国内旅游扶贫研究述评

本文对我国旅游扶贫开发历程进行了简单的回顾．在此基础上，认为我国近20年旅游扶贫研究主要集中在以下6个领域：旅游扶贫含义及其理论基础；特定地区旅游扶贫的可行性分析、发展战略和基本思路；旅游扶贫的效应研究；旅游扶贫模式研究；旅游扶贫开发工作的经验、问题和对策研究；旅游扶贫开发工作的其他专题研究等。本文认为贫困社区参与旅游、旅游扶贫与当地主导产业的有机结合是现阶段旅游扶贫研究中有待深入分析的两个重点。     

宁夏西吉旅游精准扶贫模式探究

旅游扶贫是我国实施脱贫致富的重要途径。本文分析宁夏西吉县郎岔村依靠旅游脱贫致富的可能性,并对其提出旅游精准扶贫模式,分析模式可能存在的风险以及应对措施,推动郎岔村实现旅游扶贫致富目标。     

关注旅游扶贫的核心问题

反贫困是发展研究中最重要的议题之一。扶贫的目标定位于贫困人口的脱贫和发展，所以贫困人口如何在旅游发展中获益和增加发展机会，应该是旅游扶贫的核心问题。由于对旅游扶贫的理解会影响其研究重点的确立和扶贫行动的方向，本文尝试从其核心问题出发，考察“旅游扶贫”作为特殊旅游发展形式的要素和特征，以此梳理“旅游扶贫”区别于一般的“经济欠发达地区旅游开发”的关键点。     

旅游扶贫背景下泉州市乡村旅游扶贫重点村开发模式研究

乡村旅游扶贫是旅游资源较好的贫困地区使农民脱贫的重要手段,在扶贫攻坚工作中有独特的优势。本文以泉州地区33个乡村旅游扶贫重点村为例,分析目前已开发的旅游扶贫重点村旅游扶贫的现状以及问题,提出"天——人——机"三位一体的立体化乡村旅游发展模式总结了泉州市乡村旅游扶贫的路径。     

旅游扶贫试验区管理模式初探

建立旅游扶贫试验区是贫困地区脱贫致富的一种尝试，旅游扶贫试验区管理模式的选择关系到旅游区建成以后的运作与发展。本围绕管理模式建设的指导思想，提出旅游扶贫试验区管理模式的基本内容，并就其运行机制进行分析探讨。     

香港外旅游行发票印花管理的调研及其对广东的启迪

文章调研了香港实行外游旅行发票印花管理的实践，分析这一管理模式的作用与优势，探索了广东旅游市场管理制度借鉴这一模式改革创新的思路，并论证了其可行性。     

中泰山区旅游扶贫对比研究

旅游扶贫能够将拥有旅游资源的欠发达地区展示给外界,并提高当地居民的经济收益,有利于提高文化认同,产生积极的社会效应。文章选取有着鲜明景观特色与民族风情的中国怀化雪峰山片区与泰国清莱黎敦山区作为研究对象,进行中泰山区旅游扶贫的对比研究,中国在老少边穷地区的旅游扶贫方面,青睐引入企业的力量,这样的发展模式与泰国不允许村庄外部企业介入经营的发展模式相比,主要存在资本投入差距大、受益范围差距大、可持续性效果差距大的特征。     

中国旅游扶贫研究综述

近年来有关中国旅游与贫困的研究解决了一些重大问题,如旅游扶贫的意义、政府的重要作用、社区参与的核心地位、乡村资源的基础地位等得到广泛确认.但是总体而言研究处于初级阶段.在研究对象上,没有将贫困人口作为研究的核心;对重大问题的研究方面,尚显不够系统、深入;在研究方法层面,大量的定性研究集中在探讨定义、概念和旅游的一般性影响,缺乏深入的旅游扶贫定量研究.今后的研究应更多地通过对不同旅游形式对贫困人口的经济、社会、环境等各个方面的实际影响进行系统的定性与定量分析相结合的案例研究,设计旅游扶贫的概念模式和具体的模式实施指南,并创建出中国旅游扶贫的理论体系.     

