The effects of casino gambling on state tax revenue

A theoretical model of state tax structure implies that revenue enhancement due to the introduction of casino gambling is less likely in states where incomes taxes do not exist and where casino tax rates are lower than the corresponding tax rates on sales taxable and excise taxable goods. Further, it is clear that casino gambling is likely to adversely impact lottery tax revenues earmarked for education. Due to the cross-price effects of gambling, tax revenues will likely decline in states that introduce nontaxable casino gambling on Indian reservations. In the longer term, as casino gambling proliferates increasing competition among states, there will be negative revenue consequences due to fewer tourism and employment dollars.     

Environmental regulation and responses of local governments

In 1998, China approved the setup of two control zones and implemented stringent environmental regulation in these zones. This policy enables us to use the difference-in-difference method to investigate local governments' responses to environmental regulation. We find that tough environmental regulation increases tax rate but does not affect local government expenditure. Among the mechanisms through which environmental regulation positively affects tax rate are the negative effects of environmental regulation on investment of fixed assets, number and total profits of above-scale industrial firms in dirty industries of TCZ cities. In addition, the effect of environmental regulation on tax rate is positively related to policy strength and proportion of the secondary industry. Moreover, tough environmental regulation increases the shares of revenue from enterprises and agricultural taxes in budgetary revenue, but decreases the share of value-added tax in budgetary revenue. These findings highlight additional cost of environmental regulation (aside from those mentioned in literature), including increased burdens of the private sector that would lead to large distortions, and aggravated unfair distribution of taxes. The additional cost should be considered when evaluating the environmental policy.     

是土地供应量与房地产税赋提高了房价吗

自分税制实施后,“土地财政”成为我国地方政府获取收入以支撑财政支出的主要选择,而与此同时房价也在不断上涨。中央政府从民生角度要求地方政府对房价实施调控,地方政府则主要通过调整土地供给量和房地产税税赋来施加影响。土地供应量和税赋会影响供需双方从而影响房价,反过来房价又会影响税收收入及开发商对土地的需求,进而影响社会民生。本文对我国东、中、西部地区住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的关系进行分析,探讨各地区的住房价格上涨原因。通过构建住房价格和土地供给量、房地产税税赋之间的PVAR模型,利用格兰杰因果检验、脉冲分析和方差分解方法来透视地方政府行为对住房价格的影响。分析结果显示,地方政府行为和房价之间存在着联动关系,但在推动住房价格上涨的原因上存在着区域差异：在东部地区,土地供应量影响房价;中部地区,二者联合推动了房价上涨。而在西部地区,房地产税税赋对房价的影响明显。在政策建议上,对地价推动房价的地区要从丰富住房来源和数量入手,而税赋影响房价的地区则要完善相关税制改革。     

入世后我国税收优惠政策的基本原则

税收优惠政策是税收竞争的一个重要方面,多种税收优惠的方式应该在一定税收优惠原则下统一运用,这些原则应包括:遵循世贸组织规则的原则、刺激技术进步原则、促进劳动就业原则、体现产业政策原则、择优扶困并举原则、直接优惠间接优惠并重原则.     

Effects of financial inclusion on tax revenue mobilization: Evidence from WAEMU countries

Financial inclusion remains at the heart of governments concerns. By creating favorable conditions for access to a diversified range of adapted financial products and services at affordable costs for the populations, financial inclusion generates important opportunities that could lead to increased tax revenue mobilization. This paper analyzes the effects of financial inclusion on tax revenue mobilization, using panel data from West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) countries over the period 2006–2019. The findings suggest that financial inclusion positively and significantly influences government's tax revenue. Moreover, by looking at the effects of disaggregated financial inclusion dimensions (access, use, and affordability) on various components of tax revenue, we find that the estimated coefficients on the subcomponents of financial inclusion are statistically significant. Results also indicate that the magnitude of effect of financial inclusion is higher on indirect taxes compared to direct tax revenues. This research recommends that policy-makers should prioritize financial inclusion in their policies and development agenda through National Financial Inclusion Strategies (NFIS) because it can increase countries' resource mobilization and help them to build fiscal resilience.     

基于采购视角的建筑业增值税税收筹划

自正式实施"营改增"政策以来,中国建筑业涉及的主体流转税从营业税转化为增值税,对建筑业产生较大的影响.在经营过程中,建筑业通过选择拆分合同项目、选择甲供工程的计税方法、选择物料的供货渠道以及选择劳务用工形式进行采购环节的税收筹划,以减轻整体税负,促进自身可持续发展.     

