我国水产业国际竞争力的变动及影响因素分析

文章建立了产品质量升级指数,并计算国际市场占有率,从显示性比较优势、净出口绩效、产品质量升级指数等方面,对我国水产业竞争力进行评价,认为我国水产品出口竞争力有所提升。并运用迈克尔·波特的“钻石”模型理论,从生产要素、国内需求、相关产业和产业组织等四个角度分析影响竞争力的因素,最后提出相关政策建议。     

中国新疆与俄罗斯贸易互补性的实证分析

在2000年-2007年间,中国新疆与俄罗斯的贸易规模不断扩大且增长势头强劲,这主要归因于中国新疆与俄罗斯在贸易领域内存在着较强的互补性。本文从实证分析的角度,利用贸易强度指数、显示性比较优（劣）势指数和贸易互补性指数等分析工具,定量地说明了中国新疆与俄罗斯之间贸易联系的紧密程度和贸易互补性的强弱程度。     

Nonparametric Testable Restrictions of Household Behavior

This paper uses semialgebraic theory to derive nonparametric testable restrictions of Pareto-efficient bargaining behavior within a household. These tests are analogous in form to Samuelson's Weak Axiom of Revealed Preference (WARP) and are defined over data on household-level consumption and individual labor supplies. Thus, without observing intrahousehold division of consumption, we can nonparametrically test whether there exist nonsatiated utility functions such that household behavior is Pareto efficient. I apply these tests to data from the National Longitudinal Surveys on U.S. households and find that preferences exist that are consistent with Pareto efficiency for each household in the data set.     

How Influential is Economics?

Economists often claim that their discipline has a great influence on the economy. An analysis of the existing literature reveals, however, that little convincing empirical evidence exists. The two approaches used are subject to major shortcomings. The ‘Economics Production Function’ relating the input of economic ideas to economic outcomes, is faced with major estimation problems. The ‘Revealed Behaviour Approach’ of choosing to study economics is based on very restrictive assumptions. It is argued that the ‘Case Study Approach’ analysing specific policy instances constitutes a more promising avenue and should be undertaken to identify more general patterns of influence.     

关于我国玩具业国际竞争力研究

本文从目前中国玩具产业概况及国际竞争地位出发,利用联合国COMTRADE数据库数据,对我国玩具国际市场占有率、显示性比较优势指数、贸易竞争力指数等三个国际竞争力的数量指标指数的分析,显示出我国玩具业出口数量优势大,外延型国际竞争力强,但又一直处于上下徘徊状态,存在可能下降的趋势。对此,本文剖析了我国玩具业存在的主要问题及其原因,指出我国玩具产业内涵型国际竞争力较弱,存在质上欠优和综合性上不强等问题,得出了我国仅是玩具制造与出口大国却不是玩具制造的强国的结论。在此基础上,本文提出了增强国际竞争力的对策。     

劳动力成本与产业结构升级

基于新《劳动合同法》实施引发的社会现象,提出社会经济活动的非良性循环：劳动者收入低→高技术含量、高附加值的商品需求不足→产业结构层级低→劳动密集型低端产品出口→竞争力弱→产业利润低→劳动者收入低;分析了劳动力成本、消费结构与产业结构三者的联系,深入挖掘了提高劳动力成本,促进企业推动产业升级以及有助于为产业升级储备高素质人才的机理;揭示了劳动力成本是影响产业结构升级的重要因素。提高劳动力成本能够从扩大内需、提高劳动力素质和企业综合竞争力等方面促进产业结构升级,是经济发展和社会进步的必然要求。     

Trade Specialization in Latin America: The Impact of China and India

This paper examines the extent to which the growth of China and India in world markets is affecting the patterns of trade specialization in Latin American (LA) economies. We construct a measure of Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) by 3-digit ISIC sector, country, and year. This RCA accounts for both imports and exports. The empirical analyses explore the correlation between the RCAs of LA and the two Asian economies. Econometric estimates suggest that the specialization pattern of LA—with the exception of Mexico—has been moving in opposite direction to the trade specialization pattern of China and India. Labor-intensive sectors (both unskilled and skilled) probably have been negatively affected by the growing presence of China and India in world markets, while natural resource and scientific knowledge intensive sectors have probably benefited from China and India’s growth since 1990. JEL no.  F10, F14     

Empirical Analysis of the Structure of Sino-US Agricultural Trade

This paper empirically analyzes the structure of agricultural trade between China and the USA from 1996 to 2005, using different trade indexes such as the Grubel—Lloyd Index, the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, the Finger—Kreinin Similitude Index and the Export Diversification Index, with a focus on the issues impeding Sino‐US agricultural trade. We found that over the period of 1996 to 2005, inter‐industry trade outweighed intra‐industry trade in Sino‐US agricultural trade, and that bilateral trade was more complementary than competitive. At the same time, China's agricultural exports were more diversified than USA exports, but China's degree of diversification steadily declined during the sample period. The findings indicate that there exists great potential for further development of agricultural trade between China and the USA, and that positive and effective trade policies will result in maximization of potential agricultural trade development and will bring forth mutual benefits to both countries.     

