英美农业人口迁移与我国农业人口移动的比较与分析

在英美二国的经济发展过程中,都出现了大规模的农村人口向城市的流动,第二、三产业的发展对劳动力的吸纳能力发挥了重要的作用,产业发展的时期不同,城市经济对农业人口的吸纳能力不同,对劳动力素质的选择性也不同,二国政府所采取的政策调整和制度的建立,促进了产业的持续发展.通过对我国农业人口流动现状的比较和分析,借鉴英美二国的经验和教训,针对我国农民工的实际情况提出对策.     

论宋代扬州城市经济的起伏

目前有关唐宋时期扬州城市经济研究的主要研究成果大多集中在唐代,涉及宋代的研究成果较少。本文致力于从人口、交通条件、政策等方面分析扬州在宋代城市发展与衰退,对扬州的发展起伏分析中整理出封建城市发展衰退的规律,并为当今城市发展和城市品位的提升提供借鉴。     

加拿大的农地保护

农地保护进入加拿大国家政策议程加拿大只有12%的土地可作农用,这些土地集中分布在南部的狭长地带,这一地带也正是适宜人类生存、人口最集中的地区,大约聚集了全加拿大人口的90%以上。20世纪50年代和60年代,城市扩张迅速,占用了大量优质农田,同时地产投机商大量购买农地,他们将     

中国农村人口:现状、挑战与劳动力流动

本文着重阐述我国人口特点、沉重的人口负荷对资源的挑战及造成环境质量下降的不良后果。提出实现农村剩余劳动力转移的战略对策:近期应着力培育农业基础,调整工业发展战略,提高小型工业发展比重,以此为突破口,提高资本对劳动力的吸收率;中长期应选择乡镇工业相对集中的经济导向政策和人口相对集中的社会调节政策。     

我国农业科技园的发展现状及其动力机制

我国农业科技园区自上世纪90年代以来经历了起步、提高和发展成熟三个发展阶段，其成长和发展的动力主要是政策作用力、市场推动力和技术扩散的驱动力。从长远来看，技术扩散能力是农业科技园区持续发展的核心动力，政策作用力将逐渐弱化，其作用主要应体现在创建公共平台和投资于公益性技术上。     

浅析美国和中国的城市郊区化机制

郊区化是人口、就业岗位和服务业从城市中心区向郊区迁移的一种离心扩散过程,它是城市化发展的必经阶段。美国是郊区化发展较早的国家,市场在其郊区化的过程中发挥了重要的作用。20世纪80年代后,随着北京、上海等大城市空间结构的变迁,中国一些大城市的郊区化进程也已经开始。但是中国处在城市化快速发展阶段和从计划经济向市场经济转型的时期,其郊区化在市场和政府的共同作用下发展,有其自身的机制和问题。文章对中国和美国郊区化的过程、特点及机制进行了简单分析,得出的结论是:通过对郊区化机制的理解,借鉴美国郊区化成功的方面,建立正确的城市空间发展政策,推动中国郊区化的健康发展。     

首尔绿带政策效力评价与建设启示

绿带规划通过确定城市周边的限制开发区域来达到控制城市蔓延、保护生态空间、优化城市结构的目的,但同时对城市发展也产生了一定的消极影响,比如间接造成资源浪费、社会不公和抬高地价等。文章通过研究首尔绿带政策形成背景及演变历程,总结其实施经验和存在的问题,在评价政策实施成效的基础上,提出政策推进需要关注绿带空间规划的科学性、法律和规章制度的连续性、完善的土地开发利用平衡机制,以及积极有效的人口调控政策等核心问题,并提出对我国城市绿带建设的启示。     

国土空间规划政策变迁与体系演进逻辑研究——基于政策扩散理论视角

文章从政策扩散理论的角度,分析了我国国土规划政策和空间规划政策的发展过程,总结其时空演化特征和扩散路径。国土空间规划政策在时间维度上主要经历了三个阶段:国土规划政策的形成和初级阶段、国土规划政策的缓慢扩散及国土和空间规划政策的创新阶段、国土和空间规划政策的加速扩散阶段。在空间维度上,邻近扩散效应和跨区域扩散效应表现得非常显著。在政策扩散路径中,垂直吸收-辐射和水平交互式学习是政策扩散的主要方式。     

东南沿海地区耕地资源承载力研究

以目前我国最大缺粮区－－东南沿海地区为研究对象,定量阐述了东南沿海地区不同时期耕地资源的生产车与合理人口承载量的动态关系,并对缓解该区人口－耕地一粮食的矛盾提出了政策建议。     

