北京市人口规模的控制与小集镇的发展

在世界人口城市化的过程中,人们已越来越清楚地认识到大城市规模过份膨胀所带来的危害。由于人口和工业的过份集中,不可避免地导致交通拥挤,能源紧张,污染严重,就业困难,住房和用地不足等一系列社会问题的出现。因此,如何有计划地控制大城市的规模,使城市人口与城市各项事业协调发展,已成为人口城市化过程中迫切需要解决的问题。在谈到控制大城市人口规模时,人们谈论得比较多的是如何控制外地人口的机械迁入和建立卫星城以疏导市区人口,这当然是非常重要的两个方面。但小集镇在促使人口     

大城市开发区流动人口居住特征研究--以上海浦东新区为例

主要采用第五次人口普查数据,对上海开发区--浦东新区流动人口的居住状况进行分析和研究.研究表明流动人口在大城市具有明显的非居民化的居住特征,表现在居住场所集中于城市边缘,居住地更换频繁,居住质量差和居民身份认同感缺乏.为了保障流动人口在大城市的居住健康和大城市整体的健康发展,促进流动人口在城市的居住和谐,有必要采取措施,推进区域产业结构升级,调控城市人口规模,制定流动人口的居住标准,提升住房质量;增进流动人口的居民身份认同,;逐步取消户籍制度,增进本地人口与外来人口的居住融合.     

有计划地发展中等城市 加快我国城市化进程

一我国目前有城市360个,其中100万人口以上的特大城市22个,城市人口17547万,如果到2000年城市人口发展到4亿,仅接近目前世界平均的40％城市化水平。为了控制大城市的规模,新增加的2亿多城市人口必将大部分流向中小城市。而小城市因其生产力发展水平和城市基础设施等原因,接收有限,势必促使中等城市发展。中等城市和条件较好的中等城市的发展,即可缓解大城市的压力,又可弥补小城市的不足,起着承上启下的作用,并在实践中易于实现。这首先是因为,中等城市分布面广,多数是随着经济发展而形成和发展起来的。通过三十多年的建设,有相当的规模和设施,利于大城市在产业结构调整中进行工业、技术、智力转移和人员流     

探讨卫星城的建设从金山卫的发展

我国自五十年代以来,为了控制大城市的规模,相继在大城市周围建设了若干卫星城镇,来疏散大城市的工业及人口,以解决居住拥挤、交通堵塞、环境污染等一系列矛盾。但大部分未能达到预期的效果。这到底是什么原因,应该怎么办?本文试图从上海一个新兴的卫星城镇——金山卫这个侧面出发,来进行较为深入的探讨。一、概况及其作用金山卫卫星城是本世纪七十年代随着上海石油化工总厂的建设而迅速发展起来的新兴工业城镇,位于上海市西南郊的金山县内,南濒杭州湾,北靠沪杭公路,西与浙江省平湖县接界。整个地区面积9.7平方公里,距市     

中国西部城市群城市间联系测度与功能升级研究——以兰白西城市群为例

兰(州)白(银)西(宁)城市群是甘肃省、青海省经济发展的核心区,也是兰西格(格尔木)经济区的重要增长极。研究借鉴国内外学者分析城市间联系程度的方法,对兰白西城市群各城市之间的相互作用进行分析。首先利用中心职能指数和中心职能强度对兰白西城市群区域的各城市进行中心等级划分;其次,采用交通可达性指数对兰白西城市群区域的各城市的交通可达性进行分析;最后,通过引力模型对兰白西城市群区域的各城市间的经济联系量和经济联系隶属度进行测度。将兰白西城市群与中国其他典型城市群进行对比,发现兰白西城市群的发展存在一定问题,基于功能升级的视角提出兰白西城市群发展策略:(1)推进兰州和白银的一体化发展,加强一级中心的辐射带动能力;(2)提升二、三级中心的支撑能力,增加城市群内的县域经济实力;(3)促进兰白西城市群的交通体系建设,强化城市群内的经济联系;(4)以三点三轴为发展方向,推进兰白西城市群一体化发展。     

