Foreign Direct Investment and Environmental Taxes

Abstract. This paper studies the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) on environmental policy stringency in a two-country model with trade costs, where FDI could be unilateral and bilateral and both governments address local pollution through environmental taxes. We show that FDI does not give rise to ecological dumping because the host country has an incentive to shift rents away from the source country toward the host country. Environmental policy strategies and welfare effects are studied under the assumption that parameter values support FDI to be profitable.     

Competing for Foreign Direct Investment

The paper analyzes 'subsidy games' between countries in order to attract foreign direct investment (FDI) from a third country. The winner of this game results from the interaction of two factors, relative country size and employment gains from FDI: a large (or 'central') country is more likely to attract FDI, and so is a country with high unemployment. The subsidy equilibrium is compared with two alternative solutions: zero subsidies and first-best subsidies. It is shown that total welfare may be greater under subsidy competition than under zero subsidies: the gains from efficient location implied by subsidy competition may more than outweigh the losses from higher subsidies. Moreover, departing from subsidy competition to zero subsidies or to first-best subsidies (without side payments) implies a gain to one country and a loss to the other. This suggests that it may be difficult to reach a consensus to move away from the status quo of subsidy competition.     

Market Structure and Foreign Direct Investment

During the last decade the extent of inward foreign direct investment (FDI) in the US has increased dramatically. An important aspect of industries where most FDI takes place is their high level of concentration. This paper investigates how strategic interactions among domestic and foreign producers influence the structure of the industry. Especially, it focuses on the foreign firms' choice between exporting versus servicing these markets by investing in a plant located in the host country when facing competition from a domestic oligopoly. The empirical investigation reveals that the relationship between FDI and tariffs is not as simple as previously thought. In highly concentrated industries, where strategic behavior may play an important role, high tariffs rather than low tariffs may lead to less FDI and more imports.     

外商直接投资与国家自主创新

本文将FDI(外商直接投资)和LICENSIING(技术许可)作为其潜在的渠道,建立了技术引进的模型.此模型的一个重要特征是模型中的主要假设,模型的结论以及模型的政策意义都与实际经验的观察相一致.对于包括中国在内的发展中国家(LDC)而言,技术许可比外商直接投资所带来的技术外溢更有效,在考虑制定何种政策以达到社会福利的最优化时,人力资本的水平起到了决定性的作用.     

Direct Foreign Investment Versus Licensing

This paper examines the choice among alternative modes of direct foreign investment, namely, the wholly owned subsidiary (the S option) and joint venture (the J option), vis-à-vis licensing (the L option). The focus is on the role of moral hazard, difference in risk attitude and the prospect of the host country's policy toward the venture. An apparently surprising result is that riskiness of the project is a factor against the J option. Moreover, in the absence of policy intervention, L is dominated by either S or J, whereas if there is an anticipation of policy intervention (i.e., there is a policy moral hazard) L may emerge as the best option.     

中小跨国企业及其对外直接投资

中小企业在各国经济发展中发挥着重要作用,但在国际对外直接投资中所占的比例较低,近年来,中小跨国公司迅速增长,我们分析了中小跨国企业对外直接投资的原因,及在对外投资中所面临的问题,最后,提出了积极吸收中小跨国企业投资的政策建设。     

外商直接投资再创新高

<正> 中国“入世”的第一年,我国利用外商直接投资更加保持了较高的增长势头,据外经贸部统计,今年1至6月全国新批设立外商投资企业15155家,比去年同期增长26.39％;合同外资金额439.9亿美元,同比增长31.47％;实际使用外资金额245.79亿美元,同比增长18.69％。截至今年6月底,全国累计批准外商投资企业405180家,合同利用外资金额7892.81亿美元,实际使用外资金额4198.02亿美元。主要指标分析 1.增长幅度较大。在2001年我国利用外资进入恢复性增长及中国加入世贸组织后的半年时间里,外商直接投资以前所未有的速度和规模涌入中国。2002年1～6月我国利用     

