全球气候变化对海洋生物多样性影响的预测

本文是William W.L.Cheung等发表于2009年出版的<鱼类与渔业>1-17页"全球气候变化对海洋生物多样性影响的预测"一文的译文.译文作者阐述了通过气候变化可以对海洋生物多样性产生影响,改变鱼类品种.但是,气候变化对海洋生物多样性影响的研究目前在全球范围还寥寥无几.本文以1066个生物鱼类和无脊椎动物的分布范围为例,应用最新的生物气候分室模型,预测了截至2050年伞球气候变化对海洋生物多样性的影响.预测表明,在近极地、热带半封闭海域,气候变化可能导致大量土著晶种消失.同时,外来品种侵入,尤其在南、北极海域侵入程度更大.这导致现有生物多样体中60%的品种发生戏剧性变化,这将意味着生态系统被潜在破坏而导致生态失调.这些预测町以成为未来分析研究的假设.     

海水养殖对生物多样性的影响

海水养殖对生物多样性的影响一般包括海岸带地区建设养殖场对海域或土地生物多样性的影响,对为维持养殖生产活动所需的超量海域的生物多样性的影响,海水养殖残饵、代谢物污染及养殖生物外逃对海洋生态系生物多样性的影响等方面。研究海水养殖对生物多样性的影响,有利于我们了解其影响机理,为生物多样性保护管理提供科学依据。     

森林生物多样性评价模型的改进

针对2002年的评价模型中的不足,提出了新的改进后的森林生物多样性变化的评价模型,并在我国第六次森林资源清查(1999～2003)资料的基础上,对1973～2003年我国森林生物多样性的变化进行了补充评价。评价结果表明:我国森林生物多样性的压力越来越大,压力指数由1973年的100,上升到2003年的199.10,上升了1.99倍;森林物种多样性总体的下降趋势已有一定幅度的改变,森林物种多样性指数增加了31.12%。森林生态系统多样性和森林生物多样性先逐渐上升,尔后又下降,第六次森林资源清查时又有所恢复,并分别上升了4.67个百分点和17.90个百分点。     

生物多样性保护，神圣而美丽的职责

正2021年的金秋十月,气候冷暖不定,艳阳下的大地却生机盎然。10月11-15日在昆明举行的联合国《生物多样性公约》缔约方大会第十五次会议(COP 15)第一阶段会议,让地球生命共同体的理念更加深入人心。会议通过的《昆明宣言》,作出加快并加强制定、更新本国生物多样性保护战略与行动计划,优化和建立有效的保护地体系,推动陆地、淡水和海洋生物多样性的保护和恢复等一系列郑重承诺,为未来全球生物多样性保护设定了目标、明确了路径。     

淡水涡虫的遗传多样性及其保护

生物多样性,包括3个不同的级别,即遗传多样性、物种多样性和生态系统多样性,这是近年来国际社会讨论的热门话题。其内容涉及生物多样性的形成,现状及其评价;生物多样性消失的原因及其深远影响;生物多样性的保护和保存等。 遗传多样性genetic diversity可以认为是指种内或种间表现在分子、细胞、个体3个水平的遗传变异度。本文着重介绍淡水涡虫在细胞水平上的遗传多样性。     

渔业系统的基础性长期性数据监测意义

<正>农业部2017年5号文《农业部关于启动农业基础性长期性科技工作的通知》提出了要在农业生产中开展基础性长期性数据监测,共提出了作物种质资源、土壤质量、渔业科学等10个学科领域的观测监测任务,各学科又分了若干小分类,比如渔业科学提出了8个方面的内容,包括中国土著鱼生物多样性评价,内陆流域濒危水生动物种群评价,水产外来种调查分中心与生态安全评估监测,近海养殖结构     

