太阳能热利用的灿烂未来

两年前,“中国太阳第一股”无锡尚德登陆纽约证券交易所,施正荣成为中国首富。如今太阳能热利用产业两大龙头公司正在步无锡尚德后尘,积极筹备上市。     

Mineral resources and economic development: A survey

The contradictory effects of the presence of a dominant mining sector have stimulated an intense debate in the literature, with these effects being seen either as a blessing or as a curse for economic development and policy‐making in a developing economy. The direct or indirect implications concern aspects such as inflation, employment, and exchange rates. This article reviews some major studies on the subject and examines their contending hypotheses and empirical findings. The differences can be explained partly by objective differences in the minerals, countries and periods analysed. Particular attention is paid to South Africa and Africa, and to the preconditions for an effective use of mineral endowments.     

以土地调查数据为基础的自然资源调查方法研究——以如皋市自然资源统一确权登记为例

如皋市自然资源统一确权登记作为江苏省3个省级试点之一,在开展全要素自然资源确权登记的基础上,以滩涂和水流资源确权登记为重点,探索自然资源登记单元边界划定原则,形成自然资源确权登记操作指引。文章以该试点经验阐述一种以土地调查数据为基础的自然资源调查技术方法,为后期全面开展自然资源统一确权登记工作提供借鉴。     

非再生能源开发中的价值损失与补偿模式初探——以陕北为例

陕北地区在大规模非再生能源开发中,导致了巨大的价值损失,包括煤炭、石油、天然气等资源本身的价值损耗,生态环境破坏,对职工健康和所在地居民的损害,等等。这些损失的产生原因在于现行价值补偿模式的缺陷。之后提出了以市场为平台的能矿资源利益补偿体系,即以合理的产权安排为前提,调整国家所有者与矿山企业之间的利益分配,变命令-控制型管理为经济激励型管理,探索适合国情的外部性补偿模式。     

The optimal exchange rate regime for a small country

This paper examines the welfare comparisons between a freely floating, a managed floating, and a pegged exchange rate regime. We compare the expected loss under these regimes by modifying and generalizing Hamada’s (2002) model to accommodate intervention policy. We consider the de jure and de facto classifications, where the former is defined by the officially stated intentions of the monetary authorities, while the latter is based on the actually observed behavior of the nominal exchange rate. We first examine the exchange rate regimes from the central bank’s policy stance and the actual exchange rate policy. Next we assume that the regime which the private sector perceives according to an official announcement may be different from the one adopted actually by the central bank. We examine nine combinations of the de jure and de facto regimes. We interpret that, whenever they are different, there is informational friction between the central bank and the private sector. We show that the welfare level of a small country under freely floating is no less than that under other regimes, and that with some restrictive conditions, the de facto pegged or de facto managed floating is close to freely floating. This partly explains “Fear of floating” and “Fear of pegging”.     

数字化教学资源库的设计与开发

随着计算机技术、网络技术和多媒体技术等信息技术的发展及其在教育中的应用,开发高质量的数字化教学资源已成为高等学校教育信息化的迫切需要.数字化教学资源库的开发与设计应遵循教学性原则、科学性原则、开放性原则、应用性原则、层次性原则、经济性原则;数字化教学资源的来源主要有三个途径:一是将现有的教学资源进行数字化改造,二是运用先进的网络传媒技术,三是由专业人员开发建设的资源.     

The spatial effects of trade openness: a survey

This paper surveys the literature on the implications of trade liberalisation for intra-national economic geographies. Three results stand out. First, neither urban systems models nor new economic geography models imply a robust prediction for the impact of trade openness on spatial concentration. Whether trade promotes concentration or dispersion depends on subtle modelling choices among which it is impossible to adjudicate a priori. Second, empirical evidence mirrors the theoretical indeterminacy: a majority of cross-country studies find no significant effect of openness on urban concentration or regional inequality. Third, the available models predict that, other things equal, regions with inherently less costly access to foreign markets, such as border or port regions, stand to reap the largest gains from trade liberalisation. This prediction is confirmed by the available evidence. Whether trade liberalisation raises or lowers regional inequality therefore depends on each country’s specific geography.     

The exploitation of dutch natural gas: An alternative approach

Summary Dutch energy policy is briefly reviewed and an alternative approach is suggested. A very simple model of the Dutch economy is presented which enables us to simulate the course of some macro-variables and of the pool of natural gas. Subsequently a sensitivity analysis is performed with respect to the parameters of the model. I am indebted to J.S. Cramer, R. Ramer, and C. Weddepohl for helpful comments and to A. Stokman and T. v.d. Mey who assisted in the calculations. All remaining errors are mine.     

The monopolist's optimal R&D portfolio

The monopolist's incentives towards product and process innovationsare evaluated against the social optimum. The main findingsare that (i) the incentive to invest in cost-reducing R&Dis inversely related to the number of varieties being suppliedat equilibrium, under both regimes; (ii) distortions obtainunder monopoly, w.r.t. both the number of varieties and thetechnology. With substitutes, the monopolist's product rangeis smaller than under social planning, while with complementsthe product range is the same under both regimes. For any givennumber of goods, the monopolist operates at a higher marginalcost than the planner does.     

