Lead markets, innovation differentials and growth

This article suggests that the specialization of countries in international trade is determined by the lead-lag market pattern of national markets. Many internationally successful innovations have been adopted first in one country while other countries initially either preferred other designs or an established product. A model for the international diffusion of innovations is presented in which nationally preferred innovation designs compete to become a globally dominant design. In this model, there are country-specific market attributes that increase the likelihood that the choice a country makes among alternative technologies is followed around the world. It is argued that technological knowledge gaps are not the origin of an international competitive advantage. Instead, a country gains a competitive advantage because a specific innovation design was adopted earlier than in any other country. This gives local firms a head start in producing, gathering marketing intelligence and securing the property rights of a globally successful innovation. In countries with lag market characteristics, domestic innovations are less likely to get adopted worldwide. Lag markets often switch from a domestic innovation design to a foreign innovation design, which increases imports. The lead-lag market explanation of trade specialization has implications for national policies. In this model domestic innovations do not always foster exports; idiosyncratic innovations induced by lag market contexts can hamper the export chances of local firms and in the end lead to an increase in imports. It is suggested that in order to increase exports, national policies have to distinguish between a domestic lead and lag market context in each industry. While in a lead market context, traditional policy instruments that enhance the rate of innovations are effective, in a lag market situation national follower strategies are more appropriate.     

基于系统动力学的RFID产业创新系统构建研究

RFID射频识别技术是支撑物联网发展的核心技术。RFID产业健康发展对提升社会信息化水平,发展创新型经济具有重要的意义。目前我国RFID产业正处于初创期,面临着创新动力不足和缺乏核心技术的问题。本文对RFID产业发展的构成要素及动力机制进行分析,并运用系统动力学方法建立RFID产业创新系统的动力学模型,并基于反馈环的分析提出了相应的发展对策。     

技术创新型人力资本持续创新力形成机制研究

企业竞争的成败取决于企业技术创新能力,技术创新能力已成为企业核心能力的源泉。作为企业技术创新行为主体的技术创新型人力资本的开发和管理已成为了制约我国企业技术创新的主要因素。文章探讨企业技术创新型人力资本持续创新力的形成机理,构建了企业技术创新型人力资本持续创新力形成机制。     

产业集群的理论发展及集群效应的经济学分析

产业集群是一些既自主独立又相互关联的中小企业依据专业化分工和协作建立起来,以一个主导产业为核心,在地域空间上集聚,并形成强劲、持续竞争优势的现象。本文首先介绍了产业集群理论的发展,接着对产业集群的效应进行了经济学分析。     

Earning the “Write to Speak”: Sell‐Side Analysts and Their Struggle to Be Heard

This paper explores the ways in which sell‐side (SS) financial analysts seek to position themselves advantageously within the wider field of investment advice in spite of widespread skepticism over the value that their forecasts and recommendations add to investment decisions. The field of investment advice has been characterized in recent years by a number of regulatory and technological changes that have forced SS analysts to reconstitute the ways in which they influence the investment decisions of buy‐side (BS) actors. Faced with existential threats, SS analysts have responded to the disruptive impact of technology and regulation by struggling hard to ensure that their services are still valued by fund managers. Key to this ongoing process is the recalibration of professional expertise, which previous research has alluded to but not explored in detail. Central to the persistence of SS analysts in processes of investment decision making are activities revolving around the production and use of analyst reports which, our findings indicate, are less valuable for their informational content than their role as “relational devices,” ascribing legitimacy to SS analysts and earning them an entry ticket to more substantive, value‐adding interactions with companies and BS actors. We also show that economic considerations in the area of investment advice are influenced by social ties, the motivations of various actors in the field, and their relative position vis‐à‐vis other actors. More generally, we contribute to the literature on professional projects by showing how professional groups are constantly engaged in attempts to reposition themselves in the social space, but that field‐level changes can restrict the outcomes of these strategies to mitigation rather than advancement for the professionals concerned.     

Development Trajectories in the Biotechnology Industry： China versus Leading Countries

The present paper examines China's biotechnology industry from a global perspective and explores how its development trajectory differs from that of countries that are leaders in biotechnology. We draw on diverse data to demonstrate the unique development trajectory of the industry in China. China has benefited through targeted spin‐offs of R&D‐oriented foreign direct investment from developed countries driven by the effects of globalization, government‐encouraged collaboration between the domestic academia and industry, and the input of overseas returnees. Together with an increasing focus of the government and domestic enterprises on independent innovation, such developments have enabled China to catch up with the global biotechnology industry. However, its small scale and low capacity for commercializing innovations under China's current regulations and other barriers pose challenges for the development of the industry. Suggestions for the sustainable development of China's biotechnology industry are presented in this study.     