生物多样性和可持续渔业管理经济

海洋生态系统是非常复杂的,而且海洋生物种类之间也是相互依存的。相应的如果一个物种消失就会对其它物种产生一种级联效应。鱼类科学家倡导一种基于生态系统的手段来进行渔业管理,以满足长期可持续发展的目标。本论文对种类之间相互依存的复杂关系和生物总量与生物表现型多样化之间的关系进行模拟建模。结果表明,如果不考虑生物多样性,平衡的储备量和捕捞或生产量水平就会被高估。相应的如果鱼类种类是不同的,建立在单一渔业资源管理上的渔业政策往往会过高的估计捕获潜能,结果导致过度捕捞和鱼类资源储量的崩溃。     

北京“百万亩造林”对浅山区生物多样性的影响评价

[目的]人工造林对生物多样性恢复和城市森林功能发挥的影响深远,科学评估人工造林对生态系统恢复速度及稳定性的影响是实现生物多样性保护的基础。[方法]采用格网法获取北京浅山区276个样本单元,根据2010年、2015年和2018年土地利用类型数据,选择多样性、丰富度、均匀度和优势度4个测算指标,分别测算各期生物多样性指数及时空格局,运用OLS回归和分位点回归评价"百万亩"造林对浅山区生物多样性的影响方向和程度。[结果](1)2018年北京市浅山区林地覆盖率达到51.66%,林地面积较2015年增加了3 400hm~2,且林地二级类型间变化较大;(2)2018年北京市浅山区多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均值分别为0.432、0.544、0.504和0.276,多样性和均匀度有小幅度降低,但丰富度和优势度提升明显。(3)不同分位水平下,人工造林对浅山区生物多样性的影响方向和程度并不一致,在10%分位水平下,样本单元内林地面积的快速增加均对各项生物多样性指数有显著的促进作用,但影响程度不同。[结论]人工造林应综合考虑源地物种分布状况、造林类型和优势林种等多方面因素,才能最大程度发挥其对生物多样性的修复和保护作用。     

土地多重效益与生物多样性保护补偿

生物多样性及其提供的生态服务功能不仅为人类的生存和发展提供了物质基础,也为人类适应局地和全球的环境变化带来了机会。然而,生物多样性主流化不足被认为是当前《生物多样性公约》目标未能实现的主要原因。2020年,《公约》第15次缔约方大会计划在中国昆明召开,大会将审议通过"2020后全球生物多样性保护框架"。为适应新的全球战略,提出中国生物多样性保护的主流化的建议:(1)我国现有的森林和草原生态保护政策应纳入生物多样性目标;(2)将农田的生物多样性保护功能纳入到我国的生态保护政策;(3)将生物多样性全面纳入到生态保护政策的考核指标;(4)建立生物多样性监测和评估的专业机构和队伍。     

新南威尔士州生物多样性补偿制度研究

澳大利亚新南威尔士州(NSW)2008年即着手建立"生物多样性银行(生态银行)制度",2017年全面实行"生物多样性补偿制度";通过强化"生态信用"概念,建立了完善的生态信用评估、登记、交易、补偿制度体系;委托"生物多样性保护信托"进行管理,搭建起了生态信用购买方(开发商)与生产方(地主)在生态保护领域的经济连接。生物多样性补偿制度建立了完整的"规避、最小化、修复、补偿"保护层级体系,促进了生态保护"净生收益"目标的实现,有效地推进了全州的生态保护工作。新南威尔士州的生物多样性补偿制度对我国国土空间生态保护修复工作具有重要的借鉴意义。     

Why diversity and expectations matter

This article was delivered in a session entitled Insights from a behavioral lens: why perceptions and diversity matter. In the article, I ask whether a diverse academic workforce is an asset to a University, and more generally to society, and conclude that it is. Although this conclusion is based on empirical data from US universities, the message is universal. Even when correcting for years of experience, rank, and nature of appointment and women's work‐life situation, there is still a negative expectation bias, whereby women and minority candidates are not expected to be as good as male researchers (a bias that also exists in the case of the appointment of female Chief Executive Officers). On the other hand, more women and minority appointments increase the productivity of women students.     