The evolution of value added in assembly operations: the case of China and Mexico

China and Mexico embarked, around the early 1980s, on the process of liberalization of trade and FDI and established some export oriented industries through assembly operations with the help of FDI. Both countries had the same objective of increasing value added in export processing industries. The authors examine the comparative achievements of their common objectives in the light of the export oriented strategy hypothesis. Applying the indicators of Revealed Comparative Advantage to exports and imports, the authors show that while there are some similarities in the performance of the two countries, there are also striking differences. Both have managed to increase manufactured exports, particularly in IT products, significantly during 1990s. Both, but particularly China, have developed comparative advantage in export and production of many industries, which had been initiated through import substitution. However, Mexico has achieved little, compared with China, in increasing value added in exports and in developing comparative advantage in production in assembly operations. Further, unlike China, since the early years of the 2010 decade it has not been able to sustain its rapid export growth.     

A Simple Cross-Country Index of Trade Specialization

We propose a cross-country specialization index - the B ^⋆ - defined as the share of a given product in total country’s exports “normalized” by the average share across all countries. This indicator draws from the Revealed Comparative Advantage index suggested by Balassa (Manch Sch Econ Soc Stud 33(2):99–123, 1965), but its dynamic and cardinal properties are more suitable to perform a cross-country analysis over time. This feature is illustrated with a simple two-country by two-product stylized example and complemented with empirical evidence derived from 79 countries/groups of countries and four distinct technological sectors since the late sixties. We also provide empirical evidence on the external shape of the distribution of the B ^⋆ and on its intra-distribution dynamics in different technological sectors. The results indicate that the overall degree of specialization is higher for high-tech exports than for low-tech exports. From a dynamic point of view, there is evidence of significant persistence of the cross-country export patterns.     

RCA indices,multinational production and the Ricardian trade model

The practice of using Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) Indices to determine the flow of goods trade among countries is well established. But an important issue that demands attention is whether the RCA indices reflect the essentials of comparative advantage theory. Deb and Basu Foreign Trade Rev 46(3):3–28, (2011) examined the consistency of alternative RCA indices with the Heckscher-Ohlin theory of comparative advantage, leaving scope for re-examination of the indices in the context of the Ricardian comparative advantage theory, which insists on relative factor productivity differences among countries contrary to Heckscher-Ohlin’s relative factor endowment differences. The other issue which has been overlooked in much of the existing literature is the importance of value-added trade. With the growing importance of global production chains, RCA indices based on gross export values may not portray an accurate picture of the underlying comparative advantage of countries. In this context, adjusting the RCA indices to incorporate domestic value-added in exports seems to be quite relevant. This paper explores the consistency of RCA indices based on domestic value-added in exports with the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage using a panel data approach. A brief review on the structures of alternative RCA indices is also provided. The Log-of-Balassa index is found to be the best performer in this empirical examination, although the deficiencies of the index for cross-country or cross-commodity comparison must be acknowledged. The index of Yu et al. Ann Reg Sci 43(1):267–282, (2009) does possess the latter feature but in our study its performance is quite poor and hence its consistency with the Ricardian theory of comparative advantage is questionable.     

Internal labor markets with two types of promotion and two tiers of salary: theory and evidence from China

This paper shows the optimality of a two-tier linear salary scheme in internal labor markets and identifies conditions under which discretionary promotion is better than rule-based promotion and vice versa. Our main findings are: (1) regardless of whether discretionary promotion or rule-based promotion is used, a two-tier salary scheme is optimal; (2) the salary is contingent on promotion, which is fixed before and linear after promotion; (3) if the difference in human capital among agents is small, discretionary promotion is superior; (4) if the expected replacement cost of human capital is high, discretionary promotion is superior; (5) if the risk of facing/incurring a high replacement cost of human capital is high, discretionary promotion is superior; (6) if the chance of having a high human capital agent is high, rule-based promotion is likely to be superior; and (7) if the productivity improvement from a job promotion is large, rule-based promotion is likely to be superior. We have also found empirical evidence in support of our theory on the two-tier salary scheme.     