广东新型专业镇创新驱动发展战略量化指标构建及分析

创新驱动是推动经济结构战略性调整和产业转型升级的核心战略。从创新链视角出发,构建广东新型专业镇创新驱动发展战略量化指标体系,通过视觉化效果和地理分析功能将经济现象和发生事件图像化,对广东各地市新型专业镇创新驱动发展实施情况及效果进行实证评价,并提出了加快广东新型专业镇创新驱动发展的具体路径。     

我国广告创意产业发展的路径创新

本文针对我国广告创意产业发展路径存在的问题,结合全球广告产业发展趋势,提出我国广告创意产业发展的路径创新策略,即以专门化和专业化强力重建广告产业核心竞争力,并在广告产业集群基础上,通过并购与联合等资本运作方式实现集团化发展,提升广告产业规模和专业代理能力。     

建筑企业敏捷化与核心能力研究

敏捷竞争理念在制造业中的研究与应用已经比较深入,同样对建筑业也具有借鉴和指导意义。而要实现敏捷竞争,建筑企业首先应该进行敏捷化,而拥有和确定核心能力,是建筑企业敏捷化的实现基石。文章首先研究分析了建筑企业核心能力的层级及其表现形式,重点探讨了建筑企业核心能力与敏捷化及建设项目敏捷动态联盟的关系。     

自主创新成就的高铁奇迹

＂十一五＂期间,中国高速铁路从零开始,目前投入运营里程为7000多公里。同时,中国已成为世界上高速铁路发展最快、系统技术最全、集成能力最强、运营里程最长、运营速度最高、在建规模最大的国家。     

创新型经济对高新区发展的影响及其应对策略

转变经济发展方式是我国经济发展的重要任务,经济发展必须由依靠要素驱动、投资驱动的传统经济转向以创新驱动为动力的创新型经济。创新型经济的发展要求高新区必须进一步提高自主创新能力、增强科技创新与经济发展的带动力和辐射力以及突破原有的发展模式。文章认为,高新区的当务之急是要树立科学的创新型经济发展理念;明确产业发展方向,推进产业创新,构建现代产业体系;创新发展模式,增强创新型经济发展的内生动力。     

品牌创建和全面创新关系探讨

根据品牌专家的观点,文章提出了这样一个问题：品牌创建与创新可以无关吗？为了回答这个问题,文章首先回顾了创新概念的内涵和它的演变,指出无论是创新研究专家还是非创新专家,在提到创新时,关注的焦点仍然是技术创新。文章进一步分析了创新管理的最新理论一全面创新管理的几个假设,发现这些假设值得推敲,并详细分析了品牌专家对创新采取排斥和怀疑的深层次原因。最后,笔者提出,如果从全面创新角度来理解创新,而不仅仅指技术创新,那么创新对品牌创建是完全必要的。但同时指出,应把品牌本身分为品牌内核和外围,外围要持续创新,而内核则相对稳定和不变,从而使创新专家和品牌专家的观点得以协调。     

非在位者创新情境下的市场结构与企业技术创新效率

技术创新并非完全由行业内在位企业实施,行业外的潜在进入者可以通过自主创新或购买专利等方式进入行业,垄断市场和竞争市场中的厂商实际上都面临着被挑战者替代的威胁,当产业可以自由进入时,两者维持在位者地位的创新动力和压力是相同的。文章通过估算中国工业36个两位数行业的绝对产业集中度和企业规模差异程度,将工业行业分为四种类型,并利用数据包络分析（DEA）对四类行业的技术创新效率进行了评价。结论表明：第一,高绝对集中度行业的技术创新前沿面变动率表现优于技术创新效率变动率;第二,低绝对集中度与高企业规模差异程度并存行业的各类技术创新效率指标表现最为均衡;第三,低绝对集中度和低企业规模差异程度并存行业的各项技术创新效率表现较差。     

建设环杭州湾产业带:产业定位、高端路径和区域共赢——以余慈地区为例

建设环杭州湾产业带是推进长江三角洲地区经济一体化的重要步骤。本文以杭州湾南岸——余慈地区为例，通过实证分析，来说明在此过程中，环杭州湾各地区(特别是沿湾各县市)应当依据地方化优势产业，进行产业定位，统筹产业规划。进而探讨在资源、环境、空间的共同约束下，如何走“高端路径”。形成地方化优势产业的创新型集群，实现区域共赢。     

从专利角度看重庆产业创新能力

专利指标是进行科技产出比较、市场竞争力评价的重要指标,常用于衡量产业的科技创新能力。基于产业和规模以上工业企业的专利、就业人口、工业产值等数据,通过对重庆七大产业的专利授权量、引进企业的专利占比、专利投入、专利密度等数据的统计分析,研究产业的创新活跃度、创新方式、创新投入对产业创新能力的影响。     