市场经济应为“利用”一词正名倡导公有制经济与非公经济间的相互“利用”

社会主义市场经济体系中存在着“公有制经济”和“非公有制经济”两种类型的经济成份,多年来,我们比较多地把非公有制经济当作一种在需要时便加以利用的对象,而没有强调非公有制经济也有利用公有制经济的一面,即二者是相互利用的,这显然是不全面的。实际上,承认和提倡公有制经济与非公有制经济的相互利用和合作,反映了社会主义市场经济的本质要求,有利于社会主义市场经济均衡、健康和持久的发展。     

整合各方资源发挥平台优势共促快堆事业新发展——记首届中国快堆论坛暨快堆联盟成员大会

2011年4月15日,第一届中国快堆论坛暨快堆产业化技术创新战略联盟第一次成员大会在上海南郊宾馆召开。国务院参事、中国产学研合作促进会常务副会长石定环,国家能源局装备司副司长黄鹂,中国科学院院士王乃彦,中国产学研合作促进会副会长、秘书长王建华,中核集团公司科技部主任罗长森,上海核电办主任吴正扬,上海电气（集团）总公司副总裁吕亚臣,快堆产业化技术创新战略联盟理事长、中国原子能科学研究院院长万钢,中国原子能科学研究院快堆工程部总工程师徐赫等领导专家出席会议。     

Economic rents, the distribution of gains from mineral exploitation, and mineral development policy

The ‘once-and-for-all’ character of mineral exploitation introduces a unique element into the analysis of mining and the formulation of mineral policy, making issues of mineral ownership, questions of the interests of producers and consumers, and of the timing of exploitation particularly important. Developing countries account for a considerable, though by no means dominant, proportion of the world's mineral output, but the bulk of consumption is in high-income industrialized countries, and these countries also own the major corporations with mineral exploitation expertise. The high degree of horizontal and vertical integration among these corporations, and their participation in mineral processing, is a further complication. This paper argues that the resource rents inherent in mineral exploitation, and the other monopolistic rents associated with mining and processing, are essential to an understanding of past trends and to the formulation of future policies. The difficulties of measuring these rents adds to the problems of determining their equitable distribution among mineral-rich countries, mineral exploitation companies and mineral consumers. The proper timing of mineral exploitation in relation to national economic development is a further complication. It is thus perhaps not surprising that in high-income, no less than in developing countries, mineral exploitation and use policies are in disarray. The paper concludes with a discussion of the principal mineral development policy options emerging from the debate on the distribution of gains from mining.     

Tariffs,implementation costs,and optimal policy choice

Zusammenfassung Z?lle, Durchführungskosten und die Wahl der besten Politik. — Dieser Aufsatz behandelt die Rolle der Durchführungskosten bei der Wahl zwischen der Handelspolitik und der Steuer- bzw. Subventionspolitik als den optimalen Instrumenten, um externe Effekte zu beseitigen oder nicht?konomische Ziele zu erreichen. Es werden F?lle ermittelt, in denen die Durchführungskosten die Rangordnung der optimalen Ma\nahmen ver?ndern k?nnen. Unterschiede in den Durchführungskosten beeinflussen die Wahl der optimalen Politik direkt über die Unterschiede in der Nachfrage nach Ressourcen und indirekt u. a. über ihre Wirkungen auf die optimalen Steuer- bzw. Subventionss?tze. Ein Beispiel für die potentielle Bedeutung der Durchführungskosten liefert eine Fallstudie von drei westafrikanischen L?ndern, die an einer Steigerung der heimischen Reisproduktion interessiert sind.

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Résumé Les tarifs, les co?ts de la mise en application et le choix d’une politique optimum. — Cet article s’occupe avec le r?le des co?ts de la mise en application si l’on doit choisir la politique commercial ou la politique fiscale/subvention comme mesures optimum pour éliminer des externalités ou pour accomplir des buts nonéconomiques. L’auteur identifie des cas où les co?ts de la mise en application pourraient changer le rang des politiques optimum. Les différences en des tels co?ts affectent le choix d’une politique optimum directement par des différences dans la demande de ressource et indirectement par leurs effets sur le taux optimum des taxes/subventions. L’importance potentielle des tels co?ts est illustrée par une étude de cas des trois pays africains-ouest qui sont intéressés à augmenter la production locale de riz.

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Resumen Tarifas, costos de implementatión y electión de política óptima. — Este artículo se refiere al roi de los costos de implementatión en la electión entre políticas de comercio y de impuestos/subsidios como herramientas óptimas para eliminar externalidades o alcanzar objetivos no económicos. Se identifican casos donde los costos de implementation podrian cambiar el ordenamiento de politicas óptimas. Diferencias en los costos de implementatión afectan la electión de la política óptima directamente a través de diferencias en las demandas de recursos e indirectamente a través de sus efectos sobre tasas óptimas de impuestos/subsidios. Una ilustración de la importancia potencial de los costos de implementatión lo proporciona el estudio casuistico de très países de Africa Occidental interesados en aumentar la productión doméstica de arroz.

     

人力资源开发在西部大开发中的战略定位分析

人力资源开发在西部大开发中应具有基础性、决定性的战略地位.但是目前西部人力资源在开发的各个环节中还与此战略定位存在差距,必须从精神动力、教育投入、完善机制、优化配置方面加大开发力度.     

软环境开发是振兴黑龙江经济的关键

黑龙江自然资源丰富、工业基础雄厚,然而却在市场经济建设中落伍,最根本的原因是软环境开发不够.要实现黑龙江经济的振兴,必须大力加强软环境建设,其中,解放思想、更新观念是前提,转变政府职能是关键,创新体制是基础.