Farmland habitat diversity in Ireland

While appreciation of the fundamental role biodiversity plays in underpinning the long-term sustainability of agricultural systems is growing, international commitments to preserve and protect this natural resource have not yet been achieved. Loss and degradation of farmland habitats are an important contributor to the continued decline of biodiversity. Despite this, little information is available regarding the diversity and ecological condition of farmland habitats in Europe. Indeed, where habitat data are available, this is usually at a very broad landscape scale rather than farm scale. Coupled with this, strategies to increase agricultural output in response to growing global population, will likely place increasing pressure on farmland biodiversity. Knowledge and ongoing monitoring of farmland habitat type and extent is a prerequisite for the future protection of much of Europe’s biodiversity. Here we report the findings of a national scale survey of farmland habitat diversity in Ireland.Detailed surveys of farm habitats and management practices (system, stocking rate agri-environment scheme participation status and organic N and P inputs) were undertaken on 118 farms in three regions of the Republic of Ireland (RoI). Recorded farm habitats were subsequently digitised on orthophotography. The resulting ground truthed data from the total surveyed area of 3688 ha, were then used, together with satellite imagery, to classify the habitat composition of a further approximately 87,000 ha of the surrounding landscape.Results revealed that at individual farm scale, an average of 73% of the land surveyed comprised agriculturally productive (mainly improved grassland) habitats. Marginally productive habitats (mainly extensively managed grasslands) accounted for an average of 11% of farm area, while other semi-natural habitats (mainly hedgerows) accounted for an average of 13%, with the remaining ca. 3% under build ground. Results from the classification at the wider landscape scale showed a similarly substantial incidence of non-intensively managed habitats. However, at both farm and landscape scales, habitat diversity was found to vary markedly between different regions and farming systems.This study represents one of a very small number that currently exist, where farm scale habitat and management data have been collected. From the few that are available, semi-natural habitat cover has been found to account for an average farm area of 1–12%. Therefore, our data present a relatively positive picture in terms of the intensity, scale and impact of Irish farming on landscape heterogeneity. However, as in other parts of the world, agricultural expansion and intensification to meet increased global food supply will necessitate careful monitoring of the impact of these changes on the structure of farmed landscapes. This study provides a novel approach for the collection of such monitoring data at farm scale, and illustrates how such data can be reliably up-scaled to landscape level.     

Agri-environment scheme protects diversity of mountain grassland species

Most evaluations of agri-environment policies conducted in Europe have focused on biodiversity improvement effects. Their effectiveness with respect to protecting existing biodiversity has been less investigated. Biodiversity and landscape protection effects can be expected in marginal agricultural areas, where farming has been less intensive.We investigated (i) the effectiveness of the Ecological Compensation Area (ECA) scheme for biodiversity protection according to different evaluation criteria and (ii) how the effectiveness of the scheme was influenced by climate, socio-economic conditions and farming structures. Vegetation surveys were carried out in 18 municipalities across the Swiss Alps on 162 randomly selected meadows managed as ECAs and on 162 conventionally managed meadows. Average species richness of ECA-meadows per municipality ranged between 27 and 46 vascular plant species per 25m² (conventionally managed meadows: 16-35 species per 25 m²). In lower altitude municipalities (mainly fulltime farming) where ECA meadows constituted 20% of farmland, the difference in species richness between the two land-use types was highly significant and the contribution of ECA-meadows to the grassland species pool was highest. In higher altitude municipalities (mainly part-time farming) where ECA meadows constituted at least 40% of farmland, higher species richness was found. This was associated with a strong botanical similarity of ECA and conventionally managed meadows.We conclude that at lower altitudes, where farming is relatively intensive, the ECA scheme protects a few, economically marginal, species rich and botanically complementary sites, important for maintaining the species pool. At higher altitudes the ECA scheme contributes to protecting existing biodiversity at the landscape scale. As it is more efficient to protect than to restore biodiversity, the protection effect of agri-environmental schemes needs to be adequately recognized.     