Taxing a Commodity with and without Revenue Neutrality: A Calibrated Theoretical Consumer Equilibrium Model

It has long been recognized that taxing a commodity that generates negative externalities can be used to reduce its consumption. One way to do this is to impose revenue neutrality but that may alter the tax rate required to meet a consumption reduction target. We explore the relationships among the commodity tax rate, the demand and supply elasticities, and the revenue offsets by calibrating a theoretical consumer equilibrium model and then recalibrating it with alternative parameter configurations. For each configuration we simulate equilibrium for three policy scenarios: no neutrality, neutrality achieved by subsidizing other commodities, and neutrality achieved by income transfer.     

Indonesia's new tax reform: Potential and direction

This study aims to provide direction for policy and provide input to improve the quality of taxation services, by emphasizing and analyzing the existing tax potential and recommending a taxation reformation plan in accordance with fiscal sustainability and efforts to increase the level of Indonesian competence both for the transition period and in the long term. The result of the study has indicated that there is still the opportunity to increase national revenue without increasing rates and by increasing the capacity of tax administration and expanding the tax base, tax collection/revenue will increase. There are a number of indicators that illustrate this, such as the ratio of tax revenue to the GDP which is still relatively low compared to other countries, wide scope for increasing value added tax (VAT), PIT and CIT revenue productivity, etc. Our best estimation for potential tax revenue expansion for the next 2–3 years would be 2.1% of GDP where PIT and CIT contributed more than half of that expansion.     

关于我国生态环境补偿机制的税收政策思考

我国的生态环境补偿机制开始于1980年代初,但时至今日,环境污染仍显严重,生态环境补偿机制仍存缺陷。而税收政策是有效的生态补偿手段,我国现行税制中,可纳入生态税制的主要有6个税种:资源税、消费税、城市维护建设税、车船使用税、城镇土地使用税和耕地占有税。本文在分析我国构建生态环境补偿机制现状和必要性的基础上,通过借鉴国外关于构建生态环境补偿机制税收政策的经验,来建立和完善我国的税收政策,以服务生态环境补偿机制。     

Tariffs and collection costs

Conclusion Tariffs and export taxes may comprise part of a first-best tax package if their cost of collection is lower than alternative means of raising revenue. Using various proxies for relative collection costs, and holding constant standard indices of development, we find evidence of a significant relationship between a country’s usage of trade taxes and the relative cost of raising revenue. This relationship holds for a large sample of developed and developing countries, and when only developing countries are studied. This research suggests that more attention should be paid to the administrative costs of raising revenue, in addition to the usual focus on the allocative effects of taxes and tariffs. Further study of the nature of these costs should prove valuable in understanding the optimal mix of these policy instruments. It would be particularly valuable to have empirical evidence on what characteristics of a country influence the relative collection cost of raising revenue in alternative ways. This would enable researchers to more precisely identify the effect of relative collection costs on observed tax policy, and facilitate the formulation of tax policy by policymakers.     

Optimal taxation and risk-sharing arrangements in an economic federation

This paper analyzes optimal taxation and risk-sharing arrangementsin an economy with two levels of government. Both levels providepublic goods and finance their expenditures via labor incometaxation, where the tax base is responsive to the private agents'labor supply decisions. The localities are assumed to experiencedifferent random productivity shocks, meaning that the privatelabor supply decision as well as the choices of income tax ratesare carried out under uncertainty. Part of the central government'sdecision problem is then to provide tax revenue sharing betweenthe local governments. The optimal degree of revenue sharingdepends on whether or not the localities/regions differ withrespect to labor supply incentives.     

上海市税收征管效率提高的定量测算与分析:1994-2007

征管效率提高对税收增长贡献的测算是税收理论研究中的一个薄弱环节,文章用Solow余值法对1994—2007年间的上海市税收征管效率进行了定量测算,结果表明在此期间税收征管效率对上海市税收增长的贡献率约为43.86%,文章最后分析了税收征管效率大幅提高的原因及其政策含义。     

我国税式支出政策优化的几个误区

近年来,我国税收优惠政策执行中所暴露出的问题再次引起了人们的重视,税式支出政策优化的探讨也成为财税改革的关键。我国财税改革的重心侧重于税收管理方面,而税收管理成效又或多或少地取决于税收优惠的有效管理。为避免陷入税式支出的误区之中,本文从税式支出政策优化的角度出发,切实对我国税式支出政策优化可能出现的模糊认识进行辨析和阐述,以便在我国实践过程中更好地发挥税式支出管理制度有效作用。     

The politics of social protection expenditure and financing in southern Africa

Social protection is expanding in southern Africa, but consideration of its fiscal base is usually limited to affordability concerns. Little attention is paid to the different sources of revenue or how the interests of contributors to social protection may affect spending priorities. This article suggests there is a link between revenue source and social protection spending. Aid dependent countries' social protection policy is mostly determined by donors. The governments of countries that rely on natural resources or Southern African Customs Union revenue are relatively free to shape social protection policy. Only in countries that rely on domestic tax-based revenue, where the government must consider the interests of the taxpayer, is there something resembling a social contract for social protection, in which the citizens engage with their government through an exchange-based logic. This article concludes that a broad and diversified tax base is an important mechanism for creating a reciprocal relationship of this kind and thus increasing social spending.     

