市场化进程、去家族化与研发投入——基于中国高新行业上市家族企业的实证研究

追索家族企业的动态发展轨迹,并利用2005—2014年中国高科技行业中家族上市企业的数据,探讨了家族企业去家族化对企业研发投入的影响以及地区市场化进程的调节作用。研究结果表明:家族企业引入外部经理人和变更实际控制人可以显著促进其研发投入的增加;在市场化进程较慢的地区,变更实际控制人对家族企业研发投入的正向影响更大;引入外部经理人对家族企业研发投入增加的促进作用在不同地区没有显著差异。     

家族企业风险承担与研发投入——基于女性涉入的调节效应

以2012—2017年我国上市家族企业为样本,利用面板固定效应模型和调节效应模型,研究家族企业风险承担对研发投入的影响,以及女性涉入对两者关系的作用。结果表明:家族企业风险承担水平的提升有助于企业研发投入的增加;女性涉入会抑制家族企业风险承担对研发投入的正向影响。通过地区异质性分析发现,东部地区家族企业风险承担对研发投入的促进作用显著高于中西部地区,且东部地区女性涉入的调节效应显著,而中西部地区不显著。因此,在当前家族企业治理环境下,过度选聘女性高管并非明智之举,适度的女性涉入有助于家族企业的创新发展。     

环境治理投入门槛、研发投入与绿色技术创新

揭示不同类型的研发投入对绿色技术创新的影响规律,对于促进绿色技术创新发展具有现实意义。借鉴Hansen的面板门槛模型,运用2011—2020年中国30个省份的面板数据,将环境治理投入设定为门槛变量,实证分析研发投入对绿色技术创新的差异化影响。研究发现：研发投入对于绿色技术创新的影响存在区域环境治理投入门槛效应,从总体看,当区域环境治理投入处于较低水平时,研发投入能显著促进绿色技术创新的提高,但随着环境治理投入提升到较高水平,研发投入对绿色技术创新的增强效应有所减弱。并且绿色技术创新的类型不同时,相较于绿色产品创新,研发投入对绿色工艺创新的影响具有显著的门槛特征。结合理论分析与实证检验可知,门槛效应显著的主要原因在于区域环境治理投入对企业等主体的绿色技术创新活动存在低水平驱动和高水平抑制效应。最后根据研究结论提出相关有益的政策建议。     

研发投入、研发产出对技术市场活跃度的影响

以研发经费投入、研发人力投入为自变量,以研发专利、研发课题和技术市场活跃度为因变量,通过对《中国科技统计年鉴（2010—2014）》年相关数据进行回归分析,揭示了研发投入、研发产出与技术市场活跃度之间的因果关系。研究使用逐步回归分析方法,分析了各因素对技术市场活跃度的影响。结果显示,研发人力投入、研发经费投入、研发专利与研发课题在影响技术市场活跃度方面存在显著差异。最后,对研究结果进行了分析讨论。     

医药企业研发投入、销售投入与企业绩效的相关性研究

本文从医药企业着重研发投入和销售投入的经营特点出发,以2010-2013年我国100家医药行业A股上市公司为样本,实证分析研发投入、销售投入与企业经营绩效的关系.研究结果发现大企业的研发投入对于经营业绩的贡献显著地高于小企业,而小企业销售投入对于经营业绩的贡献显著地高于大企业,因此大企业更有动力进行研发投入,而小企业更有动力在销售活动中增加投入.本文还发现,在控制了研发投入、销售投入和企业规模的影响后,大企业经营业绩仍显著地高于小企业.因此通过医药企业整合促进更多和更大规模的大企业的出现可以更好地推动医药行业的发展.     

