日本流通产业改革及对中国的启示

随着世界各国经济联系越来越紧密,流通产业也日益成为各国的支柱产业。流通产业是囊括零售业,批发业和物流业等重点行业在内的＂先导产业＂和＂基础产业＂。本文首先分析了近年来日本流通产业改革的背景——由于政策和市场发生的变化导致了改革必须进行;其次分析了日本流通产业改革的内容,主要是政策规制的缓和以及流通产业的信息化;最后根据日本流通产业改革的成功经验总结对中国流通产业的启示和借鉴意义。     

关于中国特色流通体系的几点思考

中国特色的流通体系是中国特色社会主义的重要承载平台，但什么是中国特色的流通体系？这是一个很大且十分复杂的问题。 对中国特色流通体系的认识 欧美各国一般都是从微观角度看待和研究商业运行，并没有专用的流通一词。发明流通一词的是日本，有流通系列化、流通产业构造等用语。马克思是研究流通问题最深入的经济学家，他把流通看作是“过程”和“领域”。     

数据要素市场化运行研究

数字经济时代，数据要素市场化配置已上升为国家战略，加快培育数据要素市场成为数字经济繁荣的必要条件，而培育数据要素市场的关键在于数据要素市场的流通路径与运行模式的研究。文章从国家政策与地方实践两个层面详细阐述了数据要素市场的发展现状，围绕数据要素的特殊性深入研究了数据要素市场的构成与特征，基于数据要素市场的参与主体多元化、数据权属多重化、产品需求多样化、数据治理复杂化、数据要素资产化等特点系统论述了数据要素市场流通路径与运行模式，为推动数据要素市场流通与高质量发展提供了一定的参考价值与借鉴意义。     

浅析90年代以来日本"流通革命"的原因

90年代以后日本流通业进入激烈变革时期，这种变革是二战以来的第二次流通革命。流通革命改变了日本流通体系和结构，流通企业和生产企业之间的重组日益流行，流通运营方式正在发生变化，因此流通革命将对日本经济产生重要影响。导致日本流通革命的原因很多，主要表现在价格破坏、定价体制改变、进口增加、购买方式变化、流通自由化、产销同盟和信息化等方面的原因。对这些原因及其背景的分析也反映了当今日本经济的概貌和面临的课题。     

中国流通经济学的回顾与反思

流通经济学是中国经济学界尤其是流通理论界一直致力创建的一门应用经济学。然而,20余年过去了,流通经济学却始终未能建立起来,而且随着经济环境的变化,反而日益走向贫困化。作者从西方经济学的学术传统和发展轨迹,从流通自身演变和发展的规律,从中国经济改革实践的背景转换等多个角度,对流通经济学的学术地位、中国流通经济学的演变历程和发展出路进行了全方位的分析和检讨。提出了不同于主流意见的创新性观点。     

直卖所——日本农产品流通新模式

20世纪90年代日本农产品流通市场上出现了一种新的流通模式--直卖所.它是由日本农民首创的将日本的农业生产特点与日本经济发展阶段以及日夯居民的消费结构变化结合起来的新型流通模式.它的出现打破了传统的由批发市场垄断日本农产品流通的局面,大大缩短了流通环节和流通时间,加速了农产品的市场实现,已成为实现生产者(即日本农户)和消费者双赢的流通组织形式.本文从日本直卖所的概念出发,对直卖所产生的背景进行介绍,对直卖所的功能进行详细说明,并简要介绍日本农产品直卖所发展的3种模式.     

我国农产品流通组织研究

流通是国民经济运行中一个不可忽视的宏观问题,随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立与完善,经济结构的优化调整,流通产业在国民经济和人民生活中的重要作用愈加明显,流通行业已经从之前的末端行业逐渐转变成为如今的朝阳产业。农产品流通环节是整个流通环节中最薄弱的,流通环节搞得不好会使物价上涨,流通环节过多会造成农产品的浪费,这就需要对农产品流通组织进行深入研究。本文首先阐述我国农产品流通组织存在的问题,再借鉴国外发展的经验,结合自身存在的问题,给出改革方案。     