公共交通网络下的城市中低收入人群就业可达性研究

便宜、快速、方便的大城市公共交通系统与长时间、长距离通勤、上下班高峰期"交通拥堵"并存是目前中国大城市发展中面临的主要城市问题。居住与就业的空间失配(职住失衡)被认为是导致以上问题的重要原因之一。以就业可达性方法来测度城市居民的居住与就业(职住)空间关系,并以广州为例,揭示公共交通系统网络下,中低收入人群职住空间关系的特征和差异,以为城市公共住房、公共交通、产业等规划和政策的制定提供有益参考。基于广州案例有两个发现:第一,低可达性人数多于高可达性人数。其中,低可达性"蓝领"较"粉领"多,且其主要居住在非中心城区;而居住在中心城区的高可达性"粉领"人数较"蓝领"多。第二,与国外大城市相似,居住在中心城区能给广州中低收入人群带来一定的就业可达性优势。不同点在于,居住在广州非中心城区的高可达性"蓝领"人数多于居住在中心城区的高可达性"蓝领"。     

一体化是否加剧了城市群内部发展不平衡?——基于京津冀与成渝城市群的比较研究

研究城市群一体化发展成效对促进区域协调发展具有积极意义.以空间公平为核心构建城市群利益共同体关系模型,选择分别对我国北方地区、西南地区协调发展起到引擎作用的京津冀城市群、成渝城市群进行一体化发展成效对比分析.研究发现:(1)两大城市群双中心城市之间的社会经济联系强度、一体化响应程度均远超群内其他城市.(2)两大城市群成...     

我国实体城市土地-人口城镇化协调发展分析

科学评价城镇化过程中各要素发展的协调度是城镇化发展决策的关键。研究分析了2000-2020年中国土地城镇化和人口城镇化发展的趋势;面向可持续发展战略需求,提出判断土地城镇化与人口城镇化协调度的参考值和分类评级标准;基于统一可比的实体城市地域客观划定城乡范围,利用弹性系数探究我国土地城镇化和人口城镇化协调发展的时空分异特征。研究表明：(1)实体城市视角度量协调度,人为影响较小,评价结果更加客观;此视角下2000-2020年土地城镇化和人口城镇化平均速度的比值普遍大于1;(2)结合历史数据、国家相关规划与政策导向,确定中国土地城镇化和人口城镇化协调度判断的合理参考值为0.80;(3) 2000-2020年我国城市土地城镇化与人口城镇化协调水平较高,东部、中部和西部地区及特大规模城市整体均处于轻度失调状态,大部分城市城镇化系统处于基本协调或轻度失调状态;(4)土地城镇化与人口城镇化趋向协调发展,东部和中部地区及大城市协调水平整体上升,东北、东部和中部地区,特大城市、超大城市、大城市和中等城市基本协调的城市数量占比呈上升趋势;东北地区和中等城市发生人口收缩,小城市人口流失现象持续存在。     

半个世纪来城市和城市地理学的发展

一、2 0世纪后半期美国和加拿大城市的变化　　 1.逆城市化2 0世纪后半期美国和加拿大城市发展的主体倾向 ,是随着城市向郊区和外城扩展 ,产生市中心人口减少和边缘区人口持续的快速增长 (穆勒 ,19 81;梅耶 ,1986 )。这个变化十分引人注目 ,贝里称它为逆城市化 (贝里 ,1976 )。郊区无论是人口、就业及政治势力都迅速增强。根据美国 1990年的普查资料 ,总人口 77%的人集中于大城市 ,且这些人口中的 6 0 %实际上生活在郊区 ,即在市中心的外缘。如何解释美国的这种居住现象呢 ?在众多因素中值得一提的是 :1美国行政管理结构具有刚性 ,因此向外…     

中型城市:加快国民经济发展的重大潜在力量

一、中国中型城市的概念中国城市规摸主要指城市人口规模。根据中国国家统计局的标准,按市区(不包括市辖县)的非农业人口总数,划分为四组: (1)100万人口以上为特大城市(在实际经济统计分析中,又划分为100～200万人口和200万人口以上两个规模组);(2)50～100万人口为大城市;     

Development in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) Statistics at the Australian Bureau of Statistics

