农村畜禽养殖废弃物资源化利用研究

规模化畜禽养殖废弃物是一个大的环境污染源，同时也是一个大的生物质资源库。文章以江西萍乡泰华猪场为例，对其生猪养殖猪粪尿等废弃物潜在的生物质能进行了定量计算分析。计算结果表明：年出栏生猪3000头的泰华猪场，其每年产生的猪粪尿通过沼气工程开发，潜在的生物质资源价值可达18万余元。这些生物质资源得不到有效的利用，逸散于环境将由资源变成污染源。泰华猪场的沼气能源生态系统工程把养殖、种植和生产、生活用能源相结合，利用沼气技术对猪场粪尿污水进行处理，产生沼气用于农户生活燃料，沼肥用于水稻、蔬菜种植，实现了猪场粪尿等废弃物的资源化利用，从根本上解决了猪场粪尿污染问题，有效地改善了所在小流域内的空气、农田、水域的生态环境，对农村规模养殖废弃物资源化利用作了有益的尝试。     

我国液态生物质燃料适度发展规模研究——宏观经济视角的分析

本文通过构建简单的总供给一总需求模型,分析石油数量调控政策、潜在产出水平与均衡价格上涨之间的数理逻辑关系,进而间接得到液态生物质燃料适度规模问题的一般分析框架,为进一步的定量分析打下坚实基础。研究结果表明:为达到潜在产出水平和一定的价格上涨水平,不同的现实条件要求政府实行不同的石油数量调控政策。     

城市污泥厌氧消化处理研究进展

对城市污泥利用厌氧消化处理的工艺前处理方法及其它相关相关研究进行了综述，并指出了城市污泥厌氧处理中今后要解决的问题和应用前景。     

有机固体废弃物厌氧消化与综合利用

从有机废物的特点出发，比较多种废物处理方法的优缺点，利用适当的厌氧消化工艺，对有机废物进行厌氧消化处理是实现其减量化、无害化、资源化的最有效途径。     

农业废弃物高温干式厌氧发酵的中试

将预处理过的农业废弃物,在厌氧发酵装置内进行高温干式厌氧发酵。研究了农业废弃物发酵过程中的沼气产量、pH值变化、ORP值变化及甲烷含量的变化。结果表明．农业废弃物用厌氧发酵工艺处理是可行的：接种物浓度为15％的试验组的pH值、ORP值都在正常范围内．沼气中甲烷的最高含量为70．80％,废弃物减量效果明显。该项研究为农业废弃物的大规模资源化利用提供了设计依据。     

城市有机生活垃圾厌氧发酵前景广阔

采用厌氧发酵技术处理城市有机生活垃圾是较其它处理方法更具优势的处理方式.既能有效地减少垃圾污染,又可以产生很好的经济效益和巨大的环境效益.这种垃圾处理方式值得应用和推广.     

An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Cost Information and Feedback on Product Cost Decisions*

Abstract. In this paper we report the results of an experiment designed to investigate the potential benefits of more accurate costing systems. Subjects in our experiment participated in one of four single-person decision making settings, which varied in terms of the accuracy of costing systems (less accurate versus more accurate cost reports) and in the complexity of the economic environment (less heterogeneous versus more heterogeneous products). The costing systems provided imperfect reports that subjects could use to select forecasts of future product costs. Forecast accuracy determined the resulting payoffs for subjects. In addition to having the cost reports when making forecasts, subjects also observed the association between forecasts and actual profits for previous periods and the rank ordering of the products' relative usage of resources at each of the production processes. The results from our experiment indicate that subjects did not select forecasts based only on reported costs. Rather they updated forecasts using profit feedback and the supplemental rank information about the products' relative usage of resources. We found that profits decreased as the complexity of economic environment increased but increased with the accuracy of cost reports. The profits associated with less accurate costing systems, however, were not as low as we would have predicted had the subjects used the cost reports as their forecasts. In fact, using profit feedback, subjects were able to converge toward optimal profits even with imperfect cost information.     

