中国农产品产业内贸易影响因素研究:1996-2008年面板数据检验

通过本文对1996-2008年我国与15个贸易伙伴的产业内贸易数据的分析发现我国与贸易伙伴国需求结构差距、文化差异越大相与产业内贸易有正相关关系;人力资本差异、经济规模差距、贸易双方地理距离对产业内贸易水平影响显着为负,符合我们的理论预期.从动态角度来看:对于边际总产业内贸易水平,资本差异年变化对其显著正影响;另外,我们还发现贸易国之间经济规模、人力资本水平差异、需求结构差异与边际水平型产业内贸易呈现显著正相关关系;FDI对水平和垂直产业内贸易形成有明显的正向影响.     

中美服务业产业内贸易研究

近年来,全球产业结构重心从制造业向服务业转移世界进入服务经济的新时代．美国和中国,作为世界第一和第二大经济体,其服务业产业内贸易情况备受关注。本文首先对中美双边服务贸易现状进行分把然后将选取产业内贸易指数和边际产业内贸易指数对中美服务业产业内贸易水平进行测算,并对今后进一步发展中美服务业产业内贸易的对策进行探讨。     

长三角地区与韩国产业内贸易实证分析

本文探讨了长三角与韩国贸易的现状和结构,发现长三角对韩贸易是中韩贸易逆差主要来源;对长三角地区与韩国产业内贸易水平展开实证分析,绝大部分类别商品的双边产业内贸易水平稳中有升,但是长三角对韩国的比较劣势还相当明显,实际获得的贸易利益有限,长三角需促进规模经济发展和产业空间集聚,培育技术优势优化产品贸易结构。     

长三角地区与韩国产业内贸易实证分析

本文探讨了长三角与韩国贸易的现状和结构,发现长三角对韩贸易是中韩贸易逆差主要来源;对长三角地区与韩国产业内贸易水平展开实证分析,绝大部分类别商品的双边产业内贸易水平稳中有升,但是长三角对韩国的比较劣势还相当明显,实际获得的贸易利益有限,长三角需促进规模经济发展和产业空间集聚,培育技术优势优化产品贸易结构.     

中美高新技术产品产业内贸易研究

本文从产业内贸易角度出发．分析中美高新技术产品产业内贸易的发展现状,发现中美高新技术产品产业内贸易水平较低,属于垂直型产业内贸易,且参与的主要是加工制造环节。文章最后对高新技术产业提出改进建议。     

我国磷化工产品产业内贸易实证研究

本文对2000-2008年我国磷化工产品产业内贸易的水平和类型进行了实证研究。结果表明,我国磷化工产品产业内贸易水平较低,先升后降。产业内贸易类型呈现出以低质量垂直型产业内贸易为主、水平型产业内贸易次之、高质量垂直型产业内贸易则没有的格局。在此基础上,提出了限制初级磷化工产品出口、发展精细磷化工产品、规模化经营和产品差异化等建议。     

中日产业内贸易G-L指数变化及影响因素分析

日本是中国的重要贸易伙伴,近年来,中日两国的产业内贸易发展水平有较大程度的提升,两国间的产业内贸易呈现出新的特点,有从传统的产业间贸易为主向产业内贸易为主转变的趋势。本文通过相关数据分析计算了中日产业内贸易水平的G—L指数并通过实证分析研究了FDI与人均收入水平对于产业内贸易的影响。     

中日产业内贸易G-L指数变化及影响因素分析

日本是中国的重要贸易伙伴,近年来,中日两国的产业内贸易发展水平有较大程度的提升,两国间的产业内贸易呈现出新的特点,有从传统的产业间贸易为主向产业内贸易为主转变的趋势.本文通过相关数据分析计算了中日产业内贸易水平的G-L指数并通过实证分析研究了FDI与人均收入水平对于产业内贸易的影响.     