乡村振兴背景下乡村旅游的政策扩散研究——以田园综合体为例

乡村振兴战略的提出为地方政府的地区产业发展提出新的挑战,于地方政府而言,如何选择合适的政策方案以实现乡村产业的在地化实施则显得至关重要。乡村旅游实现了乡村地区产业结构的重整,是一项可供借鉴与扩散的乡村振兴治理范式与行动方案。基于政策扩散理论,文章运用案例分析和逻辑分析法对乡村旅游政策扩散进行分析。研究发现：乡村旅游政策扩散在时间维度上符合“S”形曲线规律且处于快速扩散阶段;在空间维度上展现出明显的邻近效应;在扩散途径上表现为自上而下的层级扩散、自下而上的采纳与推广、同一层级区域间的扩散和不同层级区域间的跟进四种模式;影响乡村旅游政策扩散的动因包括行政体系下政策实施要求、政策制定需求、地区经济发展需求和横向竞争政策创新要求。     

韩国乡村振兴地域制度及对我国的启示

目的 伴随着城镇化的快速发展、劳动力缺失、耕地效益低下等问题的出现,有效保护耕地和提高耕地利用率成为我国目前亟待解决的重要问题。方法 文章通过文献分析法和对比分析法,总结韩国乡村振兴地域制度建立的背景、主要框架和运行成效,提出对我国的启示。结果 为加强对农田的保护和利用,20世纪90年代韩国实施了农业振兴地域制度。该制度将农业振兴地域划分为农业振兴区和农业保护区,推行农业支援政策、实行人才培养和完善基础建设等一系列举措,在推进农业现代化、提高农民收入、保护耕地、保护农民权益等方面成效显著。结论 通过分析韩国农业振兴地域制度发展的经验,从健全法律体系、粮食主产区内划分现代农业重点区、实行粮食主产区的差异补贴政策、重视农业人才培养四个方面提出适合我国地区发展的农业振兴策略,以期为我国农业的持续发展提供参考。     

Is there decentralization in North Korea? Evidence and lessons from the sloping land management program 2004–2014

In the 1990s, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea) suffered from severe food shortages and large-scale deforestation, which triggered a stage of rural conservation reform. Since 2004, with support from the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), North Korea’s Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection (MoLEP) has implemented a Sloping Land Management Program (SLMP). The SLMP established sloping land user groups and granted these groups the right to use marginal land for agroforestry development. This devolution of land rights from state control onto local groups is a landmark in North Korea, and this decentralization initiative has now expanded to over eight counties to involve thousands of households. It has also led to the launch of a National Agroforestry Policy and Strategy. Drawing from both qualitative and quantitative data collected from 2008 to 2014, this paper documents the process and effects of the SLMP. It argues that the decentralization reform in land management has contributed to not only food security with increased food crop diversity and productivity, but also notably forest recovery through an expansion of tree plantations and agroforestry practices on degraded sloping lands. However, an insufficient power transfer in the form of a lack of timber rights granted to the local user groups has hampered the effectiveness of the SLMP. There are also institutional and geopolitical challenges that are limiting further scaling-up of land-use decentralization across the country. The policy implication calls for more international investment as well as national land-use policy reforms in order to promote and facilitate further decentralization of sloping land management and to secure greater use rights for sloping land user groups.     

Agriculture's 'multifunctionality' and the WTO

Are the agricultural policy reforms embodied in the Uruguay Round consistent with meeting domestic policy objectives such as providing adequate food security, environmental protection and viability of rural areas? This article examines the claim that agriculture deserves more price support and import protection than other sectors because of the non‐marketed externalities and public goods it produces jointly with marketable food and fibre (agriculture’s so‐called ‘multifunctionality’). Do these unrewarded positive externalities exceed the negative externalities from farming by more than the net positive externalities produced by other sectors? To what extent are those farmer‐produced spillovers under‐supplied, and what are the most efficient ways to boost their production to the socially optimal levels? The article concludes that there is little trade‐off required to meet domestic policy objectives on the one hand and agricultural protection reform objectives as embodied in WTO rules on the other.     

