When and how should infant industries be protected?

This paper develops and analyzes a welfare maximizing model of infant industry protection. The domestic infant industry is competitive and experiences dynamic learning effects that are external to firms. The competitive foreign industry is mature and produces a good that is an imperfect substitute for the domestic good. A government planner can protect the infant industry using domestic production subsidies, tariffs, or quotas in order to maximize domestic welfare over time. As protection is not always optimal (although the domestic industry experiences a learning externality), the paper shows how the decision to protect the industry should depend on the industry's learning potential, the shape of the learning curve, and the degree of substitutability between domestic and foreign goods.Assuming some reasonable restrictions on the flexibility over time of the policy instruments, the paper subsequently compares the effectiveness of the different instruments. Given such restrictions, the paper shows that quotas induce higher welfare levels than tariffs. In some cases, the dominance of the quota is so pronounced that it compensates for any amount of government revenue loss related to the administration of the quota (including the case of a voluntary export restraint, where no revenue is collected). In similar cases, the quota may even be preferred to a domestic production subsidy.     

出口补贴、运输成本与贸易模式——对传统分析的矫正和扩展

文章试图矫正传统分析中未考虑买卖价差导致的进口竞争的疏漏和不足并予以扩展。相较于传统分析,推行出口补贴的出口国福利损失更小,同时还诱致产生了相同产品的产业内贸易现象。通过引入运输成本因素的分析表明,在出口补贴政策激励下,运输成本的大小将决定相应的贸易模式、贸易量和福利结果。随着运输成本的降低,贸易模式将从单向出口向产业内贸易演变,这时运输成本的耗费成为福利损失的最重要来源之一。基于出口国内非均质运输成本的研究发现,较高的国内运输成本使不同类企业的市场相分割,还使得出口补贴的分配呈现有偏性。如果国内运输成本下降,将形成低效率的产业内贸易现象,导致大量的运输成本耗费。     

Subsidy‐induced Dumping

More than two‐thirds of all anti‐subsidy investigations in the EU are paired with an anti‐dumping investigation against the same non‐EU producers. The outcome may be a two‐component duty where one duty addresses the ‘unfairness’ of the subsidy and the other the dumping behaviour. The philosophy behind this practice is that, at least to some extent, the observed dumping has been induced by the subsidy, and as the GATT Treaty, Article VI commits the claimant not to impose double remedies for the same ‘misbehaviour’, it is necessary to make an assessment of the hypothetical dumping without the subsidy. The EU quantification of the hypothetical dumping margin assumes that an export subsidy translates fully to the dumping margin, while a domestic subsidy leaves the dumping margin unchanged. Using an oligopoly model, we show in this paper that in case of an export subsidy, the EU anti‐dumping duty is lower than the predicted hypothetical dumping margin from the oligopoly model. For a domestic subsidy, the results are ambiguous, and the difference between the size of the duty following the EU procedure and the model predictions is relatively small.     

FDI、出口贸易与经济增长的关系——基于VAR模型的实证研究

在开放经济条件下,外商直接投资（FDI）、出口贸易和经济增长的关系一直是国内外学者研究的热点。运用向量自回归（VAR）模型、脉冲响应函数、方差分解等计量经济学方法,采用1997年至2013年的所有季度数据,对FDI、出口贸易与经济增长的关系进行了实证研究,得出外商直接投资、出口贸易对我国经济增长具有显著的促进作用的结论,因此,今后我国应进一步加强对FDI的产业导向,积极优化外贸环境、改善外贸结构以引进外商直接投资。     

我国汽车制造业的贸易流量与出口潜力:基于引力模型的分析

近年来,随着汽车工业的发展,汽车制造业出口呈现出快速增长的势头,在我国出口商品中所占的比重不断增加。本文选取了与我国汽车贸易往来最为密切的39个国家和地区,通过构建引力模型,对影响1 999年以来我国汽车制造业出口的主要因素进行了实证分析。在此基础上,对未来我国汽车制造业出口贸易的发展潜力进行了预测,并提出了我国汽车制造业出口持续发展的对策建议。     

基于无缝钢管的进出口市场看行业竞争格局调整

当前,无缝钢管的进出口市场正发生深刻的变化,主要表现在出口超速增长,产品规格类同,高技术、高附加值品种依赖进口、行业竞争格局分散等特点。本文通过分析近年来无缝钢管产品的进出口实际情况,发现行业未来竞争格局的调整趋势,对无缝钢管生产企业具有现实的意义。     

Trade and Productivity in a Transition Economy: the Role of Industry and Export Destination

This paper focuses on the joint role of industry technology intensity and export market characteristics in the analysis of export-related productivity gains. Using a unique database of Ukrainian manufacturing firms in 2000-06, we classify all manufacturing sectors according to their technology intensity and estimate destination-specific learning by exporting effects separately for firms operating in high and low technology sectors. New exporters in high technology sectors enjoy robust long-term productivity growth premia when targeting advanced export markets, consistent with learning through exports. Export entrants in low technology sectors, instead, enjoy mostly short-term productivity improvements regardless of the export destination. Our findings suggest that the systematic distinction between the technology intensity of various industries is a relevant dimension for empirical studies on destination-specific learning by exporting.     