机械及运输设备产业内贸易影响因素实证分析

本文利用1999-2008年中国同10个国家的产业内贸易的相关数据对中国机械及运输设备产业内贸易的国家特征变量的影响因素进行面板数据回归分析。结果表明经济规模和收入水平对产业内贸易具有显著的正的相关性与理论相符,经济规模差异和人均收入水平差异与产业内贸易存在负的相关性,基本符合理论预期。随着我国国民经济的发展和人民收入水平的提高,我国应重视和积极应对机械及运输设备产业呈现的产业内贸易迅速发展的态势,提高国际竞争力。     

中美服务业产业内贸易实证研究

世界经济与贸易发展日益呈现出向服务业和服务贸易倾斜的趋势。随着服务业分工的进一步发展,国际间的服务交换逐渐从产业间贸易向产业内贸易转变,产业内贸易成为当今服务贸易的主要特征。作为世界贸易体系中最为重要的两个经济体,以及最大的发展中国家与发达国家,中美之间服务业产     

The Determinants of Intra-Industry Trade in Insurance Services

In light of the growing significance of trade in financial services, and the emphasis placed on trade in financial services during the Uruguay round of trade negotiations, this article is the first study of the determinants of intra‐industry trade (IIT) in insurance services. The article analyzes and measures the magnitude of IIT in insurance services for the United States. The empirical results of the determinants of IIT indicate that foreign direct investment in insurance services (FDI) is a significant contributor to the volume of trade in insurance services. These empirical findings confirm the new theoretical trade models that, unlike the traditional trade theory that considered trade and foreign direct investment in insurance services as substitutes, trade and FDI complement each other and hence multinational insurance companies are contributing to an increase in the volume of trade in insurance services. Furthermore, this study shows that trade intensity between the United States and its trading partners leads to product differentiation in insurance services and hence an increase in consumer welfare.     

Intra-Industry Trade and Labor Market Adjustment in Taiwan

This paper investigates the relationship between intra-industry trade (IIT) expansion and labor market adjustment in Taiwan. We adopt a panel data set containing detailed employment information and utilize various measures of labor market adjustment to conduct empirical estimations. After controlling for industry-specific effects and occupational composition, the empirical results demonstrate that IIT expansion does have a smoothing effect on labor market adjustment. Moreover, industries with abundant skilled workers experience lower employment adjustment costs.     

Sources of growth in international insurance services

The purpose of this paper is to analyse international insurance services. It defines international insurance services in the context of the new definition of trade in financial services. Cross-border trade and foreign direct investment in insurance services are categorised into four distinct groups, based on the movement of providers and receivers of insurance services. The empirical results of a model of the movement of providers in insurance services indicate that insurance premiums and the national income of the host countries contribute to the expansion of multinational insurance companies. Furthermore, bilateral trade, labor costs, economic growth and the cost of capital are also contributing to the expansion of international insurance services. In addition, the empirical results indicate that FDI in banking is a complement to the expansion of international insurance services.     

出口信用保险对我国出口贸易作用的实证研究

本文采用2002～2013年我国外贸出口额、8个出口行业和出口到84个国家（地区）的贸易额,以及同期出口信用保险数据作为样本,在扩展引力模型的框架下研究了出口信用保险与我国外贸出口的关系.实证结果表明,出口信用保险在增加出口、推动出口市场多元化、支持有关出口行业发展等方面有较为显著的促进作用;对出口到风险较高的新兴市场国家和地区以及船舶、机电产品等具有较高外部融资需求行业的杠杆作用更为明显.     

Does the strength of the legal systems matter for trade in insurance and financial services?

This paper investigates if the strength of the legal system impacts on the trade in insurance and financial services in the high-income OECD and developing countries. Our findings reveal a statistically significant positive correlation of rule of law and regulatory quality with the exports and imports of insurance and financial services. Our empirical findings also reveal a negative and statistically significant correlation of contract enforcement with the exports and imports of insurance and financial services. We conclude that strengthening the rule of law and contract enforcement mechanisms can facilitate higher levels of trade in insurance and financial services.     

Macroeconomic Variables and the Housing Market in Turkey

After important policy changes in 1980, Turkey's trade expanded considerably. Although interindustry trade remained predominant, intraindustry trade (IIT) increased substantially. This paper investigates whether the increase in IIT contributed to reducing adjustment costs due to trade expansion. We undertook an econometric approach and considered three-digit International Standard Industry Classification classified data. We used a model developed by Brülhart and Thorpe (2000) for Malaysia, both in static and dynamic forms. Our static results indicate that, if there is any contribution that IIT makes to adjustments in the manufacturing industries of Turkey, it is either nonexistent, if measured by changes in the Grubel—Lloyd index, or in the opposite direction, if measured by the marginal IIT index (A). The dynamic results are somewhat more encouraging, in that the coefficients of the lagged A and Grubel—Lloyd indexes are negative and significant when three yearly changes are considered, but the overall results are not sufficient to conclude that the structural adjustment hypothesis holds for Turkey.     