This paper outlines the ICT statistical developments that the ABS has undertaken over recent years. These developments have been on both the supply side (ICT industry) and the demand side (use of IT by sector). The content of ABS ICT surveys has changed significantly over the last few years and are expected to develop further in line with industry changes and emerging policy needs.
Recent developments in household collections have been the inclusion of IT use questions in the 2001 Census of Population and Housing and in various ABS social surveys such as Children's Participation in Culture and Leisure Activities. Annual business IT use surveys are now conducted and include topics such as Internet commerce and IT security. Biennial ICT industry surveys are conducted to provide data on ICT production, imports and exports, ICT industry employment, performance and structure information. An Internet activity survey is run every six months and provides regional Internet access details and infrastructure details on Internet service providers.
A major development for 2002–03 will be the compilation of an ICT satellite account. ABS intends to produce an ICT Information Development Plan to guide its future statistical development work in the ICT field.     

Incumplimiento del salario mínimo en Europa central y oriental

En este estudio se analiza el incumplimiento del salario mínimo durante el periodo 2003–2012 en diez países de Europa central y oriental con salario mínimo obligatorio nacional. A partir de los datos de EU‐SILC y la metodología propuesta por Bhorat, Kanbur y Mayet (2013), se cuantifica la incidencia y magnitud del incumplimiento. Se realizan análisis de regresión sobre determinantes individuales, laborales y macroeconómicos. Aunque la incidencia permanece relativamente baja, los trabajadores a los que se dirigen las políticas de salario mínimo parecen los más expuestos a su incumplimiento. Con el tiempo, una mayor incidencia se asocia a una razón más alta entre salario mínimo y salario medio.     

Value at Risk in the Suburbs: Eminent Domain and the Geographical Politics of the US Foreclosure Crisis

Several US counties and local governments have recently considered a novel solution to the foreclosure crisis. They plan to use eminent domain to compel the owners of mortgage debt—and specifically of private‐label mortgage‐backed securities—to sell the debt to the government at a price reflecting the loan's market value. The government would then restructure the debt and resell it to new investors. The plans are striking because—in contrast to both development‐driven eminent domain and the federal subprime bank bailout—they would force investors to assume asset devaluation and increased long‐term risk. Notably, the plans have emerged as an instance of financialization‐focused politics in suburbs and suburban cities of color, specifically majority‐black and ‐Latino/a suburbs. Local support for the plans, we argue, is rooted in the long‐term disinvestment of these ‘suburbs of exception', which became targets of subprime lending and eventually sites where the ‘financial exception' has been localized. But these demographic shifts, fragmentation and fiscal pressures have at the same time created a suburban political terrain in which the plans have gained their strongest political support.     

Towards a Theory of Serendipity: A Systematic Review and Conceptualization

Serendipity – the notion of making surprising and valuable discoveries – plays a major role in the success of individuals and organizations alike. Previous research has established the importance of serendipity and identified important individual- and organizational-level antecedents. However, the literature has been dispersed and the boundaries of the concept have been blurry, leading to a lack of conceptual clarity and structure, and thus limiting validity and managerial actionability. Based on a systematic literature review, I synthesize existing management-related research on serendipity and explicate the emergence and composition of serendipity in the organizational context. I first identify three necessary conditions that differentiate serendipity from related concepts such as luck or targeted innovation: agency, surprise, and value. Then, I draw from the literature on sensemaking, event-based theorizing, and quantum-based approaches to management to conceptualize the process of cultivating serendipity in the organizational context as a process of enabling potentiality and materialization, and develop a multi-level theory of (cultivating) serendipity. This conceptualization contributes to our collective understanding of how, why, and when (i.e., under what conditions) organizations can leverage the value in the unexpected, which opens up fruitful avenues for further research.     

Cultural Economy Planning in Creative Cities: Discourse and Practice

While a growing body of research analyses the functional mechanisms of the cultural or creative economy, there has been little attention devoted to understanding how local governments translate this work into policy. Moreover, research in this vein focuses predominately on Richard Florida's creative class thesis rather than considering the wider body of work that may influence policy. This article seeks to develop a deeper understanding of how municipalities conceptualize and plan for the cultural economy through the lens of two cities held up as model ‘creative cities’ — Austin, Texas and Toronto, Ontario. The work pays particular attention to how the cities adopt and adapt leading theories, strategies and discourses of the cultural economy. While policy documents indicate that the cities embrace the creative city model, in practice agencies tend to adapt conventional economic development strategies for cultural economy activity and appropriate the language of the creative city for multiple purposes.     