Strategic Trade Policies Under Monopsony and Uncertainty: The Exporter’s Non-Linear Responses Based on the Organization of Its Industry

Players’ access to information, their market power, and the timing and rationale of their decisions are important but often neglected in the making of strategic trade policies. I examine optimal decisions in a monopsonistic market with asymmetric information to determine an exporting country’s policy strategies. The large importing country first sets a producer subsidy and later imposes an import tariff after learning about the welfare-maximizing exporter’s reactions to the subsidy. I assume that at the time of their decisions, the n exporting firms have incomplete information and rely only on noisy signals from their own domestic market to account for the uncertainty in the international market. I find that import tariff and producer subsidy can be substitute rather than exclusively independent policies. Results also show that the exporting country’s optimal reaction is non-linear and is based on the structure of its export industry; the exporting country’s government facing a large importer subsidizes (or taxes) its export when the number of exporting firms is low (or high) relative to a threshold number of firms. More important, before giving out subsidies, the exporting country’s government requires more collusion of its firms especially when the large importer targets a fixed domestic price.     

“两高一资”产品出口贸易调控的综合决策

对两高一资产品的出口贸易进行综合调控是可持续发展的重要组成部分。针对该类产品出口贸易调控政策研究的系统性和复杂性,文章使用多目标决策方法构建了我国两高一资产品出口贸易调控的多层次关联结构模型,并以钢铁产品的贸易调控政策为案例应用该模型进行分析,旨在为我国出口贸易调控政策的颁布和实施提供决策思路和方法。     

Industrial Policy to Develop a Multi-Firm Industry

Governments face pressure to act when coordination and learning externalities block development of otherwise-profitable industries that would produce merit goods for the domestic market. A short-term subsidy that offsets these externalities could potentially jump-start a multi-firm industry, if the subsidy induces a pioneer firm to enter and then the pioneer’s first-period output generates coordination and learning externalities. These externalities could induce subsequent entry by input suppliers and/or competitors. However, empirical evidence raises questions about the ability of governments to use short-term subsidies to jump-start new industries. We explore one explanation for the difficulty of jump-starting new industries: the subsidy could generate counter-productive incentives for the pioneer firm to prevent entry of additional firms. We model the jump-start strategy and examine whether coupling a short-term fixed subsidy with a per-unit subsidy can achieve the objective of creating a multi-firm industry.     

Protection for sale under monopolistic competition

This paper broadens the protection for sale model of Grossman and Helpman (1994) by incorporating the Krugman-Dixit-Stiglitz model of monopolistic competition, given its importance in explaining the prevalence of intraindustry trade. Several new results arise in this paper. First, the endogenous import tariff will never fall below zero, even in unorganized sectors. Second, the endogenous export policy for organized sectors is not necessarily an export subsidy, and can be an export tax as in unorganized sectors. Third, the level of import protection varies inversely with the degree of import penetration, regardless of whether the sector is organized or not.     

Trade patterns,unemployment and growth

This paper analyses the implications of a minimum wage in an open economy two-sector model where the effect of growth on trade and unemployment is explicitly determined. The first-best policy is a wage subsidy to all employment while the second-best policy is a production tax cum subsidy. In the absence of policy intervention it is shown that growth in the short run results in decreasing unemployment for the home country if it is specialized in consumption goods or incompletely specialized provided that the minimum wage is binding. If the economy is specialized in investment goods, then unemployment may increase initially but as growth continues the minimum wage no longer remains binding and full employment is restored. In the long run by examining the dynamic interaction between trade and growth it is possible for the economy to be incompletely specialized with unemployment. If the economy specializes in consumption goods, it is possible for the economy to attain full employment.     