Risikomessung unter Solvency II

With the enlargement of the European Union in 2005 several countries with a particularly low level of corporate taxation entered the Single Market. Big differences in taxation provide an incentive for insurance companies to shift their business activity into countries with low taxation. This incentive is aggravated by falling transport costs for insurance products over the last decade. This paper outlines the main factors driving the location choice of firms in an agglomeration model and presents additional, tax- and insurance business-related factors. Due to the peculiar production process in the insurance industry this industry is especially well suited for an empirical test of the efficacy of tax-related incentives to shift production abroad. The shifting of value added across borders is usually associated with cover up costs. In the insurance industry profit shifting can be done at high volume and low costs through reinsurance at foreign subsidiaries. This paper tests the hypothesis that differences in taxation induce a shift of business activity into low tax countries indirectly by estimating a model for Austrian data on international trade with insurance services.     

Understanding price competition in the German motor insurance market

This paper analyzes price competition in the German motor insurance market since 1994 and looks for evidence to back up a claim frequently found in the trade literature—that there have been two recent price wars in this industry, the first in 1996–1999, the second in 2005–2006. In a first step, we analyze the development of the German motor insurance market and compare it to that of other property-liability lines of business. In a second step the applicability of price war definitions found in the marketing literature to the German motor insurance market is checked. In a third step, a comparison to reference cases from other industries, where price wars have been subject to academic analysis, is conducted to complement the analysis. We conclude that, contrary to reports in the trade literature, the periods of 1996–1999 and 2005–2006 should be considered as times of intense competition in the motor insurance industry, not as times of price war.     

Competition in the general insurance industry

Using a large sample of cross-sectional data for 1998 of companies operating in the general insurance industry we attempt to shed some light on the issue of competition in this industry. Companies offering products and services in the general insurance market are believed to trade under very competitive conditions. In order to test this widely-held claim we investigate whether firms’ pricing policies reflect competitive or monopolistic market features. Under competitive conditions companies are forced to pass on any increase in costs in prices and thus their revenues will rise pari passu should wages, underwriting costs or other expenses are increasing. By contrast, a firm operating under monopolistic competition responds to an increase in marginal and average costs by increasing price and reducing output, resulting in a less then complete pass-through in revenue; profit falls. Our study is the first, to our knowledge, to apply this research methodology to the general (casuality/liability) insurance industry. Firms in this industry generate revenue through underwriting of insurance risks and from investing their assets. As underwriting and capital markets are in general segmented (catastrophe bonds apart), our empirical approach is based on the insurance and portfolio behaviour of firms and not on an integrated view of both. Previous investigations of this kind have focussed on the banking industry. Contrary to widely held views we find that competition is less than perfect.     

Die Marktabgrenzung im Versicherungskartellrecht am Beispiel der Berufshaftpflichtversicherungen

The definition of the relevant market is crucial to the application of European and German competition law and especially difficult when dealing with insurance markets. Generally, the product and geographic market comprises all products or services that are regarded as substitutable by consumers. In addition, the supply-side substitutability can be taken into consideration. In defining insurance product markets, the supply-side substitutability is decisive, because insurance products are seldom interchangeable from a policy holder’s point of view. Applying the concept of supply-side substitutability to professional indemnity insurances leads to product markets correlating with the different professional groups: Indemnity insurances for physicians constitute a product market; insurances for lawyers, notary publics, tax advisers and public accountants form another market and insurances for architects and construction engineers another one. These product markets are still national markets. Professional indemnity insurances are extensively shaped by the differing legal systems, namely by national insurance contract law, by liability provisions and by a legal obligation to insure. Consequently, policy holders cannot substitute their indemnity insurance with foreign insurance products and insurers are confronted with market entry barriers. However, the proposed directive on services on the internal market and the adopted directive on insurance mediation could result in community-wide markets in the near future.