黑龙江兽类物种多样性研究

围绕黑龙江省山系、平原选取样本点，结合对兽类分布历史资料、以往调查结果和现代研究成果的整理，得到黑龙江省兽类概况，并得出各样本点的兽类物种清单；分析了黑龙江兽类区系组成，并绘制了黑龙江地区兽类物种丰富度等值散点图，以揭示黑龙江地区兽类物种丰富度的空间格局；计算了不同山系、平原的兽类物种多样性G-F指数并进行比较分析，进一步得出黑龙江地区兽类物种多样性的区域分异。     

Milk sales and dietary diversity among the Maasai

In Maasai culture, responsibilities are traditionally divided between genders. Men are in charge of grazing and managing the livestock herds. Women take care of the family, administer food supplies, and are responsible for milking. For them, balancing home consumption of milk (for the family and for the calves), milk sale, and food purchase is a major task. In this article, we first investigate how different milk sales groups vary regarding the use of different food items and the respective quantities consumed by the enkaji, i.e., a Maasai subhousehold. Then, we address the commercialization decision and assess the effect of milk sales on the enkaji's food item use and food consumption. Using the data of Maasai enkajijik in the milk catchment area of a milk collection center in Ngerengere, Tanzania, we estimate the effects by employing propensity score matching procedures. Our findings suggest that milk sellers, especially those selling to the milk collection center, have a more diverse diet. In terms of per person consumption, the groups are markedly similar. Therefore, we conclude that income generated by milk sales is invested in diet diversification rather than in increasing the quantity of food consumed, hence the enkajijik appear not to make use of caloric terms of trade.     

后工业时期上海城市生态地貌多样性再造

城市生态地貌具有景观美学功能,人工化的人造地貌和人工叠加地貌构成了城市生态地貌系统,城市生态地貌对上述两方面进行研究,它们又构成了城市生态系统的一部分;论述了后工业时期随着人们对城市人居环境及对城市景观美学要求的提高,上海城市生态地貌多样性的再造。     

三江平原挠力河流域景观多样性分析

以3S空间分析术为基础,以挠力河流域为研究对象,解译了挠力河流域TM卫星影像,绘制了详细的挠力河流域的景观格局图,然后提取景观元素的多种参数,再经过Fragstats软件计算得到各类景观指数;分别研究了不同斑块类型的斑块面积、斑块密度、边缘密度、分形维数、景观多样性指数、斑块形状指数、景观丰富度指数、景观均匀度指数等指标,取得了挠力河流域景观信息的大量第一手资料,揭示和验证了挠力河流域景观空间格局的基本规律。     

黑龙江省完达山东部林区兽类多样性调查

2008年冬季和2009年早春积雪覆盖期,利用样线调查法在黑龙江省完达山东部林区东方红林业局境内开展兽类多样性调查.调查结果表明,该区域现有兽类共计5目11科25种,与1989年的调查结果相比,兽类多样性明显降低.研究发现,针叶林、针阔混交林、阔叶混交林是兽类多样性分布较多的生境.导致该区兽类多样性降低的主要因素包括森...     

镜泊湖世界地质公园的维管植物多样性

经野外调查,镜泊湖世界地质公园有野生维管植物118科418属848种,菊科等10科为优势科。本区植物资源丰富,按其性质和用途分为药用、观赏、食用等13类;按Raunkiaer生活型分类,地面芽植物占42.92%,其次为隐芽植物;按中国植被生活型分类,多年生草本占59.67%,一年生草本占16.51%;中生植物占66.04%,是主要的水分生态类型,旱生植物位居其次;国家珍稀濒危保护植物11种,中国特有植物9种。     

物种多样性与空间尺度的关系研究进展

物种多样性与空间尺度的关系是生物多样性研究中的重要问题,研究尺度与物种多样性之间的关系,探索物种多样性空间分布的内在机制,有助于理解群落的结构格局和构建过程,对探究物种共存或物种多样性的形成和维持机制具有重要意义,同时也为生物多样性的有效管理和保护提供科学依据。