江苏中烟企业门户系统设计与应用

随着行业及企业改革发展的不断推进,对各项业务管理工作的要求也不断提升。而日益增多的业务系统,造成了用户操作效率下降,同时也给信息化运维带了诸多不便。因此,建立一个全新的一体化技术平台成为改善现状的有力举措。江苏中烟公司通过综合门户系统的建立,实现了企业范围内信息资源和应用系统的有效整合,提升了信息系统的运作效率。在门户常规功能的基础上,研究了统一用户中心和统一搜索中心等门户辅助功能的设计和实现,进一步完善了系统的用户体验,取得了较好的应用效果。     

国际油价、替代燃料与世界粮食价格上涨——基于可耗竭资源技术替代模型的传导机制分析

2006年国际粮食价格的短期大幅上涨,引发了随后一系列的经济和政治危机。本文认为,粮食价格上涨背后的实质,依然是全球经济增长需求推动的能源消耗与主导能源可耗竭特征之间的矛盾。在当下具化为替代技术(第一代生物燃料技术)产品价格的上升。基于可耗竭资源技术替代模型分析发现,在可耗竭资源与替代性资源品价格之间存在正相关,且当替代迅速发生时,后者价格的上升速度往往会高于前者。而事实上,正是以美国、巴西、欧盟为代表的生物燃料倡导国,通过法案和经济补贴政策推动了石油替代品生物燃料供给的迅速增长,从而最终直接或间接引致了作为替代品主要原料的粮食价格迅速上升。     

剩余污泥厌氧消化的试验研究

选取长春市某污水处理厂剩余污泥和处理城市污水的某厌氧反应器中的剩余污泥作为研究对象．在中温（35℃）条件下,进行污泥产气量和MLSS降解速率的对照试验。结果表明,厌氧污泥的产气量、MLSS降解速率均大于好氧污泥．厌氧污泥比好氧污泥更适宜厌氧消化。     

基于系统理论的水资源统一管理范畴探讨

水资源可持续发展战略已经成为各国社会、经济和环境发展的共同准则。我国也提出新时期治水思路是水资源的可持续利用,而这一目标的实现,在一定程度上取决于水资源的统一管理及其管理体制。文章运用系统理论,从水资源系统的整体性、层次性、目的性、动态性和开放性、自然属性和社会属性等特性出发,分析了水资源统一管理的必要性,提出基于系统理论的水资源统一管理的管理范畴模型,并结合深圳市和重庆市水务一体化改革的经验进行了实践分析。     

Energy and the poor in an Indian village

Observations in a North Indian village indicate that changes in social relations have played an important role in diminishing the accessibility of poor villagers to the local non-commercial fuels. As a result, they are seen to rely increasingly on least preferred toxic plants as fuel. Existing trends of shift in cropping pattern away from crops giving woody residues, and of declining tree-cover provided by orchards, indicate decreasing availability of local fuels in future. Alternatives for improving the utilization of local resources are seen to be ineffective with respect to the poor who are unable to invest in new conversion technologies and have restricted access to resources like common-lands. Accordingly interventions for improving local fuel availability would be of little help unless supplemented by measures to strengthen the social and economic position of the poor.     

基于循环经济的再生资源及其产业发展

针对传统的线性经济运行模式中缺乏废物再生利用系统的缺陷,指出构建废物再生利用系统是发展循环经济之关键。通过阐述我国再生资源产业的构成、功能和基本特征,对规范的再生资源回收系统、完善的再生资源拆解利用系统和有效的废物无害化处置系统三大子系统的构建提出了相关的政策和技术建议。     

中东欧国家金融银行业开放过程中的潜在风险分析

20世纪90年代以来,中东欧国家先后实施了金融银行业对外开放政策。金融开放为中东欧国家金融银行业注入了活力,但同时也蕴含着很多问题和潜在风险,在全球金融危机的冲击下,这些问题和潜在风险已影响到这些国家的金融市场和银行体系的稳定。本文着重从过高的外币融资、过快增长的家庭信贷、过度依赖的间接融资,以及外资银行大量进入挤占内资银行市场份额等4个方面分析这些国家金融银行业潜在风险的形成过程。     

Evaluation of strategic threats in predictive studies of power industry

The procedure of step-by-step quantitative assessment of strategic threats is described, which is an important part of strategic studies of fuel and energy complex development and includes the identification of an unstable zone in the area of prediction and the calculation of investment risks of particular projects and scenarios. A system of indices (indicators) for the complex evaluation of potential capacity commissioning deficiency and unacceptable energy price growth is proposed.     

