Growth,Employment and Taxation with Distortions in the Goods and Labour Market

Abstract. This paper analyses taxation in the presence of distortions in goods and labour markets in an endogenous growth model. The government disposes of capital, labour and consumption taxes. It is shown that the market solution leads to suboptimally low levels of growth and employment. However, available tax instruments are sufficient to attain the first‐best growth path in this economy. The paper further explores the relative distortion of capital and labour taxes. For plausible parametrisations of the model, lowering capital taxes dominate reductions in labour taxes in welfare terms.     

Commodity Taxation and Economic Growth

We construct a variety expansion growth model following Grossman and Helpman (1991) and incorporate various groups of goods into the model. Each group has its own elasticity of substitution. We seek to determine the goods on which the government should impose higher rates of commodity tax in order to raise a certain amount of tax revenue. We thus reconsider the Ramsey Rule (the Inverse Elasticity Rule) in a growing economy.     

Growth Effects of Taxation Under Altruism and Low Elasticity of Intertemporal Substitution

An increase in the tax rate on capital income may raise the rate of economic growth when the elasticity of intertemporal substitution is low and intergenerational transfers are absent. Since the strength of the bequest motive depends on tax rates, this paper provides conditions under which taxing capital income, and then reducing the labour income tax, is more growth enhancing than the classical policy of zero taxes on capital income, and vice versa.     

关于经济增长与就业增长相关性实证分析——以辽宁省为例

经济增长与充分就业都是宏观经济发展所追求的重要目标之一。通常情况下,GDP的增长与就业增长是正向相关的,经济增长是充分就业实现的重要前提和基础。文章以辽宁省为例,采用统计分析方法,研究改革开放以来我国经济增长与就业增长的相关性。通过分析得出辽宁省经济增长与就业增长的关系违背了奥肯定律,并考察经济增长没有创造就业增长的原因及对策。     

税收、收入不平等和内生经济增长

企业家(通过金融中介)从家庭借贷来支撑创新。二者在企业家的努力不为外人所见的情形下双方签订信用合同分享创新带来的垄断利润(即蛋糕)。两个有代表性经济人(企业家和家庭)的存在允许人们在内生经济增长模型里研究收入不平等。本文研究发现,企业家分配份额的增加一开始会提升增长速度,但是过了一定值后会拉低增长速度;而该份额的增加一直拉大企业家和工人间的收入差距。所以降低企业家获得的蛋糕的份额的分配改革可缩小收入差距。提高企业家来自创新的收入的税率将降低他们的努力程度,从而降低增长速度,但是该税率的提高有助于降低收入不平等程度。存款收入的税率提高尽管不会改变企业家的努力程度,但是也会降低经济增长速度,而且不会降低收入不平等(如果工人有一定比例的存款)。对于劳动收入(工人工资)的税率增加会加剧工人和企业家间的收入不平等,但对经济增长速度没有影响。     

Reservations on the classical Laffer curve

Throughout the last two decades, some economists have objected to the conventional shape of one peak point on the Laffer curve. This paper examines the reservations presented in the literature and demonstrates the possibility of a Laffer curve with three peak points. Such a shape may be due to the three heterogeneous population groups of younger workers, adult males, and adult females. These groups respond differently to net wage rate changes, thus reducing the applicability of the changing of tax rates by policymakers.

     

收入税和闲暇时间对中国经济增长的影响

笔者通过构建内生经济增长模型,基于1994年~2012年中国和丹麦的经济数据探讨了收入税、闲暇时间对经济增长的影响。结果显示:收入税和闲暇对经济增长的影响和该国经济发展水平有很大关系。对处于工业化发展中期的中国,收入税和闲暇在一定程度上抑制了经济的增长,而对处于后工业发展阶段的丹麦,较高的收入税水平和闲暇时间对经济增长都起到了一定的促进作用。     

最低工资、就业弹性及就业效应研究

最低工资标准的提升对于就业的效应究竟是正是负,目前理论界并没有一致的论证结果。本文首先从市场结构和企业应对措施两个角度,梳理了西方学界关于最低工资对就业影响的作用机理,然后建立一个涉及农民工、企业和政府三方的博弈模型,推导出行业就业弹性对劳动参与的关键作用,并利用全国各省市六个行业的面板数据进行了实证分析。本文的主要结论是,最低工资的实施标准按行业设置比目前按地区＂一刀切＂的模式更具科学性。     

中国经济增长与就业压力反思

一般来说,经济增长率与失业率存在着替代关系。然而,中国经济在保持较高增长速度的同时就业压力有增无减。论文首先分析奥肯定律适用的前提条件;随后结合中国国情,探讨这种经济现象的具体原因。最后提出要反思偏向重工业化战略,并给出相关建议。     

Taxation, Human Capital Accumulation and Economic Growth

Previous studies have shown that tax rates and the growth rate of output are negatively related under the assumption that government wastes tax revenues. This paper shows that, if tax revenues are used for human capital accumulation, tax rates and the growth rate can be positively related. An increase in the human capital tax rate will increase (decrease) the growth rate when the initial tax rate is small (large). An increase in the physical capital tax rate will increase the growth rate when savings are completely interest-inelastic. The effects of income taxes and lump-sum taxes on growth are also analysed.
JEL Classification Numbers: E6, H2, O4.     