对外直接投资与国内产业空心化

本文针对一些西方学者关于美国、日本对外直接投资导致国内产业“空心化”的观点,提出了不同的见解。首先, 第一、第二产业比重下降, 第三产业比重上升是一国产业结构演进的一般规律, 与对外直接投资无关; 其次, 一国的对外直接投资规模巨大与贸易逆差并无直接联系; 第三, 对外直接投资增强了投资者的国际竞争力; 第四, 对外直接投资对一国的就业机会影响甚微。总之, 对外直接投资为投资国和对外直接投资者带来巨大利益, 而不会导致国内产业“空心化     

Environmental Regulation Induced Foreign Direct Investment

The last decade has witnessed a renewed interest in the relationship between environmental regulations and international capital flows. However, empirical studies have so far failed to find conclusive evidence for this so-called pollution haven or race to the bottom effect where foreign direct investment (FDI) is assumed to be attracted to low regulation countries, regions or states. In this paper we present a simple theoretical framework to demonstrate that greater stringency in environmental standards can lead to a strategic increase in capital inflows which we refer to as environmental regulation induced FDI. Our result reveals a possible explanation for the mixed results in the empirical literature and provides an illustration of the conditions under which environmental regulations in the host country can affect the location decision of foreign firms.     

外国直接投资与我国国际贸易困境

近年来，我国与其他国家特别是美国贸易摩擦日益增多，已影响到我国出口贸易的增长。本文分析表明，外国直接投资在促进我国贸易增长和经济增长的同时，也成为我国国际贸易摩擦产生的一个重要原因。以东亚为主且偏向于劳动密集型的外国投资使得我国成为东亚跨国公司的出口平台，增加了我国与其他国家发生贸易冲突的可能。这种现象的产生既有其国际背景，又有着国内政策取向的原因，因此调整我国的外国直接     

Foreign Direct Investment and Exports with Growing Demand

We explore entry into a foreign market with uncertain demand growth. A multinational can serve the foreign demand by two modes, or by a combination thereof: it can export its products, or it can create productive capacity via foreign direct investment (FDI). The advantage of FDI is that it allows for lower marginal cost than exporting does. The disadvantage is that FDI is irreversible and, hence, entails the risk of creating under-utilized capacity in the case that the market turns out to be small. The presence of demand uncertainty and irreversibility gives rise to an interior solution, where the multinational, under certain conditions, both exports its products and does FDI.     

Foreign Direct Investment, inequality, and growth

This paper examines the interactions between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), inequality, and growth, both from an empirical and a theoretical point of view. Using a panel of 119 developing countries, we observe that FDI promotes both inequality and growth, and tends to reduce the share of agriculture to GDP in the recipient country. We then set up a growth model of a dual economy in which the traditional (agricultural) sector uses a diminishing returns technology, while FDI is the engine of growth in the modern (industrial) sector. The main predictions of the model are consistent with the stylized facts observed in the data.     

国际贸易与对外直接投资互补关系的一种解释

以垂直型跨国企业为研究对象,假定中间产品贸易仅以跨国企业内部贸易的形式实现,这样,企业对外直接投资的决策,必然导致中间产品和最终产品贸易的增加,显示了对外投资与贸易之间的互补关系。这种互补关系的基础在于,FDI对企业水平规模经济、外部经济和动态规模经济的影响,简单的实例提供了一种经验证据。     

An Assignment Theory of Foreign Direct Investment

We develop an assignment theory to analyse the volume and composition of foreign direct investment (FDI). Firms conduct FDI by either engaging in greenfield investment or in cross-border acquisitions. Cross-border acquisitions involve firms trading heterogeneous corporate assets to exploit complementarities, while greenfield FDI involves setting up a new production division in the foreign country. In equilibrium, greenfield FDI and cross-border acquisitions coexist within the same industry, but the composition of FDI between these modes varies with firm and country characteristics. Firms engaging in greenfield investment are systematically more efficient than those engaging in cross-border acquisitions. Furthermore, most FDI takes the form of cross-border acquisitions when production-cost differences between countries are small, while greenfield investment plays a more important role for FDI from high-cost into low-cost countries. These results capture important features of the data.     