中小企业盈利能力与R&D投入关系实证研究

以2009年底以前在深市中小板和创业板上市的制造业企业为样本,以企业利润率代表其盈利能力,分别以滞后一期和滞后二期的R&D资金投入强度和R&D人员投入强度为被解释变量,实证分析了中小企业盈利能力对其R&D投入的影响。研究证明,企业盈利能力对滞后一期和滞后二期的R&D资金投入的影响均为正,说明企业盈利能力越强,其R&D资金投入越多;盈利能力对R&D人员投入的影响也为正,但对滞后二期的影响比滞后一期显著,说明企业R&D人员投入的增长需要较长周期。     

软件信息业研发投入、研发费用加计扣除与企业绩效实证研发

选取上海、深圳证券市场软件信息业171家高新技术企业2012-2015年的相关数据,针对研发投入、研发费用加计扣除与企业绩效三者间的关系进行研究。结果表明,研发费用加计扣除与研发投入和企业绩效显著正相关,加计扣除政策实施效果较好,政府应给予企业更多的加计扣除优惠;根据面板数据模型估计结果,研发投入与企业绩效存在非线性关系,研发投入对当期绩效的抑制作用不明显,对滞后一期绩效有显著抑制作用,对滞后两期绩效正向作用不明显。研发投入经济效益回收存在一定的滞后性,根据分位数回归结果,处于50%分位点的企业研发投入对企业绩效的正向作用最大;分组回归结果显示,研发费用加计扣除优惠对研发投入与企业绩效的关系具有正向调节作用。     

融资约束对研发投入的影响

文章以2012—2015年A股上市公司为研究样本,研究了融资约束对研发投入的影响。研究结果表明,融资约束的存在阻碍了上市公司进行研发投资的倾向及研发投入强度,较高的融资约束严重阻碍了上市公司的研发创新活动。因此,为了促进上市公司的研发投入,解决融资约束问题是关键。     

税收优惠与企业创新绩效 ——基于研发投入和非研发创新投入的双重中介效应

税收优惠政策对企业创新绩效的影响广受关注,其传导机制更是一个有待深入探讨的问题。基于2000-2015年全国规模以上工业企业的省级面板数据,采用中介效应分析方法,研究税收优惠对企业创新绩效的影响,并运用面板门槛模型对两者之间的非线性关系进行探讨。结果表明:税收优惠一方面可以直接对创新绩效产生正向推动作用,另一方面可以通过研发投入和非研发创新投入发挥部分中介效应,间接提高企业的创新绩效,中介效应值为39.5%,且两者还存在着正向的协同效应。同时这种内在的传导机制存在着区域异质性:对于东部沿海地区而言,研发投入和非研发创新投入同时发挥中介效应;但是对于中西部地区而言,非研发创新投入的中介效应不显著。而且税收优惠对企业创新绩效的促进效果并非一成不变,而是随着研发投入和非研发创新投入的逐渐增加呈递增态势。因此,进一步地加大税收优惠力度的同时,合理规划自主研发和外源技术的资金安排,有利于实现企业创新绩效的最大化。     

Strategic timing in R&D agreements

We study the endogenous formation of R&D agreements in a R&D/Cournot duopoly model with spillovers where also the timing of R&D investments is endogenous. This allows us to consider the incentives for firms to sign R&D agreements over time. It is shown that, when both R&D spillovers and investment costs are sufficiently low, firms may find difficult to maintain a stable agreement due to the strong incentive to invest noncooperatively as leaders. In this case, the stability of an agreement requires that the joint investment occurs at the initial stage, thus avoiding any delay. When spillovers are sufficiently high, the coordination of R&D efforts becomes a profitable option, although firms may also have an incentive to sequence noncooperatively their investment over time. Finally, when spillovers are asymmetric and knowledge mainly leaks from the leader to the follower, investing as follower may become extremely profitable, making R&D agreements hard to sustain unless firms strategically delay their joint investment in R&D.     

Does R&D spending boost tangible investment? An analysis on European firms

This article investigates the relationship between firm’s R&D intensity, expressed as R&D expenditure over sales, and investment intensity in tangible assets. It is commonly acknowledged that R&D requires additional physical investment to be implemented. R&D increases a firm’s productivity and return to tangible investments, thus, providing to the firm incentives to bear high tangible capital costs and to invest more. This represents a crucial issue for a firm’s growth, particularly considering the strong interaction between physical capital accumulation and technological progress. The analysis is based on a large sample of manufacturing firms across seven European countries in the period 2007–2009. Since the sub-sample of firms performing R&D might not be random, there may potentially be an endogeneity issue. The analysis also considers that firms may decide to spend on R&D and investment in physical capital simultaneously. The questions of both endogeneity and simultaneity are dealt with by employing an instrumental variable two-step procedure. We find a positive and significant impact of R&D intensity on firms’ tangible investment intensity. The econometric results highlight the importance of financial factors, particularly with respect to firms’ internal resources. Exposure to international trade has a negative impact on investment, possibly depending on the time-span of the sample used.

