounting Discretion and Managerial Conservatism: An Intertemporal Analysis*

Accounting discretion and the principle of conservatism are two salient features embedded in financial reporting systems. Arguably, the practice of conservative accounting choices can never be well understood without incorporating their effect on future periods (the intertemporal effect). This paper provides one explanation for managerial conservatism in a two‐period agency model with hidden information (a binary project type) and hidden actions (the agent's efforts). A piece‐wise linear incentive scheme with accounting earnings as the performance measure is employed. The agent's discretion is the choice of a depreciation method. Discretion is valuable if and only if the agent's marginal productivity of a “bad” project is greater than that of a “good” project, but not to an extreme degree. A conservative depreciation method decreases current compensation in exchange for a “bet” on future compensation and, hence, serves as a commitment device for the agent to signal that the prospect is indeed good. The accounting mechanism replicates the performance of the optimal direct mechanism.