基于供应链的农产品流通组织重构

近年来,我国农产品市场面临的环境发生了重大的变化:经济全球化、科技水平日新月异、市场经济体制日渐完善等等。由于没有形成有效的利益平衡和制约机制,我国现行的农产品流通组织体系已难以适应新形势的变化,因此,对农产品流通组织进行重构已是势在必行,而在重构过程中,进行农产品流通供应链模式的构建则不失为理想的战略选择。     

《日本流通体制变革研究》一书评介

流通问题是在现代经济发展中事关国民经济运行的重要问题。流通体制的形成、发展与变革以及流通经济的效率一直备受人们的关注。张岩博士的专著《日本流通体制变革研究》一书，是在她的博士学位论文的基础上修改完善的学术成果，于2007年5月由经济管理出版社出版。该书运用经济学原理，较全面系统、条理清晰地梳理和探索性分析了二战后日本流通体制的形成、发展和演变，揭示了日本一个后发展国家在经济赶超过程中流通体制变革的内在机制，在理论及现实方面都具有较为重要的意义。该书是目前国内对战后日本流通体制变革进行研究的一部力作。     

发挥农民合作经济组织作用 破解农产品流通难题

分析农民合作经济组织兴起的趋势,探讨在新形势下,如何发挥农民合作经济组织的作用,解决农产品流通中存在的诸多问题:借鉴国际经验,以农民合作经济组织为主体,实施农产品流通的组织创新和管理创新。     

Interdependent bank runs under a collapsing fixed exchange rate regime

This paper provides a framework for simultaneous multiple bank runs in a country experiencing a currency crisis. The correlation of bank runs increases as the proportion of debts from foreign creditors (indexed to the dollar) to domestic creditors (indexed to the domestic currency) increases. Moreover, when the share of dollar debt is sufficiently high, this interlinkage is perfect; that is, runs occur in all banks or not at all. Consequently, a situation exists where even a solvent bank cannot borrow in the interbank market. These findings imply that as the domestic banking sector becomes increasingly dependent on dollar debt, there is a heightened requirement for dollar reserves and a lender-of-last-resort facility.     

Comments on R. Cooper, M. Bordo and H. James: Exchange rate arrangements and disarrangements: prospects for a world currency

This note evaluates the prospects for a world currency, using as a departure point the papers by Bordo and James (2006) and Cooper (2006). The note argues that a world currency is unlikely in the foreseeable future and probably undesirable. Although more evidence is needed, there seem to be no strong forces towards the creation of new monetary unions among the countries with major currencies or between those countries and the periphery. Based on recent experience, the note also argues that one of the main benefits to establish a world currency, the elimination of exchange rate uncertainty, is likely less important than commonly believed. No matter how rigid a currency arrangement is, initiatives to dissolve it tend to appear as bad times arise. Still, the present equilibrium of no world currency leaves unresolved many difficult issues related to the functioning of the domestic and international monetary systems. Sergio L. Schmukler has prepared this note as a comment to the papers “Proposal for an OECD Currency” by Richard N. Cooper and “One World Money, Then and Now” by Michael Bordo and Harold James, presented at the conference “Regional and International Currency Arrangements,” February 24 and 25, 2006, Vienna, Austria, organized by the Bank of Greece and the Oesterreichische Nationalbank (Central Bank of Austria). I thank conference participants for useful comments. I am also grateful to Jose Azar and Francisco Ceballos for excellent research assistance. The views expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the opinion of the World Bank.     

货币多重化违背了货币制度发展的内在规律

香港、澳门回归祖国后,我国境内同时流通人民币、港币和澳门元三种货币,出现了三种货币制度并存的局面。根据货币本质的规定,一个国家只能发行和流通一种货币,这是货币制度内在规律的客观要求。因此,货币多重化违背了货币制度发展的内在规律,干扰了我国统一的人民币制度,可以考虑中止港币和澳门元的发行和流通。     

货币替代与两岸货币一体化问题思考

近年来,两岸经贸交流持续发展,货币合作问题引起了广泛关注。本文引入货币替代理论,对新台币的货币替代问题进行实证分析,发现其货币替代程度很低,主要表现为需求方的货币替代。本文同时对港币的货币替代进行考察,并将其与新台币的货币替代比较。分析表明,港币可以采取货币替代的模式实现与人民币的货币一体化,但新台币不适合采取这一模式。笔者认为可以参考欧洲货币一体化的模式来实现两岸的货币一体化。     

人民币加入SDR前后的国际货币权力变化及趋势

国际货币的权力分配随着国际货币体系演进呈现动态变化,近10年变化趋势与人民币的国际地位演进密切相关.本文使用货币共同变动回归方法,对2010-2016年和2016-2019年两个时期内储备货币区规模进行比较,研究不同国家货币与特别提款权(SDR)篮子的联动程度,得出人民币加入SDR前后的国际货币权力变化趋势.研究结果表...     

