诚信是企业发展的无形动力——记重庆周君记食品有限公司

西方学者普遍认为,世界经济已经进入了"信用经济时代"。诚实经营、讲究信誉与消费者和企业密切相关,它既可以给消费者带来好处,又可以给企业带来利润。诚信虽然不像物质产品那样会给企业带来直接     

谈对自然垄断的必要约束

消费者利益与生产者(厂商)利益构成了一对矛盾,厂商追求利润最大化和生产成本最小化,消费者追求效用最大化和消费成本最小化,厂商追求利润最大化的最好方式,在于获得制定价格的特权,这样,在成本既定的情况下,厂商追求利润仅仅受到市场需求曲线的约束。垄断使消费者追求效用最大化和消费成本最小化的努力成为泡影:厂商制定价格的特权,使消费者购买时的价格已经不是正常供求关系下形成的价格。应该如何约束自然垄断企业的垄断利润,应该如何监督和激励自然垄断企业提高效率,从而实现既定设施的最大化利用,是我们要讨论的问题。     

垄断产业规制中的风险和成本转嫁研究

不同的规制结构赋予了被规制厂商不同的成本转嫁能力和激励水平。在信息不对称条件下,代表社会福利的规制者在规制结构设计时权衡激励效应和租金抽取,最优成本转嫁比率与厂商的信息优势、努力的边际成本以及规制者的租金抽取比例成正比。在不确定性条件下,消费者和厂商的风险规避偏好对最优成本转嫁比率有重要影响,规制者在提供激励和保险间进行权衡,确定最优成本转嫁比率。     

大规模定制的经济学分析

大规模定制作为一种新型的生产模式，已经引起了广泛的重视。但目前大多数研究集中在管理学的领域内，鲜有经济学领域的研究。对大规模定制进行经济学分析后可以得出：对厂商而言，大规模定制使生产产生规模经济，增强了厂商的垄断能力，可以采取搭售的方式；对于消费者而言，大规模定制降低了搜寻信息的成本，同时，沉没成本的存在，使得厂商更加注重产品质量。把这些分析与管理学有机结合起来，有助于促进大规模定制在营销管理方面的发展。     

从物流成本角度解释中国网络购物高速发展

近年来,中国的网络购物市场高速发展,但其实中国网络购物的基础并不深厚。有很多学者从消费者行为、产业经济学、信息获取成本的角度来解释这个现象,而本文创新性地提出物流成本是网络购物发展的基础性要素。本文尝试证明中国独特的人口密度、人力成本、租金结构决定了中国物流成本很低,进而推动了网络购物发展。     

隐性成本视角下的零售商双渠道定价研究

通过建立博弈模型,将消费者购物隐性成本引入供应链模型中,分别研究了集中决策和分散决策模式下的零售商双渠道最优定价问题,分析了不同渠道下的隐性成本对零售商定价以及供应链整体利润的影响。研究发现,消费者购物隐性成本不仅会影响本渠道的销售价格,而且会对另一渠道的销售价格产生影响,并且消费者购物隐性成本的增加会降低供应链整体的利润。     

中国零售环境下参考价格影响因素的初步研究——以家用电器产品为例

文章以参考价格的研究文献为理论基础,在中国零售环境下针对家电产品研究了影响消费者参考价格形成的一些因素.研究结果显示:在中国零售环境下针对家电产品,消费者的参考价格指数:与产品或品牌的售价正相关;与现场其他产品或品牌的相对价格负相关;在消费者购买高价产品时,与消费者对品牌的喜好正相关;在消费者购买低价产品时,与消费者的价格搜寻活动正相关;与需求紧迫性无显著相关关系.此外,年龄、学历和月收入都对消费者的参考价格指数有影响.最后对研究结果进行了讨论.     