企业中技术创新与制度创新的关系研究

技术创新与制度创新是培育企业核心竞争力的重要手段,它们并不是孤立地对企业核心竞争力的培育起作用。技术创新推动和决定了制度创新；某些根本性的制度创新也是推动技术创新的重要力量。     

科学认识外汇储备、战略转移投资领域——外储管理体制改革的顶层设计

外汇储备的定义、本质、来源与功能 形式上,外汇储备是指一国央行所持有的国际储备资产中的外汇部分,即一国政府保有的以外币表示的债权,是一个国家货币当局持有并可以随时兑换外国货币的资产. 本质上,外汇储备是一国政府通过货币发行权集中持有的以外币标示的国际财富或资产,即归属于本国的国际资产. 从来源上,外汇储备分两类:一是由外贸顺差形成的权益性资产,这是经常项目差额积累下来的国际净财富.简单讲,我国这部分外汇储备是用出口商品与外币对换得来的,钱货两清后,我国是这部分外汇的拥有者,可以自由支配.目前,中国拥有这类权益性财富的总额大概2万多亿美元.二是资本和金融项目形成的债务性资产,如外资流入等.简单讲,我国这部分外汇储备是用人民币与美元相交换得来的,主要包括外商直接投资和我国外债.对于我国而言,这部分外汇储备是债务性资产,不能随意动用.目前,中国拥有这类债务性资产近万亿美元左右.债务性资产可分为长期和短期两种,前者主要指外国在中国的实业投资和长期债券投资,这部分债务性外汇资产的流动性较小,我们使用的空间比较大;后者主要指外国在中国的证券投资和不明目的的热钱,这部分债务性外汇随时都有可能撤出中国,因此需要灵活使用.     

The innovation trajectory of eco-cement in the Netherlands: a co-evolution analysis

In this article, we scrutinize the innovation trajectory of eco-cement in the Netherlands by examining the innovation nexus of eco-cement manufacturers, scientists/researchers, waste producers and policymakers as part of a broader analysis of markets, policy and society, with special attention to standards and regulations. The influence of policy and innovation interactions are substantiated by policy documents, media news, patterns of eco-cement use, and in-depth interviews conducted with relevant eco-cement actors. Our analysis brings forward empirical evidence of how policymakers are involved in the innovation trajectory of eco-cement in multiple ways through building regulations, sector policies, waste policies, and science and innovation policies. Political economy aspects of regulation and innovation in cement industry (e.g. the cooperative approach of waste authorities with regard to re-use of waste, absence of policies to put a price on CO₂ emissions from cement production) are being described, together with the specificities of the cement market. Bans on the disposal of fly ash and sewage sludge resulted in the use of those materials either as a supplementary cementitious material or a fuel. Demand for green cement from is presently growing but meets with several obstacles. Carbon policies are shown to constitute a weak influence. Innovation in eco-cement co-evolved with policy, through mutual dependencies, as a theoretical finding for innovation studies.     

创新生态视角下中国信息产业面临的挑战与突围——美国制裁华为事件的启示

在贸易摩擦不断升级的背景下,美国不惜动用国家力量“绞杀”华为,其实质是对中国信息产业发展的围追堵截。文章类比生物生态系统,分析了中国信息产业创新生态系统的结构与生存机制,包括反馈机制、鲁棒调节机制、多样性调节机制等。针对中国信息产业领导种群的位置由欧美企业占据、企业核心技术缺失等问题,提出构建完善的产业生态系统,努力做到国产自主可控;聚焦信息产业核心技术,抢占产业生态领导种群位置;建立产业联盟,共建创新生态系统;加大对本土信息产业创新生态系统培育政策扶持力度等“突围”措施。     

Innovation and industrial renewal in Sweden, 1970–2007

This study explores the question of whether the Swedish innovation output of the 1970s and 1980s (and the following decades) indicates structural lock-in or renewal. It is motivated by inconsistent explanations in the current literature about the relation between the economic slowdown and subsequent industrial renewal, as well as a lack of research focusing, in this context, on the primary driver of economic growth and structural change: innovation. By observing the number and type of innovations as they hit the market, the data in this paper tell a real time story about micro level innovation activity during the time that the economic crisis unfolds. The analysis considers Swedish innovation output between 1970 and 2007, characterising the number of significant innovations, their novelty, and their origin (including size of firm and industry sector). Three central findings emerge, defined by both the time period and the character of innovations. First, the magnitude of innovation activity peaks in the late 1970s to early 1980s. Second, starting in the late 1970s, small firms begin to outperform large firms in terms of both innovation quantity and quality (i.e. world market novelties). Third, the 1980s saw a distinct shift in the industrial origin of innovations, with software and telecom becoming the leaders in innovation output. The findings suggest that the observed industrial renewal is more nuanced than what has emerged from previous research.