Economic efficiency of synthetic motor fuels from natural gas

In this paper we study alternative ways to meet the demand for motor fuels growing in connection with the inevitable rise in oil prices over the next decade or two. One of these is to use natural gas as a motor fuel and as a raw material for synthetic motor oils. Calculation results of the comparative effectiveness of the gas-to-liquids (GTL) technology of motor fuel production from natural gas are presented. It is shown that these technologies look economically promising in countries, which have their own sources of natural gas, especially in small and remote gas fields.     

Institutional systems and catch-up in China

This study examines the effects of institutional systems on the ability of firms to innovate and thereby contribute to the catch-up process in China. The most commonly used model of the effects of institutional systems on economic developed is summarised and employed to reveal that it does not sufficiently focus on the role of the interaction between firms and institutional systems and subsequent implications for the innovations necessary for emerging economies to catch up. A model centred on firms is constructed to enable an analysis of how institutional factors may affect important drivers of catch-up such as access to resource pools, support to help to use resources to develop competencies capable of sustaining innovation and the ability to engage in institutional entrepreneurship to help the evolution of effective institutional systems. The model highlights that innovation compatible with catch-up requires a large number of firms to be able to access appropriate resources. This requires institutional systems that permit and encourage the evolution of complex and extensive network links that can entrench many indigenous firms into foreign direct investment and trade flows and the means to access, at low cost and risk, from suitably developed national resources pools. Most importantly, institutional systems need to enable and support many indigenous and foreign firms (that have good potential to use resources effectively to create the competencies necessary to innovate) and thereby empower such firms so they can deliver innovation compatible with catch-up. Potential institutional impediments to these requirements are explored, especially problems arising from insiders and outsiders that emerge from the nature of informal institutional systems. The study concludes with some suggested research questions that may help to increase understanding of the effects of institutional systems on the ability of firms to innovate to contribute to the catch-up process.     

长江上游地区资源环境承载力的实证分析

随着经济、社会的飞速向前发展,人类对资源环境提出了严重的挑战,资源环境承载力面临着巨大的压力。文章通过对长江上游地区资源环境承载力的实证研究与量化分析,对长江上游地区资源环境承载力的现状进行了评价。研究结果表明,长江上游地区资源环境承载力状况达到全载或超载状态,形势依然严峻。最后,针对分析结果提出提升长江上游地区资源环境承载力的可持续发展策略。     

中国31个省级行政区资源节约型社会发展状况综合评价与空间分异

为了评价资源节约型社会发展状况,论文根据资源节约型社会的内涵,在遵循综合评价指标体系构建的一般原则基础上,从资源消耗总量、资源消耗发展和资源节约潜力三个方面,构建了资源节约型社会综合评价指标体系,并使用2011年统计数据,对中国31个省级行政区的资源节约型社会发展状况进行综合评价和聚类分析。研究结果表明:中国31个省级行政区的资源节约型社会发展状况可以划分为五类;在空间分布上,资源节约型社会程度相对较高的省份大多位于经济发达地区和西部工业不发达地区,而资源节约型社会程度相对较弱的省份大多位于中西部地区和传统工业化地区。这一研究结论对相关的政府部门决策具有重要的参考价值。     

Forecasting the Dynamics of the Depletion of Conventional Energy Resources

The paper presents the results of forecasting the dynamics of the depletion of conventional energy resources, including hydrocarbons (coal, oil, natural gas) and natural uranium, which currently form the mainstay of the energy supply of the economy. A balance model developed by the authors shows the dynamics of the growing shortage of exhaustible conventional energy resources after 2040 at various energy-consumption rates. For the time being, it is unclear which nonconventional primary energy sources are able to supply advanced commercially acceptable fast-growing energy systems (including capital investment) in order to equalize the rapidly growing primary energy shortages expected in the 1940s. The most advanced energy technology with almost unlimited resources that has reached the near-commercial stage of development can be nuclear fuel breeding.