基于购买决策的网络购物感知风险

消费者消费观念的转变,使得网购从尝试性形态逐步向日常形态转变。由于网络购物在时间和空间上的特殊性以及心理和社会原因,使得消费者在网购与实体购物时所感受的风险存在较多差异,往往感到网购比实体商店购物存在更高的风险。相对于实体购物,影响网络购物感知风险的因素主要集中在消费者、商品、零售商和技术四方面。商家要消除由于信息的失衡给消费者带来的不安全感,同时,还需要商家具有广泛的营销手段和工具,从而提高企业的产品或品牌被消费者选择的可能性。     

购物经验对消费者在线购买行为的影响研究

随着消费者购物经验积累,影响因素的作用效果会发生变化。本文根据消费者的网络购买经验将消费者群体划分为新手型和熟练型两类,研究购物经验对不同类型消费者群体在线购买行为的影响。实证分析表明:熟练型消费者更重视卖家信誉,新手型消费者则更重视货币成本和促销策略。     

网络团购的经济学分析

网络团购的兴起有其经济学原因,厂商是受边际成本优势、规模经济、广告效益和两个独立市场的价格歧视等利益驱动,而消费者方面则是受价格效应、羊群效应和节省搜寻成本等的刺激.短期来看,网络团购由于能给交易双方、中介以及政府带来好处而发展迅速.但长期而畜,由于网络团购的市场条件消失,网络团购前景堪忧.     

具有服务策略的双渠道供应链定价问题研究

本文研究了零售商提供服务的双渠道供应链,分析了零售商在不同的服务成本下提供服务对于供应商和零售商定价策略的影响。研究发现提供服务对于零售商不仅可以扩大利润,还可以把提供服务当作一种有效策略,应对来自电子商务渠道的利润吞噬,通过利润分享从而延缓渠道之间的冲突;只有服务系数小于一个临界值时,提供服务才能使零售商和供应商同时得到帕累托改进。因此,零售商应不断提高服务效率,为消费者提供更高效的服务。     

MEASUREMENT OF GROCERY PRICES: SOME METHODOLOGICAL CONSIDERATIONS AND EMPIRICAL RESULTS

This paper examines some methodological issues in the design and execution of food price surveys, and presents findings from a recent survey of fifty-eight grocery stores in the Cardiffarea. The methodology discussed includes the design of samples of goods to be surveyed (the ‘shopping basket’), of shops in which grocery prices are to be measured, and derivation of the shop-price matrices to be used in analyses of grocery pricing strategies. The empirical results show, as expected, significantly cheaper prices in multiple and co-operative stores compared with independent and affiliated. No significant difference is found between the latter categories of store. There is limited support for the hypothesis that the larger the store the lower the prices. Prices measured in the Cardiff area are also compared with average ‘shopping basket’prices derived from a national survey carried out concurrently by the Consumers' Association. Finally, the value to the researcher of ‘one-off’ price surveys is assessed.     

引入运费险参数的电商利润优化模型分析

在网购盛行的同时,网购行为中更为常见的退货行为也给电商的利润带来了较大的不利影响。运费险诞生后,基于运费险的电商最优决策成为运营管理中的热点问题之一。将退货率及退货运费险引入经典报童模型当中,基于报童模型给出考虑退货运费的电商利润预测模型。基于商家是否购买运费险的决策,推导出不同情境下,商家的最优订货量及对应利润。通过具体算例,给出了电商利润的数值模拟。结果表明,商家在决策是否购置运费险时,应当考虑商品性价比、原有销量和利润、退货率、退货处理成本等因素。在对采购策略进行决策时,应当考虑最优订购量、进货成本。     

Spillover effects of a mega shopping complex on pre-existing,small retail shops over space,over time and across retail types

This paper studies spillover effects from Starfield, a mega shopping complex in South Korea, to pre-existing, small retail shops over space, over time and across types of retail shops. Using the data on daily store traffics, we test for any complementarity or substitutability from Starfield to neighboring retail shops. Our analysis shows that spillover effects of Starfield on neighboring retail shops are equivocal in the short run. During the first year of the opening of Starfield, the contemporary effect (or the short-lived effect, lasting a single day) of Starfield is negative for consumer goods stores and personal service shops outside the 3-km radius, while it is positive for restaurants and bars within the 5-km radius. After that first year has passed, only the positive contemporary effect on restaurants and bars survives, and the cumulative effect (or the longer-lasting effect) turns significantly positive for consumer goods stores within 1.5 km of Starfield and personal service shops in the 1.5-to-3-kilometer radius. Our analysis estimates the temporal path of spillover effects—both contemporary and cumulative effects—from a newly-built mega shopping complex to neighboring retail shops, which is a novel contribution to the retail literature.     