扶贫与旅游职业教育的若干关系

大力发展旅游业是推动贫困地区经济迅猛发展的有效途径。同样,也是实现精准扶贫的重要举措。然而,发展旅游业离不开旅游职业教育的发展。通过旅游职业教育的开展,充分发挥了人才培养的优势,明确了人才培养的体系,并帮助职业院校学生形成了正确的人生观、世界观和价值观,从而使其成为贫困地区旅游业迅猛发展的强大动力,以实现旅游业的精准扶贫。本文为以"扶贫"与"旅游"作为研究的视角,对旅游职业教育与精准扶贫的若干关系进行了详细的讨论。具有一定的借鉴价值。     

六盘水竹海景区竹文化旅游精准扶贫模式探究

贫困问题是目前我国亟待解决的一大问题,旅游业是典型的"造血式"扶贫方式。我国竹文化内涵十分丰富,吸引着众多的旅游者,促使竹文化旅游迅速发展,也使竹文化旅游精准扶贫成为可能。本文以贵州省六盘水市老厂竹海景区为例,分析该景区竹文化旅游资源及竹文化旅游扶贫过程中存在的问题,最后创新性地提出直接参与式、间接参与式和"旅游+"式三种类型的旅游精准扶贫模式,为今后开展竹文化旅游精准扶贫工作提供一些借鉴。     

改革开放以来鄂西北旅游发展与扶贫的可行性:一些发现和解释

本文利用实证经济学的方法从整体和个体的角度检验了鄂西北地区农业、工业和旅游业从1991年到2002年之间对农民收入的增加是否存在贡献以及贡献度是多少，客观上说明了利用旅游业扶贫是否具有现实意义；在肯定了旅游业的贡献之后，具体分析了鄂西北各地区旅游资源的比较优势，以及在开发规划上如何利用这些比较优势(这是扶贫的基础)；最后，文章说明了扶贫的本质和途径，并具体提出了扶贫的基本原则。     

国外旅游与消除贫困问题研究评述

旅游与消除贫困研究是近年来旅游研究的新议题，本文从旅游对贫困人口的影响、贫困人口参与和受益情况、PPT战略4个方面回顾和分析了国外旅游与消除贫困研究的主要内容，其中重点分析了PPT战略研究的相关内容，总结了国外旅游与反贫困研究对我国旅游扶贫研究的启示。     

基于居民视角的旅游扶贫感知调查研究 ——以怒江州片马镇为例

旅游扶贫的核心焦点是贫困人口,但旅游扶贫带来的效应却是惠及大多数人口的,居民对旅游扶贫的感知和评价是衡量旅游扶贫效益的重要因素。文章在梳理旅游扶贫效应的相关文献基础上,以片马镇全体居民为研究对象,采用问卷调查法和模糊综合评价法对居民旅游扶贫感知进行分析,进而对当地旅游扶贫效应进行较为全面的评价。研究结果显示:片马镇旅游扶贫综合效益良好,但各方面的效应存在一定差异。当地居民对旅游扶贫中政府作为感知的评价最高,其次分别是环境效应感知、社会文化效应感知、经济效应感知、居民参与意愿感知和居民参与能力感知。片马镇应该立足于居民旅游扶贫感知评价结果,以感知差异为依据,对旅游扶贫后续工作进行相应的调整。     

The impacts of tourism on poverty alleviation: an integrated research framework

This paper aims to contribute to the academic research on tourism and poverty alleviation, by providing an integrated research framework on the impacts of tourism on poverty. First, a conceptual discussion is presented in order to understand the potential of tourism to reduce poverty, as well as different approaches to promoting a direct link between tourism and poverty alleviation. Second, empirical studies published between 1999 and July 2014 were critically analysed in order to generate an empirical research framework that embraces the following issues: geographical scope, level of analysis, tourism context, study methods and poverty measure. Moreover, an integrative discussion of the empirical evidence regarding the contribution of tourism to poverty reduction is included. The proposed framework, which is intended to be useful for guiding future empirical research in this field, suggests associations between tourism initiatives, the poverty rate and the economic, socio-cultural and environmental conditions of the poor.     