出口、集聚与全要素生产率增长——基于制造业行业面板数据的实证研究

运用DEA-Malmquist指数法测算了2000-2007年我国制造业28个行业的全要素生产率(TFP)及其分解指标,并将出口、集聚与TFP放在统一的框架下分析出口与集聚对TFP及其分解指标的影响。研究发现,制造业TFP年均增长4.3%,其中90%以上是由技术进步贡献的;行业之间的技术进步差距较小,技术效率变化差异较大,而后者是TFP增长差异的主要原因。出口和集聚的相互作用削弱了对TFP增长的影响,即便如此,出口仍显著促进了TFP增长,集聚对TFP及其分解指标均有明显的正向影响。市场化程度是制造业TFP增长和技术进步的最主要影响因素。     

Galloping,creeping, or receding internationalization

Using a simple two-period linear durability choice trade model, we examine strategic trade policy in terms of taxes or subsidies levied on duopolistic firms in sales markets. In contrast to earlier parametric durability studies we show that the optimal export policy is not necessarily a tax when product durability is endogenously determined. Our analysis indicates that with endogenous adjustment of durability either a tax, subsidy, or laissez-faire policy (zero subsidy) may be optimal. In addition, we find that any trade policy (tax or subsidy) has the unforeseen effect of changing the firms' product durability. For example, future expected subsidies tend to decrease the domestic firm's product durability while increasing the foreign firm's chosen durability.     

我国纺织品出口对经济增长贡献的实证研究

出口贸易是影响经济增长的重要因素。本文采用1980-2004年的数据,描述了我国纺织品出口的特点,并借助协整模型实证研究了纺织品出口对经济增长的影响,指出二者之间存在长期的动态关系。通过定量分析,发现纺织品出口对经济增长的直接拉动度和贡献率都较低,这是因为我国纺织服装行业一方面受宏观环境影响,另一方面自身竞争优势不足。本文经过研究,形成了对我国纺织品出口与经济增长之间关系直观而清晰的认识,并为无配额时代我国纺织业发展的后续研究提供了参考。     

Time-series evidence for Balassa’s export-led growth hypothesis

This paper investigates Balassa’s export-led growth hypothesis for Greece, Ireland, Mexico, Portugal and Turkey by constructing a vector autoregression (VAR) model. On the basis of the Granger non-causality procedure developed by Toda and Yamamoto (1995), the results show that export and output are causally related in the long run for Ireland, Mexico and Portugal. Our findings cannot offer support for the causality link between export and output for Greece and Turkey. Granger-causality is uni-directional, running from export growth to economic growth in Ireland and Mexico, and running from economic growth to export growth in Portugal.     

Export Market Participation,Investments in R&D and Worker Training,and the Evolution of Firm Productivity

This paper uses micro panel data for firms in the Taiwanese electronics industry in 1986, 1991 and 1996 to investigate a firm's decision to invest in two sources of knowledge – participation in the export market and investments in R&D and/or worker training – and assess their effect on the firm's future productivity. The firm's decisions to export and invest in R&D and/or worker training are modelled with a bivariate probit model that recognises the interdependence of the decisions. The effect of these investments on the firm's future productivity trajectory is then modelled while controlling for the selection bias introduced by endo‐genous firm exit. The findings indicate a significant interaction effect between exporting and R&D investments and future productivity, after controlling for size, age and current productivity. Firms that undertake both investment activities have significantly higher future productivity than firms that do one or neither. In addition, these firms are more likely to continue investing in these activities leading to further productivity gains. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that export experience is an important source of productivity growth for Taiwanese firms and that firm investments in R&D and worker training facilitate their ability to benefit from their exposure to the export market.     

“包”打天下

2011年1—7月，中国箱包加工贸易出口合同额增长有所放缓，除2月、6月实现同比增长外，其余各月同比均为负增长。其中，4月加工贸易签单额创下最低值。当月出口订单仅为1．21亿美元，比去年同期下降了60．51％。6月创下7个月来的最高值，实现了2．18亿美元的合同签约量，同比增长14．58％。     

中性还是偏向性技术变迁影响出口?——基于细分行业贸易数据的经验分析

运用Tobit模型对中国SITC-3位码行业出口数据进行实证分析,本文发现,生产率越高的行业出口能力越强,技术变迁带来的效率改进是出口增长的重要原因。但与中性技术变迁相比,偏向性技术变迁更适合解释中国不同行业的相对出口存在差异的问题。劳动和资本密集型行业发生的偏向资本技术变迁,是中国劳动密集型产品出口比重不断减小,而资本密集型产品出口比重不断增加的重要原因。偏向资本的技术变迁,以及由此引起的要素相对生产率改变,与要素相对禀赋一起,预示着我国动态比较优势的逐渐形成。     

承诺补贴--对高新技术出口产业的一种市场进入扶持政策

发展中国家的出口产品结构现状表明其在一些高新技术出口产业上处于劣势：而从长期的动态的角度上看,鼓励这些产业的发展又是发展中国家优化本国出口产品结构的必由之路,通过模型分析我们发现,在一定条件下,发展中国家政府对本国企业承诺补贴使其净利润非负的市场进入扶持政策能达到预期的效果而补贴却无需兑现。当然此扶持政策有其自身固有的弊端．应慎重合作,同时应将最终眼光投向根本上提高本国高新技术出口产业的竞争力上。