Early retailing: London's shopping exchanges, 1550–1700

Location is an important aspect of retailing, and London entrepreneurs recognized it as early as the 1560s in building exchanges to house a collection of shops, taking them off the street. These shopping centres created a special shopping environment: shelter, safety, and shop agglomeration. Soon shoppers put on their own social display there, a further shopping attraction. Up to five of these centres existed in late seventeenth-century London, capturing about half of all shops. But the reputation of these facilities declined over time, the institution of shopping ‘mall’ apparently not continued or emulated again until the twentieth century.     

Price Dispersion and the Gains From Search in Local Food Markets

The wide range of prices found in local food markets allows consumers to reduce the cost of food purchases through comparison shopping in two or more stores. Little is known, however, about how much can be saved by comparing prices for a whole market basket of food items. This paper presents evidence relating to the savings which can be realized through comparison shopping, and shows how savings can vary in markets of different sizes. Analysis of data on the prices of a market basket of food items in 15 local markets indicates that there are substantial differences in the dispersion of prices between small, medium and large food markets. The effect of these differences is to make the potential saving from comparison shopping much greater in large market areas, as compared with small ones. It is found that the dollar benefits of comparison shopping to consumers are likely to be greater than the costs of search in large shopping areas, but may not justify the costs in small and medium size areas.     

股票发行定价:基于不完全信息动态博弈模型的市场效率及均衡条件分析

企业在信息不对称条件下发行股票时,对定价的选择与外部投资者的决策构成一个信息不完全的动态博弈。通过博弈的精炼贝叶斯均衡可以发现,均衡条件下的市场类型及效率关键取决于卖方以高价卖出“差”企业时所获取的“超额收益”与差企业的“包装成本”之间的相对大小;在某些情况下,还要受到发行企业质量分布函数的影响。改善效率的关键在于提高包装成本、降低信息不对称,在某些特殊情况下,则应实行限价发行制度。     

The physically disabled South African female consumer’s problems in purchasing clothing

Physically disabled women today have to face the inconvenience of shopping for their own as well as their families’ clothes and the inability of finding fashionable clothes that fit any disability. A total of 40 physically disabled women between the ages of 21 years and 60 years were interviewed on the problems they experienced when shopping for fashionable clothes that fit their disabilities. A total of 40 clothing shops were observed to get information on the extent to which the shops cater for the needs of the physically disabled consumer. Results from the interviews showed that the majority of physically disabled female clothing consumers experienced major problems in finding fashionable clothes that fit their disabilities. It was also clear that these women experienced problems with unusable access routes, unsuitable parking lots, display racks that are too high, spaces between racks that are too narrow, inadequate space in fitting rooms and a lack of assistance in shops. The observations were compared with the complaints the women had and it was found that these women had not overestimated their problems.     

Comparison of Canadian and Mexican Students' Online Shopping Behavior

A survey of 100 Canadian and 100 Mexican business students reveals that the two groups' achievement motivation, Rokeach terminal and instrumental values, and their online behavior is quite different from each other. Canadians buy more books from online shops and believe that mobile phones will be used in the future to make online purchases. Mexicans are more positive about online shopping from existing stores, with greater appreciation for making purchases without face-to-face contact. They are also more mistrustful of new online shops. Mexicans favor massive advertising and promotions and Canadians favor competitive prices and discounts.     

Price and profitability in fish smoking in southwestern Nigeria

Comparative market prices for four freshwater and four marine fish species in the raw and processed forms were determined in a survey within Lagos and Oyo States of Nigeria. Costs of processed fish were calculated relative to the sale prices of their raw equivalents, taking moisture differences and cost of processing into consideration. All the species would have to be sold in the processed form for much higher prices than was found during the survey if sales were to be by weight. Processed catfish, sardine, mudfish and mackerel appear to be sold at a loss while three species (tilapia, sole and bongafish) are sold at very marginal profit. Only tigerfish is sold at reasonable profit. It is suggested that anyone going into fish smoking as a modern business venture should be prepared to face unfair competition in pricing from the small operators who appear to be underpricing their products and who currently dominate almost the entire fish market in Nigeria.