我国拍卖行业的增长与集中度分析

我国拍卖行业自恢复以来,业务总体规模持续增长,但增长速度明显下降;拍卖企业数量增长迅速,但总体质量不高,且市场集中度偏低,整个行业仍处于自由竞争阶段;行业资本规模有了很大增长,资本初步集中,但资本集中度偏低,资源整合程度不高。今后我国拍卖业将进入深入调整时期,拍卖领域的开拓创新将是获得新一轮高速增长的关键。为此,应加快拍卖行业的整顿步伐,引导企业走规模化、专业化的道路,并努力提高从业人员的素质。     

PM2.5对浙江、福建、江西房价的动态影响研究——基于函数型线性模型

以函数型线性模型作为研究动态影响的工具,通过研究发现PM2.5对浙江、福建、江西房价的动态影响存在两种模式：一种是PM2.5上升最终会导致房价下降,PM2.5下降最终会导致房价上升,该模式在全年中占了243天,符合客观认知：空气质量越好房价越高,空气质量越差房价越低;另一种是PM2.5的上升最终会带动房价上升,PM2.5下降最终会导致房价下降,该模式在全年中占了122天,有些违背常理,应当是由其他因素引起而恰好与PM2.5的变动趋势重合。     

经济学中演化分析和均衡分析的历史争论与现实反思

在经济现象的产生和发展上,经济学界长期存在两种解释思路：一是基于异质性个体互动的基础之上的动态演化分析,这是以有机的、动态的和开放的世界观为基础的结构主义思路,它把行为主体看成是异质的;二是基于同质性个体假设基础上的静态（或比较静态）均衡分析,这是以机械的、静态的和封闭的世界观为基础的新古典主义传统,它强调行为主体的同质化。显然,现代经济学的基石就是一般均衡理论,因而静态均衡分析也就是现代经济学的基本方法;在均衡框架下,现代经济学研究理性经济人如何按照效用最大化原则实现资源最优配置。但是,这种均衡分析用于分析现实时却遇到非常严峻的问题：一者,它所依赖的假设条件是非现实;二者,无法考察人类行为和经济现象的动态演化。因此,现代主流经济学也正面临着严峻的挑战。     

论村民自治权法律救济中存在的主要问题

我国的村民自治制度在经历了20多年来的发展后,已取得了明显的成效。然而实践中在对村民自治权实施法律救济的过程中却存在种种问题,主要表现在:一是相关的法律规定不明确;二是法律救济途径不畅通;三是法律救济程序不规范;四是法律责任追究不明确;五是诉讼救济程序难于介入。要保障村民自治权的有效实施就必须重视村民自治权法律救济机制的建立。     

我国职务发明专利申请与授权状况统计分析

职务发明是创新活动的主要形式之一，论文利用EXCEL描述性统计分析方法与SPSS的K-Means聚类分析方法，分析国家知识产权局2002—2013年职务发明专利申请量和授权量相关数据，结果表明：从总体上分析发明专利职务申请量与授权量增长迅速，平均增长率分别为36%和41%，发明专利职务量份额偏低，平均申请和平均授权比例仅为36%和17%。在申请主体方面，企业职务申请与授权比例占到八成以上，但其申请结构有待于优化。从地区差异分析，职务发明专利区域间的差异与当地经济发展水平相关。希冀这些研究结果为促进职务发明创新与政策完善提供参考依据。     

社会主义市场经济与人的全面自由发展的几个基本问题

文章认为,社会主义市场经济是在社会主义制度下发展经济的一种方法、手段,它不能脱离人的全面自由发展这个大命题。文章从四个方面进行论述:(1)人的发展是个庞大的政治经济社会文化生态综合系统工程。人类社会发展的崇高目标,是要建立一个富足、协调、融洽、文明、和谐的社会来设定。(2)发展社会主义市场经济的前提必须是坚持社会主义,运用市场经济的办法和手段来发展经济。(3)发展社会主义市场经济的基本要求是坚持为人的自由发展服务。社会主义市场经济发展的目的,是要完全建立在全体社会成员根本利益一致的基础上。(4)发展社会主义市场经济要做好两个结合。一是社会主义与市场经济的结合。社会主义是方向,是内涵,是基本前提,是根本。二是经济发展要与人的发展结合。经济发展是表象、是要求、是目标之一,人的全面发展是目的、是根本、是立足点、是归宿。     

同业参照比运气和才能更重要吗——高管薪酬影响因素的探索性研究

针对近年来我国上市公司存在的高管薪酬持续增长现象,文章以我国上市公司2008-2013年的数据为样本,探究了运气、才能、同业参照因素对高管薪酬的影响。研究发现：（1）同业参照对高管薪酬的影响远高于运气和才能因素,同业参照因素是高管薪酬最重要的影响因素;（2）在国有企业中,同业参照因素对高管薪酬的影响最大,其次是运气因素,最后是高管才能因素;（3）在非国有企业中,高管才能因素对高管薪酬的影响最大,其次是同业参照因素,最后是运气因素。本文的研究意义在于不仅找出谁是高管薪酬最重要影响因素,不同产权性质的企业具有何种表现,也为进一步推进我国高管薪酬制度改革提供理论与经验支持。