Tourism and poverty alleviation: perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa,Vietnam

This paper examines the perceptions and experiences of poor people in Sapa, Vietnam, regarding tourism as a means of poverty alleviation. Participant observations and semi-structured interviews were conducted with local people and key informants. The paper indicates that local people perceive poverty as a lack of rice and/or income and attribute it to both internal and external causes. The local tourism sector has primarily benefited the non-poor and tour operators, resulting in conflicts of interest among community members. However, more local people consider tourism a contributor to poverty alleviation than those who do not. All interviewees wish to become homestay owners or tourist guides. The most important barrier to the former is the lack of capital, while foreign language proficiency is the main hindrance to the latter. It is concluded that while an appropriate approach is required to involve local people in tourism, alternative livelihoods other than tourism are also needed. The study suggests that poor people's interpretation of poverty may be substantially different from that of academics and policy-makers. It argues that by valuing the perspectives of those experiencing poverty we can establish more meaningful approaches to alleviating poverty through tourism that are more likely to succeed.     

Cure-all or curse? A meta-regression on the effect of tourism development on poverty alleviation

The purpose of this study is to synthesize the overall effect size of tourism on poverty alleviation and to unveil underlying factors explaining the heterogeneity of this effect size across estimates. Using a rigorous meta-analysis based on 298 estimates extracted from 33 studies, we calibrate a combined effect size of −0.14 with a 95% confidence interval of [-0.23, −0.05], indicating that tourism moderately reduces poverty. A meta-regression demonstrates that the effect size of the tourism–poverty nexus is susceptible to several factors, such as poverty and tourism measures, focal countries’ development level, and endogeneity treatment. In particular, the results show that use of the Gini coefficient, a popular proxy for the poverty gap, can unexpectedly underestimate the negative effect size. Moreover, funnel plot and Galbraith plot demonstrate that researchers are apt to report a positive tourism–poverty nexus in the literature. Lastly, research and policy implications are provided.     

Empty bowls: conceptualising the role of tourism in contributing to sustainable rural food security

Abstract

It has been suggested that the food insecurity situation prevalent in many parts of the developing world could be alleviated through the creation of tourism-based alternative livelihoods. However, while tourism has been framed as a tool for poverty reduction and livelihood improvement, less attention has been paid to the direct tourism food security link. It is the intention of this article to bring tourism and food security together thereby providing a conceptual discussion for addressing the tourism-food security nexus. A model is deductively developed through review of relevant previous studies linking tourism and its relationship with development, poverty, food security, livelihoods and sustainability. The discussion examines the drivers of these relationships through drawing together extant research relating to tourism, and other livelihood activities and sectors. By doing so, the discussion highlights the key concerns for tourism to work effectively in relation to food security. The importance of sectoral and policy integration in terms of ensuring beneficial relationships across sectors is emphasized. It is concluded that understanding the tourism-food security linkage is crucial for combating poverty in general, and food insecurity specifically.     

国家战略需求与中国旅游地理研究实践

在中国旅游业快速发展的背景下,旅游地理学研究成果始终结合国家战略需求,为中国旅游实践提供重要的理论支撑。中国旅游地理学者在此进程中形成了突出影响,在“绿水青山就是金山银山”这一重要理念的支撑下,旅游业是将资源环境优势转化为生态经济优势的重要途径,通过建立生态产品价值实现机制,构建“绿水青山”转化为“金山银山”的政策制度体系;凭借资源优势,发展旅游业成为落后地区摆脱贫困的重要手段,通过对旅游多维减贫效应的测度和分析,有助于更加精准地识别贫困,进而研究旅游发展对于贫困地区经济、社会、文化和环境的多维减贫效应。交通运输系统作为我国国民经济中基础性、先导性、战略性产业和重要的服务性行业,其要素的变动对旅游发展及多尺度旅游空间结构带来了巨大的影响,通过对新时期交通影响下旅游空间格局的演化、旅游影响区域的差异、旅游交通空间行为等的研究,可以为旅游交通的可持续和高质量发展提供一定的理论支撑。面对国家战略需求和工作重点,旅游地理研究实践须与国家需求有效结合,来拓展广阔的学术天地。     

中国乡村旅游扶贫研究进展与启示

乡村旅游是旅游活动的重要组成部分,大力发展乡村旅游是国家旅游业优化的需要,更是精准扶贫的重要途径之一。文章通过文献综合分析、对比研究、归纳总结等方法,从概念界定及理论基础、开发与保护、扶贫效应与居民感知等方面对中国乡村旅游扶贫进行系统综述,提出今后学界应具体从加强理论体系构建、拓展研究方法、深化研究内容及聚焦微观问题三个方面进行深入探究。