Optimal currency shares in international reserves: The impact of the euro and the prospects for the dollar

Foreign exchange reserve accumulation has risen dramatically in recent years. The introduction of the euro, greater liquidity in other major currencies, and the rising current account deficits and external debt of the United States have increased the pressure on central banks to diversify away from the US dollar. A major portfolio shift would significantly affect exchange rates and the status of the dollar as the dominant international currency. We develop a dynamic mean-variance optimization framework with portfolio rebalancing costs to estimate optimal portfolio weights among the main international currencies. Making various assumptions on expected currency returns and the variance–covariance structure, we assess how the euro has changed this allocation. We then perform simulations for the optimal currency allocations of four large emerging market countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China), adding constraints that reflect a central bank's desire to hold a sizable portion of its portfolio in the currencies of its peg, its foreign debt and its international trade. Our main results are: (i) The optimizer can match the large share of the US dollar in reserves, when the dollar is the reference (risk-free) currency. (ii) The optimum portfolios show a much lower weight for the euro than is observed. This suggests that the euro may already enjoy an enhanced role as an international reserve currency (“punching above its weight”). (iii) Growth in issuance of euro-denominated securities, a rise in euro zone trade with key emerging markets, and increased use of the euro as a currency peg, would all work towards raising the optimal euro shares, with the last factor being quantitatively the most important. J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (4) (2006) 508–547.     

货币的权利属性及其实践运用

货币长期以来一直都作为特殊动产被划分为动产范畴,适用动产的物权变动规则来明确货币的权利属性。但由于实践中货币的＂两面性＂导致其外在形态变化多端,且适用范围广大,直接适用动产属性进行界定与规制显然不能适应货币的特殊变动规则。本文结合货币的定义及其属性,明确＂占有即所有＂的流转规则,重新审视货币被直接归纳到动产范畴的合理性,提出将货币独立为特殊动产,与动产,不动产并列的建议,并且提出有关货币在实践流通中遇到问题的解决办法。     

Measuring currency pressures: The cases of the Japanese yen,the Chinese yuan,and the UK pound

We investigate bilateral currency pressures against the US dollar for three currencies: the Japanese yen, the Chinese yuan, and the UK pound during the period 2000:Q1 to 2009:Q4. We employ a model-based methodology to measure exchange market pressure over the period. Conversion factors required to estimate the pressure on these currencies are computed using a time-varying coefficient regression. We then use our measures of currency pressures to assess deviations of exchange rates from their market-equilibrium levels. For the yen, our measure of currency pressure suggests undervaluation during the initial part of our estimation period, a period during which the Bank of Japan sold yen in the foreign exchange market. We find persistent undervaluation of the yuan throughout the estimation period, with the undervaluation peaking at about 20% in 2004 and 2007. For the pound, the results indicate low pressure – suggesting a mainly free-floating currency – throughout the sample period. These results appear consistent with the policies pursued by the central banks of the currencies in question.     

Invoicing currency and the optimal basket peg for East Asia: Analysis using a new open economy macroeconomic model

An important characteristic of trade in Asia is that the US dollar is the dominant invoicing currency. This fact might have a consequence on the region's choice of the currency regime. To investigate this possibility, I develop a three country “new open economy macroeconomics” model that consists of East Asia, Japan, and the US. Assuming that East Asia pegs its currency to a basket of the other two's currencies, the optimal basket weights are derived numerically. It is shown that the weights under a realistic invoicing pattern are drastically different from those in the textbook case of “producer currency pricing.” J. Japanese Int. Economies 20 (4) (2006) 569–589.     

论货币替代、美元化与货币错配

货币替代、美元化与货币错配是发展中国家在经济和金融全球化过程中所普遍面临的问题,三者都会对其宏观经济稳定造成巨大的不利影响。它们在现象上非常相似,相互之间的联系也非常密切,但是在本质上具有不同的内涵,在形成机制等方面也不同。