Abbreviations: Technological Innovation and R&D; Investment Capital; Industry Studies; Firm Behavior; Empirical Analysis     

Corporate Tax Incentives for R&D Investment in OECD Countries

Differentiating internal equity from debt finance, this study examines the generosity of R&D-specific tax incentives in OECD countries based on an NPV model. The corporate tax system generally favours debt finance and some previous findings on the possible preponderance of internal equity for financing R&D investment cannot be explained in relation to R&D-specific tax concessions. The OECD comparison demonstrates that R&D tax allowances adopted in the Czech Republic, Belgium, the UK, Denmark, Hungary, Austria and Australia generated the most substantial tax savings in 2006. Combined with such incentives, the after-tax NPV increases with the corporate tax rate, suggesting stronger investment stimulation through a tax-rate-increase-cum-base-broadening policy.     

Foreign and domestic R&D investment

A considerable share of R&D investment is due to multinational firms that simultaneously operate R&D bases at home and abroad. We develop a simple model of foreign and domestic R&D investment and test the model's predictions on a sample of 146 Japanese multinational firms’ R&D investments in Japan and the United States in 1996. The empirical results confirm that the foreign to domestic R&D ratio depends on relative technological opportunities and relative demand conditions, with foreign research expenditures responding to technological opportunity and foreign development expenditures responding to demand.     

R&D subsidies and private R&D expenditures: evidence from Italian manufacturing data

This paper uses a comprehensive firm level data set for the manufacturing sector in Italy to investigate the effect of government support on privately financed R&D expenditure. Estimates from a non‐parametric matching procedure suggest that public assistance has a positive effect on private R&D investment in the sense that the recipient firms achieve more private R&D than they would have without public support. This indicates that the possibility of perfect crowding out between private and public funds can be rejected. Furthermore, in this sample of Italian firms, tax incentives appear to be more effective than direct grants. The paper also examines whether public funding affects the financial sources available for R&D and finds that grants encourage the use of internal sources. The results also show some evidence of positive effects on credit financing for R&D.     

Multinationals,R&D and Endogenous Productivity Asymmetries

We analyze the influence of endogenous productivity asymmetries between firms, in terms of competitiveness and size, on multinational activity. In the model, productivity depends on cost-reducing R&D (research and development). We show that when firms differ on commitment power in R&D, the R&D leader, independently of being a multinational or a domestic firm, tends to invest more in R&D than the R&D follower. Because of these productivity advantages, the R&D leader can more easily become multinational. Therefore, in addition to the proximity-concentration trade-off, we identify another FDI (foreign direct investment) determinant: technological competition.     

Demand-Creating R&D in a Symmetric Oligopoly

Spillovers with demand-creating research and development (R&D) activities are investigated by revisiting a widely employed market share rivalry demand structure. Positive technological spillovers may inflict positive or negative side effects on rivals and this has important implications for the effects on innovative efforts of loose or tight R&D cooperation in symmetric oligopolies. A comparison with the effects that apply with linear demand structures and implications for empirical research are also touched upon.     

R&D financing and growth

ABSTRACT

R&D investment are an important engine of growth and development. Yet economists have often claimed underinvestment, based on the consideration that these projects are more costly to finance, especially, due to the asymmetric information between inside and outside investors. Coherently, a recent empirical evidence has shown that firms intensively active in R&D are less leveraged and rely more heavily on internal finance. Motivated by this evidence, we study the effects of asymmetric information and financial frictions within a GE economy of Schumpeterian tradition. The model and equilibrium concept are rich enough to represent investment and innovation decisions, technology adoption/diffusion through patent licensing and, most importantly, firms' financial decisions. In this representation, R&D-intensive firms might effectively rely more on internal sources and equity than on debt financing, relative to what would happen in frictionless markets. Further, financial decisions affect aggregate investment and income dynamics.