外国直接投资下的产业结构升级

利用外国直接投资促进东道国产业结构升级存在理论极限、影响变量和前提条件。外国直接投资只是发展中国家实现产业结构升级可以利用的手段之一;东道国应该对外国直接投资进行有效的、规范的监管以及对其产业结构升级作出整体的战略规划,并创造相适应的条件。     

外商直接投资与旅游业竞争力的实证分析

旅游业是个市场化程度很高且发展前景广阔的产业,它的投入产出比例很高,对吸引外商直接投资(FD I)极为有利。本文将旅游业划分为饭店业和旅行社业和景区业三大基本部门作为研究对象,通过建立计量模型,对FD I与旅游业竞争力之间的关系进行实证分析,客观上评价了外商直接投资对旅游业竞争力的作用和效果,为旅游业进一步制定正确的外资政策以便更好地利用外资促进地区经济发展提供有效的依据。     

外商直接投资与经济增长关系研究

选取1983～2010年的数据,运用协整检验和误差修正模型研究外商直接投资与经济增长之间的关系,研究表明:(1)1983～2010年两者之间没有明确的长期均衡关系,原因在于我国引进外资政策和外商直接投资规模的阶段性特征明显。(2)根据两个时间序列的图形特征及邹氏参数稳定性断点检验将整个样本期以1994年为界分为两个子样本,两个子样本期内两者之间存在长期协整关系,短期内当外商直接投资规模偏离经济增长时,经济系统将分别以-0.2908和-0.0263的力度将其拉回均衡状态。(3)格兰杰因果检验表明,FDI促进了经济增长,但经济增长对吸引更多外资的作用不显著。提出了改善外商投资环境、加强外资的产业与区域导向和拓宽引进外资的渠道等政策建议。     

Foreign Direct Investment and Enterprise Restructuring in Central Europe

Foreign direct investment is at the forefront of economic policy decisions in Central Europe, as it is expected to accelerate enterprise restructuring and aid in the successful transition to a market economy. This paper contains a panel data study of the effects of FDI in 11 different manufacturing sectors within three Central European economies: Hungary, Poland and the Czech Republic. We find evidence that FDI has increased labour productivity levels in most manufacturing sectors. We are able to differentiate between sectors with a high elasticity of substitution between labour and capital and those that are inelastic. We have also presented evidence to support the theory that the impact on labour productivity is predominantly due to the intangible assets introduced by foreign firms, rather than simply the fixed capital investment associated with FDI.     

外商直接投资与我国的区域出口绩效

本文采用面板数据(PanelData)模型方法,对1991年—2002年外商直接投资对我国省级出口效应进行了分析,结果表明:90年代以来,外商直接投资在总体上对我国的省级出口贸易起到了积极的促进作用。通过对中、东、西三个地区的进一步研究发现:外商直接投资对我国三个不同的区域出口影响不同,东部地区的影响效应要强于中部地区,同时发现外商直接投资对西部地区的省级出口影响并不显著。     

外商直接投资与地方政府激励政策

地方政府在利用外资竞争中,普遍存在使用激励政策进行代价高昂的价格战的经济现象。指标考核体系形成的锦标赛机制,导致各个地方政府不断提高对外商投资者的激励政策优惠程度,竞争所产生的“囚徒困境”下会出现负和博弈的结果。文章以博弈论为框架,建立密封价格拍卖模型对其中的博弈活动进行分析,希望能对这种经济现象的成因作出一定程度的合理解释。并在此基础上提出了政策建议。