森林抚育补贴政策对国有林区职工家庭收入流动性的影响

利用2015及2016年东北、内蒙古国有林区411户职工家庭的跟踪调查数据,运用绝对收入流动性指标、马尔科夫链转移概率矩阵和普通最小二乘法(OLS)实证分析了森林抚育补贴政策对职工家庭收入流动性的影响。研究结果表明:国有林区职工家庭对森林抚育的参与程度处于较低水平;森林抚育补贴政策对职工家庭收入流动性的影响并不显著,但对高收入组产生了一定的积极影响;作为政策目标受益群体的低收入职工家庭,其收入水平并未因森林抚育补贴政策的实行而向上流动。     

广东农村无地人口现状与获地途径研究

在落实了土地承包期30年不变的背景下,通过对广东省内传统的村庄、农户采取入户访谈的方式,就有关无地人口生产状态方面的问题进行调查后发现,在广东省内传统的农村地区,国家土地政策和各村是否严格执行国家土地政策对无地人口的数量有重要的影响,不断增加的无地人口对土地调整有影响,对土地转入没有直接影响却在一定程度上限制了农地转出,农村无地人口通过家庭继承的方式获取土地更普遍。     

Enhancing urban agriculture through participants’ satisfaction: The case of Seoul,Korea

South Korea has been lending a variety of official support to promote the urban agriculture (UA), especially after enacting Act on Development and Support of Urban Agriculture (Act of UA) in 2011. Under this policy, which aims at spreading the UA effectively in dense cities, in particular, the government categorizes spaces used for the UA into five types in accordance with their characteristics and has extended customized support. But it has never been explored if the Korean version of the UA has satisfied the participants and there exist any differences in the satisfaction level among participants of each spatial type.With a goal to explore the policy effectiveness, therefore, this research carried out interviews and surveys involving 808 citizens who have taken part in UA activities in 68 farmlands in South Korea's capital city of Seoul and then analyzed them with the ANOVA and the hierarchical regression analysis methods The results revealed statistically significant differences among the different UA types in terms of the respondents’ overall satisfaction, the current status of the UA operation, and policy measures that affect the satisfaction level as well as their effects. Overall, however, the participation of female citizens, the supply of physical facilities by public entities, and the increase in the time respondents were involved in UA and their cultivating areas turned out to positively affect their satisfaction level.     

新形势下粮食产销协作模式与机制研究

保障粮食安全不仅是主产区的责任,也是主销区的责任.新形势下,需要进一步促进主产区和主销区的协作.首先,本文分析了加强粮食产销协作的必要性,然后阐述了主产区建基地、粮食异地存储、粮食交易大会和中央政府财政再分配等四种产销合作模式的利弊,提出促进产销区之间有效协作,既离不开中央的政策调控,这是粮食安全一盘棋的基本要求,更离...     

国内外竹产业研究的现状与未来

竹产业是林业产业的重要组成部分,竹资源的开发和利用以及竹产品的生产和贸易,对林业及地方经济发展的影响逐渐增强,从而受到越来越多的关注和肯定,按照亚太、美洲、非洲三大竹产区的划分,从资源状况与利用途径、产业发展潜力、产业政策等3个方面,对全球竹产业研究进行了综述;讨论了我国竹产业研究的主要领域与重点方面,并对未来需要进一步研究的方向进行了展望。     

Agricultural Policy in the 21st Century: Economics and Politics

This paper provides a framework for thinking about agricultural policy, why and how it is introduced, and how it changes over time. This framework suggests that agricultural policy will be influenced by both concerns for efficiency and lobbying. While agricultural policy will not always be effective, it will be relatively stable, at least in terms of its broad outlines. Underlying this broad stability, however, will be considerable small‐scale change as program and policy details shift in response to a changing environment. When policy changes in a major way, which it almost always will, the shift will be abrupt—a punctuation. These abrupt changes come as attention is eventually paid to areas and/or issues that are increasingly understood to be not working. While there is considerable room for economic analysis in the policy process, it will not be the main driver; this role belongs to politics—the ability to change the discourse around a policy issue in such a way that different evaluations and interpretations of the policy and its impact are created. Based on the analysis in this paper, it is argued that supply management is more likely to see significant change than business risk management programs, since more attention seems to be currently directed at the former issue. It is also argued that although proponents of local food, organic production, and urban agriculture have had some success at getting attention focused on these issues, this success will not translate into any major policy changes, in part because markets for these products are developing and appear to be working reasonably well.     

Balanced national development strategies: The construction of Innovation Cities in Korea

Korea has had a long tradition of centralized planning systems for national development. National spatial planning has played a crucial role in achieving the rapid economic growth and in stimulating the regional development that have been achieved over the last 40 years. However, as the national spatial planning has mainly been concerned with the creation of effective physical environments for economic development in certain areas, the concentration of political, economic and social activities has intensified in those areas, especially in the capital region. Despite the implementation of various policy measures, attempts to mitigate this concentration in the capital region have not been successful in achieving balanced national development.