Tax rate,government revenue and economic performance: A perspective of Laffer curve

The Laffer curve illustrates a theoretical relationship between rates of taxation and the resulting levels of government revenue. This paper explores the relationship between tax rate (direct tax on labor income), government revenue and economic performance in a perspective of the Laffer curve by applying Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model. The results show that the top of China's Laffer curve is about 40%. The government should consider changes in the entire taxation system and not just changes in direct taxes while increasing direct tax rate. If China wants to maximize tax revenues, the direct tax rate should be 35%. We conduct a variety of sensitivity analyses and conclude that the government tax peak is always 5–10% earlier than the apex of the Laffer curve. So, if a country has reached the top of the Laffer curve, this paper strongly recommends that tax cuts will have positive implications for the economy and government revenue.     

The Impact of Trade Liberalization on Revenue Mobilization and Stability in Sudan

Abstract: This paper attempts to examine key aspects of the Sudanese tax system, paying particular attention to the impact of the recent trade liberalization on government revenues. An eclectic method of analysis is utilized. The results show that the Sudanese tax system as a whole is not buoyant or elastic; the same applies for its major handles. The liberalization reform did not appear to have enhanced revenue productivity and stability in the country. This result indicates the presence of substantial slacks in tax collection and tax evasion. The analysis also shows that tax evasion is the main problem facing tax administration; on average, it stands at about 53 per cent of actual tax yield and 33 per cent of the potential tax yield inclusive of the underground economy's gross domestic product (GDP). Assessment of the determinants of trade revenue suggests that the yield of trade tax has improved due to liberalization; however, the marginal benefit of tax evasion is still considerable. The findings imply that a committed tax reform is crucial for augmenting tax revenue yield as well as for fiscal consolidation and macroeconomic stability.     

现行废旧物资税收政策的弊端及解决对策

大力推进废旧物资的回收利用，是实现循环经济的关键环节；国家现行废旧物资税收政策在积极促进该行业发展的同时，也存在着一些不客忽视的问题。从现行废旧物资税收政策实施过程中引发的矛盾入手，论述了现行税收政策改革的必要性，并提出了初步的解决对幕。     

Rebalancing and the Chinese VAT: Some numerical simulation results

This paper presents numerical simulation results that suggest that China can both reduce its trade imbalance and receive welfare benefits by switching the value added tax (VAT) regime from the current destination principle to an origin principle. We modify the traditional general equilibrium tax model to capture endogenous trade imbalances along with endogenous factor supply, a fixed exchange rate and a non-accommodative monetary policy structure which supports the Chinese trade imbalance. We calibrate model parameters to 2008 data and simulate counterfactual equilibrium for VAT tax basis switches in which the trade imbalance changes. Our results suggest that given China's trade surplus VAT regime switching to an origin basis can decrease China's trade surplus by over 40%, and additionally increase Chinese and world welfare. This has implications for present G20 discussions on finding ways to adjust global trade imbalances.     

当前结构性减税与税制改革问题探讨

在我国,结构性减税作为积极财政政策运用的一项政策工具,在过去的两年中扮演了极为重要的角色,2008、2009年结构性减税政策很多都是结合税制改革出台的,因此2010年的税制改革和结构性减税已成为我国"扩内需,保增长"的重要政策工具,我国应进一步发挥税收的调节作用,继续深化财税体制改革。     

Has Fiscal Federalism Worked for Macroeconomic Purposes？ The Chinese Experience 1994-2003

China＇s central government undertook major tax regime reform in 1994 that was characterized by fiscal federalism. In hindsight, this reform might be viewed as being more emphatic towards the revenue side than the expenditure side. The reform has resulted in certain success both for revenue shifting and inflation fighting purposes. However, the reform and its subsequent follow-ups have not addressed some fundamental issues pertaining to China＇s government finance system, such as the overhauling of the function of government finance and redrawing lines between the central and regional governments with regard to their fiscal responsibilities and duties. Moreover, fiscal federalism might have actually increased fiscal burden on the economy, especially on domestic sectors of the economy. However, coupled with enhanced policy support for China＇ s external development, fiscal federalism might have helped to further accelerate resource shifts toward the external sector, thus resulting in an unprecedented rapid expansion in China＇ s exports since the mid1990s.