我国经济增长与就业增长关系的实证研究

我国经济增长与劳动就业有着十分密切的关系。一般情况下,经济增长促进就业增长,就业增长反过来也带动经济增长。然而,我国经济在保持较高增长速度的同时就业压力有增无减。文章通过对不同指标进行比较和实证研究,在分析我国经济增长和就业增长不一致的原因基础上,提出了几点可行性建议。     

对经济增长与就业增长关系的若干思考

本文从理论和历史的角度 ,阐述解决就业问题的关键是经济增长 ,并进一步从经济增长的内部结构分析经济增长带动就业增长的能力 ,在此基础上提出一些建议     

贸易政策、增长和就业

直到现在,理论模型还去无法把贸易政策与更快的均衡增长联系起来,而且,实证文献有严重的数据方面的问题,因此,经济学家们还在贸易政策与经济运行的关系上争论不休。但是,最近的内生增长理论已经提供了更坚实的理论基础。有越来越多的证据表明,在外向型经济中,新技术能更快地被采用,外向型的贸易政策与储蓄率之间可能还是存在着某些联系的。而且,许多研究者进行的实证分析表明,在越开放的经济中,增长速度越快,创造的就业机会越多。所以,外向型贸易政策对增长、就业可能起正面的作用。     

外商直接投资的就业效应分析——基于协整理论的实证分析

本文根据现代计量经济学中的协整及其相关理论,利用1979-2005年的年度数据,对改革开放以来外商直接投资流入与我国就业增长之间的关系进行了实证研究.结果表明,外商直接投资与我国就业量之间存在着长期均衡关系.外商直接投资每增长1%,长期来看将带动我国就业增加0.13%.文章还利用误差修正模型,分析了外商直接投资与我国就业量之间的短期波动及其调整机制.     

刺激经济增长的税收政策研究

目前,我国应采取更加积极的税收政策,配合国债刺激投资和需求,拉动经济增长。并着手使生产型增值税转行消费型增值税;统一一企业所得税制;调整消费税收征收范围;改革个人所得税;开征遗产税和社会保险税;鼓励对外投资等方面改革。     

Enrollment and Curriculum: A Laffer Curve Analysis

When a college or graduate school toughens its curriculum, entry requirements, or graduation requirements, generally two opposite effects on enrollment will occur. First, because the graduating students have learned more and can signal to employers that they are more able, they can command higher starting wages, and this enhances enrollment. Second, the pool of students who are both eligible to enroll and able to complete the program is diminished, having a negative effect on enrollment. The resulting curve depicting enrollment as a function of the difficulty of the curriculum has the general Laffer curve properties and can be fruitfully examined. A preoccupation with current enrollment levels can lead to pressure to ease the difficulty of the curriculum, however doing so will backfire in the long run.     

产业结构优化与就业增长

中国第三产业总产值占GDP的比重与就业总量之间存在显著的正相关关系;相反,第二产业总产值占GDP的比重与就业总量之间呈显著负相关关系。通过放松行业管制来大力发展第三产业和通过劳动力职业培训实现劳动力在产业间的顺利转换是提高就业水平的两条重要途径。产业结构与就业总量之间的关系还存在明显的地区差异。在发达地区,二者之间的关系与全样本回归所得结论是一致的;而在欠发达地区,产业结构对就业并没有显著影响,但人均受教育年限和人口年龄结构与就业总量之间都是显著正相关的,因此,在欠发达地区,提高人口素质和优化人口年龄结构比产业结构调整更有利于促进就业增长。GDP的就业弹性系数显著为正,保持较高的经济增长速度也是促进就业的重要手段。     

我国经济增长与就业弹性相悖矛盾的思考

本文从我国经济增长与就业弹性相悖的矛盾出发,分析经济增长未能带来就业弹性上升的原因,提出在经济增长和经济结构调整中拉动就业增长的策略。     

The Welfare Effects of Environmental Taxation

Recent literature has investigated whether the welfare gains from environmental taxation are larger or smaller in a second-best setting than in a first-best setting. This question has mainly been addressed indirectly, by asking whether the second-best optimal environmental tax is higher or lower than the first-best Pigouvian rate. Even this indirect question has itself been approached indirectly, comparing the second-best optimal environmental tax to a proxy for its first-best value, marginal social damage (MSD). On closer examination, however, MSD becomes ambiguously defined and variable in a second-best setting making it an unreliable proxy for the Pigouvian rate. Given these observations, the current analysis reevaluates these welfare questions and finds that when compared directly to its first-best value, the second-best optimal environmental tax generally rises with increased revenue requirements. Even in cases where the second-best environmental tax is lower than its first-best value, the welfare gains may be greater than in a first-best setting. These results suggest that the marginal fiscal benefit (revenue recycling effect) exceeds the marginal fiscal cost (tax base effect) over a range of environmental tax rates that, for benchmark models, extends above the first-best Pigouvian rate. These findings reinforce the intuition that environmental policy complements rather than competes with the provision of other public goods.