Accountability of NGOs in Bangladesh A critical overview

NGOs in Bangladesh have been recognized as effective change agents in the socio-economic arena throughout the world. Their contributions in micro credit, non-formal education and primary health care are widely known. NGOs play a significant role in society. NGO accountability, as a result, has become a critical issue. NGO accountability in Bangladesh has been examined here in relation to patrons, clients and themselves. Of the three relationships only accountability to patrons is in a near satisfactory state. Accountability to clients is handicapped by lack of opportunities of beneficiaries to participate meaningfully in NGO policy making. Accountability to themselves is adversely affected due to the adherence to a strictly hierarchical system and the influence of founding and charismatic NGO leaders.     

Input/output ranges and performance: an examination of US machine tool producers

Despite the establishment of high-tech multinational enterprises (MNEs) in Ireland since the late 1950s, the country did not succeed in closing the technological gap with most of its EU counterparts. The weak National System of Innovation (NSI), and in particular low business and government R&D levels, combined with a lack of research and technology linkages between MNEs and indigenous firms, explain these poor results. However, the Shannon region in the West of the country presents some specific institutional characteristics that could theoretically make the region a strong technological enclave. The various actors in the region - i.e. the administrative, financial, political and research institutions, as well as the business organizations - have indeed infused a new type of economic development. After a brief review of the available concepts and models articulated around these actors and their interrelationships, the paper analyses whether the Shannon region, taken as an illustrative example, mirrors a specific economic and technological localized setting. The study is based on a survey of indigenous and foreign firms.     

Sixty years of discrimination and diversity research in human resource management: A review with suggestions for future research directions

This article reviews discrimination and diversity research published in Human Resource Management (HRM) over the past 60 years. While discrimination and diversity are very different constructs, it is often informative to study them together, because when people recognize each other's diversity, this can result in bias, stereotyping, and discrimination. We conducted bibliographic searches for terms related to discrimination and diversity as well as a manual search through every title and abstract published in HRM over the last 60 years to assess article relevance. The search resulted in 135 research articles with 136 unique studies (i.e., samples) which are reviewed in this article. Sex and race are the demographics that have been examined the most in HRM, while religion has been examined the least. Moreover, the number of studies examining lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) employees in the workplace in HRM has grown quickly within the past 10 years, culminating in a recent meta‐analysis. Our review looks at some of the earliest research published, the most recent research published, and the overall trends we identified in the research over the years for both discrimination and diversity articles. We then make future research suggestions and recommendations to advance the study of discrimination and diversity in the coming years.     

Towards an Asian model of human resource management? A comparative analysis of China,Japan and South Korea

There has been much discussion regarding the possible decline and weakening of national systems of human resource management (HRM). Yet, culture and institutions are often cited as the major stumbling blocks to this outcome. Such constraints may dissipate in the analysis, particularly if ‘regional clusters’ are considered where geographic and cultural closeness and ‘openness’ to similar economic pressures exist. In such cases, it might be postulated that convergence in HRM will occur. We argue that China, Japan and South Korea represent such a cluster. This article examines these countries, to see if a degree of convergence is taking place and if it is towards an identifiable ‘Asian’ model of HRM. A model of change is presented that distinguishes between levels of occurrence and acceptance. Details of the development and practice of HRM in each country are then set out. The article ends with a discussion and implications section and a brief conclusion.     

The Early History of the Cumulants and the Gram-Charlier Series

The early history of the Gram-Charlier series is discussed from three points of view: (1) a generalization of Laplace's central limit theorem, (2) a least squares approximation to a continuous function by means of Chebyshev-Hermite polynomials, (3) a generalization of Gauss's normal distribution to a system of skew distributions. Thiele defined the cumulants in terms of the moments, first by a recursion formula and later by an expansion of the logarithm of the moment generating function. He devised a differential operator which adjusts any cumulant to a desired value. His little known 1899 paper in Danish on the properties of the cumulants is translated into English in the Appendix.